The purpose of this vignette is to present how to reproduce exactly the results from Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation. While other vignettes such as vignette("c-homogeneous", "heemod"), vignette("d-non-homogeneous", "heemod") or vignette("e-probabilistic", "heemod") are greatly inspired from this book, key elements differ (mostly for the sake of clarity) and thus results differ, sometimes significantly, from the book. Here we show how to exactly reproduce the results with the heemod package.
Key differences in DMHEE:
It is possible to reproduce 1. and 2. by making transition happen at the beginning of each year (equivalent to transition happening at the end + ignoring the first year) with method = "beginning". Since with this method the first year is actually the second, costs should be discounted from the start with the argument first = TRUE in discount().
Point 3. is reproduced by making rr and cost_lami a time changing variable like this rr = ifelse(markov_cycle <= 2, .509, 1.00).
The last point is reproduced by writing transition probabilities as fractions.
par_mod <- define_parameters(
rr = ifelse(markov_cycle <= 2, .509, 1),
cost_lami = ifelse(markov_cycle <= 2, 2086.5, 0),
cost_zido = 2278
)
mat_mono <- define_transition(
1251/1734, 350/1734, 116/1734, 17/1734,
0, 731/1258, 512/1258, 15/1258,
0, 0, 1312/1749, 437/1749,
0, 0, 0, 1.00
)## No named state -> generating names.mat_comb <- define_transition(
C, 350/1734*rr, 116/1734*rr, 17/1734*rr,
0, C, 512/1258*rr, 15/1258*rr,
0, 0, C, 437/1749*rr,
0, 0, 0, 1.00
)## No named state -> generating names.A_mono <- define_state(
cost_health = 2756,
cost_drugs = cost_zido,
cost_total = discount(
cost_health + cost_drugs, .06, first = T),
life_year = 1
)
B_mono <- define_state(
cost_health = 3052,
cost_drugs = cost_zido,
cost_total = discount(
cost_health + cost_drugs, .06, first = T),
life_year = 1
)
C_mono <- define_state(
cost_health = 9007,
cost_drugs = cost_zido,
cost_total = discount(
cost_health + cost_drugs, .06, first = T),
life_year = 1
)
D_mono <- define_state(
cost_health = 0,
cost_drugs = 0,
cost_total = discount(
cost_health + cost_drugs, .06, first = T),
life_year = 0
)
A_comb <- define_state(
cost_health = 2756,
cost_drugs = cost_zido + cost_lami,
cost_total = discount(
cost_health + cost_drugs, .06, first = T),
life_year = 1
)
B_comb <- define_state(
cost_health = 3052,
cost_drugs = cost_zido + cost_lami,
cost_total = discount(
cost_health + cost_drugs, .06, first = T),
life_year = 1
)
C_comb <- define_state(
cost_health = 9007,
cost_drugs = cost_zido + cost_lami,
cost_total = discount(
cost_health + cost_drugs, .06, first = T),
life_year = 1
)
D_comb <- define_state(
cost_health = 0,
cost_drugs = 0,
cost_total = discount(
cost_health + cost_drugs, .06, first = T),
life_year = 0
)
mod_mono <- define_strategy(
transition = mat_mono,
A_mono,
B_mono,
C_mono,
D_mono
)## No named state -> generating names.## No named state -> generating names.res_mod <- run_model(
mono = mod_mono,
comb = mod_comb,
parameters = par_mod,
cycles = 20,
cost = cost_total,
effect = life_year,
method = "beginning",
init = c(1, 0, 0, 0)
)
summary(res_mod)## 2 strategies run for 20 cycles.
##
## Initial state counts:
##
## A = 1
## B = 0
## C = 0
## D = 0
##
## Counting method: 'beginning'.
##
## Values:
##
## cost_health cost_drugs cost_total life_year
## mono 45541.24 18203.97 44663.45 7.991207
## comb 48082.83 24492.28 50601.65 8.937389
##
## Efficiency frontier:
##
## mono -> comb
##
## Differences:
##
## Cost Diff. Effect Diff. ICER Ref.
## comb 5938.198 0.9461822 6275.956 monoKey difference in DMHEE:
This can be corrected by using a user-specified mortality table and then fetch the values with:
# a function to return age-related mortality rate
# given age and sex
death_prob <- data.frame(
age = rep(seq(35, 85, 10), each = 2),
sex = rep(1:0, 6),
value = c(
1.51e-3, .99e-3, 3.93e-3,
2.6e-3, 10.9e-3, 6.7e-3,
31.6e-3, 19.3e-3, 80.1e-3,
53.5e-3, 187.9e-3, 154.8e-3
)
)
death_prob## age sex value
## 1 35 1 0.00151
## 2 35 0 0.00099
## 3 45 1 0.00393
## 4 45 0 0.00260
## 5 55 1 0.01090
## 6 55 0 0.00670
## 7 65 1 0.03160
## 8 65 0 0.01930
## 9 75 1 0.08010
## 10 75 0 0.05350
## 11 85 1 0.18790
## 12 85 0 0.15480param <- define_parameters(
age_init = 60,
sex = 0,
# age increases with cycles
age = age_init + markov_cycle,
# operative mortality rates
omrPTHR = .02,
omrRTHR = .02,
# re-revision mortality rate
rrr = .04,
# parameters for calculating primary revision rate
cons = -5.490935,
ageC = -.0367022,
maleC = .768536,
lambda = exp(cons + ageC * age_init + maleC * sex),
lngamma = 0.3740968,
gamma = exp(lngamma),
lnrrNP1 = -1.344474,
rrNP1 = exp(lnrrNP1),
# revision probability of primary procedure
standardRR = 1 - exp(lambda * ((markov_cycle - 1) ^ gamma -
markov_cycle ^ gamma)),
np1RR = 1 - exp(lambda * rrNP1 * ((markov_cycle - 1) ^ gamma -
markov_cycle ^ gamma)),
# age-related mortality rate
sex_cat = ifelse(sex == 0, "FMLE", "MLE"),
mr = look_up(death_prob, age = age, sex = sex, bin = "age"),
u_successP = .85,
u_revisionTHR = .30,
u_successR = .75,
c_revisionTHR = 5294
)
mat_standard <- define_transition(
state_names = c(
"PrimaryTHR",
"SuccessP",
"RevisionTHR",
"SuccessR",
"Death"
),
0, C, 0, 0, omrPTHR,
0, C, standardRR, 0, mr,
0, 0, 0, C, omrRTHR+mr,
0, 0, rrr, C, mr,
0, 0, 0, 0, 1
)
mat_np1 <- define_transition(
state_names = c(
"PrimaryTHR",
"SuccessP",
"RevisionTHR",
"SuccessR",
"Death"
),
0, C, 0, 0, omrPTHR,
0, C, np1RR, 0, mr,
0, 0, 0, C, omrRTHR+mr,
0, 0, rrr, C, mr,
0, 0, 0, 0, 1
)
mod_standard <- define_strategy(
transition = mat_standard,
PrimaryTHR = define_state(
utility = 0,
cost = 394
),
SuccessP = define_state(
utility = discount(u_successP, .015),
cost = 0
),
RevisionTHR = define_state(
utility = discount(u_revisionTHR, .015),
cost = discount(c_revisionTHR, .06)
),
SuccessR = define_state(
utility = discount(u_successR, .015),
cost = 0
),
Death = define_state(
utility = 0,
cost = 0
)
)
mod_np1 <- define_strategy(
transition = mat_np1,
PrimaryTHR = define_state(
utility = 0,
cost = 579
),
SuccessP = define_state(
utility = discount(u_successP, .015),
cost = 0
),
RevisionTHR = define_state(
utility = discount(u_revisionTHR, .015),
cost = discount(c_revisionTHR, .06)
),
SuccessR = define_state(
utility = discount(u_successR, .015),
cost = 0
),
Death = define_state(
utility = 0,
cost = 0
)
)
res_mod <- run_model(
standard = mod_standard,
np1 = mod_np1,
parameters = param,
cycles = 60,
cost = cost,
effect = utility,
method = "end",
init = c(1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
)
summary(res_mod)## 2 strategies run for 60 cycles.
##
## Initial state counts:
##
## PrimaryTHR = 1
## SuccessP = 0
## RevisionTHR = 0
## SuccessR = 0
## Death = 0
##
## Counting method: 'end'.
##
## Values:
##
## utility cost
## standard 14.65283 512.4327
## np1 14.69734 610.3112
##
## Efficiency frontier:
##
## standard -> np1
##
## Differences:
##
## Cost Diff. Effect Diff. ICER Ref.
## np1 97.87858 0.04451095 2198.977 standard