Theory Fundefs

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theory Fundefs
imports Main

(*  Title:      HOL/ex/Fundefs.thy
Author: Alexander Krauss, TU Muenchen
*)


header {* Examples of function definitions *}

theory Fundefs
imports Main
begin


subsection {* Very basic *}

fun fib :: "nat => nat"
where
"fib 0 = 1"
| "fib (Suc 0) = 1"
| "fib (Suc (Suc n)) = fib n + fib (Suc n)"


text {* partial simp and induction rules: *}
thm fib.psimps
thm fib.pinduct

text {* There is also a cases rule to distinguish cases along the definition *}
thm fib.cases


text {* total simp and induction rules: *}
thm fib.simps
thm fib.induct

subsection {* Currying *}

fun add
where
"add 0 y = y"
| "add (Suc x) y = Suc (add x y)"


thm add.simps
thm add.induct -- {* Note the curried induction predicate *}


subsection {* Nested recursion *}

function nz
where
"nz 0 = 0"
| "nz (Suc x) = nz (nz x)"

by pat_completeness auto

lemma nz_is_zero: -- {* A lemma we need to prove termination *}
assumes trm: "nz_dom x"
shows "nz x = 0"

using trm
by induct auto

termination nz
by (relation "less_than") (auto simp:nz_is_zero)

thm nz.simps
thm nz.induct

text {* Here comes McCarthy's 91-function *}


function f91 :: "nat => nat"
where
"f91 n = (if 100 < n then n - 10 else f91 (f91 (n + 11)))"

by pat_completeness auto

(* Prove a lemma before attempting a termination proof *)
lemma f91_estimate:
assumes trm: "f91_dom n"
shows "n < f91 n + 11"

using trm by induct auto

termination
proof
let ?R = "measure (%x. 101 - x)"
show "wf ?R" ..

fix n::nat assume "~ 100 < n" (* Inner call *)
thus "(n + 11, n) : ?R" by simp

assume inner_trm: "f91_dom (n + 11)" (* Outer call *)
with f91_estimate have "n + 11 < f91 (n + 11) + 11" .
with `~ 100 < n` show "(f91 (n + 11), n) : ?R" by simp
qed

text{* Now trivial (even though it does not belong here): *}
lemma "f91 n = (if 100 < n then n - 10 else 91)"
by (induct n rule:f91.induct) auto


subsection {* More general patterns *}

subsubsection {* Overlapping patterns *}

text {* Currently, patterns must always be compatible with each other, since
no automatic splitting takes place. But the following definition of
gcd is ok, although patterns overlap: *}


fun gcd2 :: "nat => nat => nat"
where
"gcd2 x 0 = x"
| "gcd2 0 y = y"
| "gcd2 (Suc x) (Suc y) = (if x < y then gcd2 (Suc x) (y - x)
else gcd2 (x - y) (Suc y))"


thm gcd2.simps
thm gcd2.induct

subsubsection {* Guards *}

text {* We can reformulate the above example using guarded patterns *}

function gcd3 :: "nat => nat => nat"
where
"gcd3 x 0 = x"
| "gcd3 0 y = y"
| "x < y ==> gcd3 (Suc x) (Suc y) = gcd3 (Suc x) (y - x)"
| "¬ x < y ==> gcd3 (Suc x) (Suc y) = gcd3 (x - y) (Suc y)"

apply (case_tac x, case_tac a, auto)
apply (case_tac ba, auto)
done
termination by lexicographic_order

thm gcd3.simps
thm gcd3.induct


text {* General patterns allow even strange definitions: *}

function ev :: "nat => bool"
where
"ev (2 * n) = True"
| "ev (2 * n + 1) = False"

proof - -- {* completeness is more difficult here \dots *}
fix P :: bool
and x :: nat

assume c1: "!!n. x = 2 * n ==> P"
and c2: "!!n. x = 2 * n + 1 ==> P"

have divmod: "x = 2 * (x div 2) + (x mod 2)" by auto
show "P"
proof cases
assume "x mod 2 = 0"
with divmod have "x = 2 * (x div 2)" by simp
with c1 show "P" .
next
assume "x mod 2 ≠ 0"
hence "x mod 2 = 1" by simp
with divmod have "x = 2 * (x div 2) + 1" by simp
with c2 show "P" .
qed
qed presburger+ -- {* solve compatibility with presburger *}
termination by lexicographic_order

thm ev.simps
thm ev.induct
thm ev.cases


subsection {* Mutual Recursion *}

fun evn od :: "nat => bool"
where
"evn 0 = True"
| "od 0 = False"
| "evn (Suc n) = od n"
| "od (Suc n) = evn n"


thm evn.simps
thm od.simps

thm evn_od.induct
thm evn_od.termination


subsection {* Definitions in local contexts *}

locale my_monoid =
fixes opr :: "'a => 'a => 'a"
and un :: "'a"
assumes assoc: "opr (opr x y) z = opr x (opr y z)"
and lunit: "opr un x = x"
and runit: "opr x un = x"
begin


fun foldR :: "'a list => 'a"
where
"foldR [] = un"
| "foldR (x#xs) = opr x (foldR xs)"


fun foldL :: "'a list => 'a"
where
"foldL [] = un"
| "foldL [x] = x"
| "foldL (x#y#ys) = foldL (opr x y # ys)"


thm foldL.simps

lemma foldR_foldL: "foldR xs = foldL xs"
by (induct xs rule: foldL.induct) (auto simp:lunit runit assoc)

thm foldR_foldL

end

thm my_monoid.foldL.simps
thm my_monoid.foldR_foldL

subsection {* Regression tests *}

text {* The following examples mainly serve as tests for the
function package *}


fun listlen :: "'a list => nat"
where
"listlen [] = 0"
| "listlen (x#xs) = Suc (listlen xs)"


(* Context recursion *)

fun f :: "nat => nat"
where
zero: "f 0 = 0"
| succ: "f (Suc n) = (if f n = 0 then 0 else f n)"



(* A combination of context and nested recursion *)
function h :: "nat => nat"
where
"h 0 = 0"
| "h (Suc n) = (if h n = 0 then h (h n) else h n)"

by pat_completeness auto


(* Context, but no recursive call: *)
fun i :: "nat => nat"
where
"i 0 = 0"
| "i (Suc n) = (if n = 0 then 0 else i n)"



(* Tupled nested recursion *)
fun fa :: "nat => nat => nat"
where
"fa 0 y = 0"
| "fa (Suc n) y = (if fa n y = 0 then 0 else fa n y)"


(* Let *)
fun j :: "nat => nat"
where
"j 0 = 0"
| "j (Suc n) = (let u = n in Suc (j u))"



(* There were some problems with fresh names… *)
(* FIXME: tailrec? *)
function k :: "nat => nat"
where
"k x = (let a = x; b = x in k x)"

by pat_completeness auto


(* FIXME: tailrec? *)
function f2 :: "(nat × nat) => (nat × nat)"
where
"f2 p = (let (x,y) = p in f2 (y,x))"

by pat_completeness auto


(* abbreviations *)
fun f3 :: "'a set => bool"
where
"f3 x = finite x"



(* Simple Higher-Order Recursion *)
datatype 'a tree =
Leaf 'a
| Branch "'a tree list"


fun treemap :: "('a => 'a) => 'a tree => 'a tree"
where
"treemap fn (Leaf n) = (Leaf (fn n))"
| "treemap fn (Branch l) = (Branch (map (treemap fn) l))"


fun tinc :: "nat tree => nat tree"
where
"tinc (Leaf n) = Leaf (Suc n)"
| "tinc (Branch l) = Branch (map tinc l)"


fun testcase :: "'a tree => 'a list"
where
"testcase (Leaf a) = [a]"
| "testcase (Branch x) =
(let xs = concat (map testcase x);
ys = concat (map testcase x) in
xs @ ys)"



(* Pattern matching on records *)
record point =
Xcoord :: int
Ycoord :: int


function swp :: "point => point"
where
"swp (| Xcoord = x, Ycoord = y |)), = (| Xcoord = y, Ycoord = x |)),"

proof -
fix P x
assume "!!xa y. x = (|Xcoord = xa, Ycoord = y|)), ==> P"
thus "P"
by (cases x)
qed auto
termination by rule auto


(* The diagonal function *)
fun diag :: "bool => bool => bool => nat"
where
"diag x True False = 1"
| "diag False y True = 2"
| "diag True False z = 3"
| "diag True True True = 4"
| "diag False False False = 5"



(* Many equations (quadratic blowup) *)
datatype DT =
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | P
| Q | R | S | T | U | V


fun big :: "DT => nat"
where
"big A = 0"
| "big B = 0"
| "big C = 0"
| "big D = 0"
| "big E = 0"
| "big F = 0"
| "big G = 0"
| "big H = 0"
| "big I = 0"
| "big J = 0"
| "big K = 0"
| "big L = 0"
| "big M = 0"
| "big N = 0"
| "big P = 0"
| "big Q = 0"
| "big R = 0"
| "big S = 0"
| "big T = 0"
| "big U = 0"
| "big V = 0"



(* automatic pattern splitting *)
fun
f4 :: "nat => nat => bool"
where
"f4 0 0 = True"
| "f4 _ _ = False"



end