Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 FreeBSD ¤å¥ópµe
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First, you will need to restore the machine to a state where it can get through its self-test screen. Doing this requires powering up the machine without letting it find a FreeBSD partition on its primary disk. One way is to remove the hard disk and temporarily move it to an older ThinkPad (such as a ThinkPad 600) or a desktop PC with an appropriate conversion cable. Once it is there, you can delete the FreeBSD partition and move the hard disk back. The ThinkPad should now be in a bootable state again.
With the machine functional again, you can use the workaround procedure described here to get a working FreeBSD installation.
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Àɮרt²Î block ¤j¤p | works | should work |
---|---|---|
4K | 4T-1 | >4T |
8K | >32G | 32T-1 |
16K | >128G | 32T-1 |
32K | >512G | 64T-1 |
64K | >2048G | 128T-1 |
When the fs block size is 4K, triple indirect blocks work and everything should be limited by the maximum fs block number that can be represented using triple indirect blocks (approx. 1K^3 + 1K^2 + 1K), but everything is limited by a (wrong) limit of 1G-1 on fs block numbers. The limit on fs block numbers should be 2G-1. There are some bugs for fs block numbers near 2G-1, but such block numbers are unreachable when the fs block size is 4K.
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A ¡§security profile¡¨ is a set of configuration options that attempts to achieve the desired ratio of security to convenience by enabling and disabling certain programs and other settings. For full details, see the Security Profile section of the Handbook's post-install chapter.
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FreeBSD ¦P®É¤]¤ä´© Parallel Port ZipºÏºÐ¾÷¡C½ÐÀˬd kernel ³]©wÀɬO§_¦³¡G scbus0¡B da0¡B ppbus0¡A¥H¤Î vp0 ³o¨ÇÅX°Êµ{¦¡ (¹w³]ªº GENERIC kernel °£¤F vp0 ¨S¥]¶i¥h¡A¨ä¥L¤TªÌ³£·|¦³)¡C ¥[¤F³o´XÓÅX°Êµ{¦¡¤§«á¡AParallel Port Zip ´N·|¦¨¬° /dev/da0s4¡C
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¤]¥i¥H°Ñ¾\¤U±¦³ÃöÀH¨ºÏ¤ù ³¡¤À¡A¥H¤Î©â¨úºÐ¡BÀH¨ºÐªº¡y®æ¦¡¤Æ¡z°Q½× ªº³¡¤À
¥i¥H°Ú¡A°£¤F IDE ªº EZ drive ¥~¡A¨ä¥LªºÀ³¸Ó³£¬O SCSI ¤¶±¡A ©Ò¥H¦b FreeBSD ¤W³£·|¥H SCSI µwºÐ¨Ó³B²z¡C
·íµM¡A§A¥²¶·½T©w¦b¶}¾÷®É¡A³o¨Ç³]³Æªº¹q·½¬O¥´¶}ªº¡A ¥H«KÅý FreeBSD ¥i¥H°»´ú¨ì¡C
¦pªG¦bºÏºÐ¹B¤¤ª¬ºA¤¤¡An§ó´«ºÏ¤ùªº¸Ü¡A °O±o¥ý¬Ý¤@¤U mount(8)¡Bumount(8)¡B ¥H¤Î(SCSIªº¸Ü)camcontrol(8) ©Î atacontrol(8) ÁÙ¦³ FAQ «á±¦³Ãö ¨Ï¥Î©â¨úºÐ¡BÀH¨ºÐªº°Q½× ¡C
FreeBSD (¤×¨ä¬O¦³¤ä´© USB keyboards¡C Enable USB support in /etc/rc.conf.
Y¦³¶} USB Áä½L¤ä´©¦Ó¥B¦P®É±µ¤W AT ¸ò USB Áä½Lªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò AT Áä½L·|Åܦ¨ /dev/kbd0¡A¦Ó USB Áä½L«h¬O /dev/kbd1¡C¦pªG¥u±µ USB Áä½L¡A¨º»ò¥¦´N¬O /dev/ukbd0 Åo¡C
¦pªG·Q¦b console ¤W¨Ï¥Î USB Áä½Lªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò¥²¶·³]©w console «ü©w¥Î USB Áä½L¡C ¥i¥H¦b¨t²Î¶}¾÷µ{§Ç®É¡A¥[¤W¤U¦C«ü¥O¡G
# kbdcontrol -k /dev/kbd1 < /dev/ttyv0 > /dev/null
ª`·N¡GY¥u¦³ USB Áä½Lªº¸Ü¡A¤]´N¬O /dev/ukbd0¡A ¨º»ò½Ð§ï¥Î¤U¦C«ü¥O¡G
# kbdcontrol -k /dev/ukbd0 < /dev/ttyv0 > /dev/null
«ØÄ³¡G¥i¥H§â¤Wz«ü¥O©ñ¤J /etc/rc.i386 ¡C
³]©w¦¨¥\¤§«á¡AUSB Áä½L¤£¥Î§@¥ô¦ó¯S§O³]©w¡A´N¥i¥H¦b X µøµ¡Àô¹Ò¤W¥¿±`¹B§@Åo¡C
USB Áä½Lªº¼ö´¡©Þ(Hot-plugging and unplugging)¦b FreeBSD ¥i¯àÁÙµLªk§¹¥þ¥¿±`¹B§@¡A «ØÄ³¡G¦b¨t²Î¶}¾÷«e´N¥ý±µ¤WÁä½L¡Aª½¨ìÃö¾÷¬°¤î¡A¥HÁ×§K¤£¥²nªº§xÂZ¡C
¬ÛÃö²Ó¸`½Ð°Ñ¾\ ukbd(4) ªº»¡©ú¡C
FreeBSD ¤ä´©¤@¨Ç¼t°Ó(¹³¬O¡GMicrosoft¡BLogitech¡BATI)©Ò°µªº bus ¤Î InPort bus ¤¶±ªº·Æ¹«¡C µM¦Ó¡A¹w³]ªº kernel(GENERIC)¤w¸g¤£¤º§t¥¦ÌªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¡C ¦]¦¹¡An¥[¤J¤U¦C¨ì kernel ³]©wÀɨë·s½sĶ¡B¦w¸Ë¡A¤~¯à±Ò¥Î¡G
device mse0 at isa? port 0x23c irq5
Bus ·Æ¹«³q±`n·f°t±M¥Îªº¤¶±¥d¤~¯à¨Ï¥Î¡C ³o¨Ç¥d¥i¥H³]©w port address ¤Î IRQ È¡A³o¨Ç²Ó¸`½Ð°Ñ¾\§Aªº·Æ¹«»¡©ú¤â¥U¤Î mse(4) »¡©ú¡C
PS/2 ·Æ¹«³£¦³¤ä´©¡A©Ò»Ýn¥Î¨ìªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡ psm ¦b¹w³]ªº kernel(GENERIC)¤w¦³¤º§t¤F¡C
Y§A¦Ûqªº kernel ¤ºº|¤F psm ªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò´N¦A§â¤U¦C¤º®e¥[¨ì kernel ³]©wÀɨë·s½sĶ¡B¦w¸Ë¡G
device psm0 at atkbdc? irq 12
·í¶}¾÷®É kernel ¦³¥¿½T°»´ú¨ì psm0 ¡A½Ð°È¥²½T»{¦b /dev ¤º¦³ psm0 ¡C ¦pªG¨S¦³ªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò´N¥Î root ¨Ó¥´¤U¦C«ü¥O¨Ó«Ø¥ß§a¡G
# cd /dev; sh MAKEDEV psm0
Note: ¦pªG¬O FreeBSD 5.0-RELEASE(§t¤§«áª©¥»)ªº¸Ü¡A¦]¬°±Ä¥Î devfs(5) ¾÷¨îªº¦]¯À¡A ©Ò¥H·|¦Û°Ê¦b /dev ¤U«Ø¥ß¬ÛÃö³]³Æªº¸`ÂI¡A¦]¦¹´N¥i¥H²¤¹L¤W±³o¤@¨B¡C
Y¨Ï¥Î console ªº¹w³]ÅX°Êµ{¦¡(¤]´N¬O syscons(4))¡A ¨º»ò´N¥i¥H¦b¤å¦r¤¶±ªº console ¤W±¥Î·Æ¹«¨Ó°Å¶K¤å¦r¤F¡C ¨º»òn±Ò°Ê moused(8) ¨Ã¶}±Ò´å¼ÐÅã¥Ü¡A ½Ð¥´¤U¦C«ü¥O¡G
# moused -p /dev/xxxx -t yyyy # vidcontrol -m on
¨ä¤¤¡yxxxx¡z¬O·Æ¹«ªº³]³Æ¦WºÙ¡A¦Ó ¡yyyyy¡z«h¬O·Æ¹«©Ò¨Ï¥Îªº protocol ºØÃþ¡C ¥Ø«eªº moused ¥i¥H¦Û°Ê°»´ú(°£¤F¦¡ªº serial ·Æ¹«¤§¥~)¤j¦h¼Æ·Æ¹«©Ò¨Ï¥Îªº protocol ºØÃþ¡A¦Ó¤£¥Î¨è·N¥h«ü©w¡C ¡yprotocol ºØÃþ¡z³]©w¥Î auto ´N·|¦Û°Ê°»´ú¤F¡CY¦Û°Ê°»´ú¥¢±Ñªº¸Ü¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\ moused(8) ¸Ì±ªº type ¨º¬q»¡©ú¡C
¦pªG¥Îªº¬O PS/2 ·Æ¹«¡A¥un§â moused_enable="YES" ¥[¨ì /etc/rc.conf ¡A³o¼Ë¨C¦¸¶}¾÷´N·|¦Û°Ê±Ò°Ê¤F¡C ¦¹¥~¡A¦pªGn¦b©Ò¦³ virtual terminals ¤W¤]¯à¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«¡A ¦Ó¤£©w¥u¦³ console ªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò½Ð¦A§â allscreens_flags="-m on" ¥[¨ì /etc/rc.conf ¸Ì±§Y¥i¡C
moused ¦b°õ¦æ¤¤ªº®ÉÔ¡A¦pªGn¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«¬ÛÃö¥\¯à¡A³£¥²¶·³z¹L moused ©Î¨ä¥Lµ{¦¡¹³¬O X µøµ¡¨Ó¶i¦æ¡C½Ð°Ñ¾\ FAQ ¤¤¦³Ãö¡y¬°¤°»ò¤£¯à¦b X µøµ¡¸Ì¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«¡H¡z¥HÁA¸Ñ¬ÛÃö²Ó¸`¡C
³oÓµª®×¹À...¡A«Ü¤£©¯¦a¡A¦b¤j¦h¼Æªº±¡ªp¤U¤£¦æ¡C ³o¨Ç¦³ºu½üªº·Æ¹«»Ýn¥Î¯S®íÅX°Êµ{¦¡¤~¦æ¡A °£«D¡A·Æ¹«ÅX°Êµ{¦¡©Î¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¦Û¤vªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¦³¤ä´©¡A ¤£µM¡A³o¨Ç·Æ¹«¥u¯à°÷·í¦¨¬O´¶³qªº¨âÁä©Î¤TÁ䪺·Æ¹«¨Ó¥Î¦Ó¤w¡C
¦pªGn¦b X µøµ¡Àô¹Ò¤W¨Ï¥Îºu½üªº¸Ü¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\ X µøµ¡¤Wªººu½ü¨Ï¥Î »¡©ú¡C
½Ð°Ñ¾\«e±ªº PS/2 ·Æ¹«ªº°Ýµª ¡C
ì¦]¦b©ó¡G»Ýn§â modem ªº PnP ID ¥[¨ì serial ÅX°Êµ{¦¡ªº PnP ID ªí¡A§@ªk¦p¤U¡G
º¥ý¡A¦b kernel ³]©wÀɤº¥[¤J controller pnp0¡A ¨Ã«·s½sĶ¡B¦w¸Ë kernel¡A³Ì«á«¶}¾÷´N·|±Ò°Ê PnP ¤ä´©¡C
µM«á¡Akernel ·|§â°»´ú¨ì©Ò¦³³]³Æ¤Wªº PnP ID ³£¦C¥X¡C ³o®É¡A×§ï /usr/src/sys/isa/sio.c(¤j¬ù²Ä752¦æ¥ª¥kªº¦a¤è)¡A ¥i¥H·j´M SUP1310 ·íÃöÁä¦r(¦ì©ó sio_ids[] ªí¤º)¡A ½Ð±Nè¤~ kernel Åã¥Üªº modem ªº PnP ID ½Æ»s¨ì¬ÛÃö¦ì¸m¡C
³o®É¡A¦A«·s½sĶ¡B¦w¸Ë kernel¡A³Ì«á«¶}¾÷À³¸Ó´N·|¥¿½T°»´ú¨ì modem ¤F¡C
¦¹¥~¡A¤]¥i¥H¦b¶}¾÷®É¥H pnp «ü¥O¨Ó¤â°Ê³]©w PnP ³]³Æ¡A ¨ÓÅý kernel ±o¥H¥¿½T°»´ú¡AÁ|¨Ò¡G
pnp 1 0 enable os irq0 3 drq0 0 port0 0x2f8
FreeBSD ¥i¥H¦w¸ËÃB¥~ªº³nÅé¨Ó¤ä´©³nÅé modem¡C ¹³¬O comms/ltmdm ¥i¤ä´©±`¨£ªº Lucent LT ´¹¤ù¡A comms/mwavem «h¥i¤ä´© IBM Thinkpad 600 ¤Î 700 µ§°O«¬¹q¸£¤W±ªº modem¡C
µM¦Ó¡A¨Ã¤£¯à¥Î³nÅé modem ¨Ó¦w¸Ë FreeBSD¡A ¦]¬°¡G³oÃþ³nÅ饲¶·¦b§@·~¨t²Î¦w¸Ë§¹²¦¤§«á¡A¤~¯à¦w¸Ë¡C
¨S¦³¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¤£¤Ó¥i¯à·|¦³¡C
Broadcom ©Úµ´¤½¶}¦³ÃöµL½uºô¥d´¹¤ùªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¬ÛÃö»¡©ú¡A ¥D¦]¤j·§¬O¥L̥γnÅé¨Ó±±¨îµL½u¶Ç¿é¤è¦¡¡C ¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦]¬°n¯à³q¹L¬ü°êÁp¨¹¹q«H©eû·|(FCC)À˺Ϧw³Wªº¸Ü¡A ¥²¶·½T«O²£«~¤£¯àÅý¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¤£¯àÀH·N§ó°Ê¬ÛÃö³]©w¡A¤ñ¦p¡G¹qºÏªiÀW²v¡B¬ÛÃö¼Ò²Õ°Ñ¼Æ¡B¿é¥X¹q·½µ¥¡C ¦ý¬O¡A¦pªG§Ṳ́£ª¾¹D¦p¦ó¥h±±¨î´¹¤ùªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò¼¶¼gÅX°Êµ{¦¡¤§¸ô®£©È¤£¤Ó¥i¦æ¡C
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¦Ü©ó¥dªº³]©w¤è±¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\ sio(4) ªº»¡©ú¡C
FreeBSD ¤ä´©¦UºØµ®Ä¥d¡A¥]¬A¤F SoundBlaster®¡B SoundBlaster Pro¡BSoundBlaster 16¡BPro Audio Spectrum 16¡B AdLib¡B¤Î Gravis UltraSound sound cards (²Ó¸`½Ð°Ñ¾\ FreeBSD µo¦æ±¡³ø ¥H¤Î snd(4) ªº»¡©ú)¡C ¦¹¥~¡A¹ï MPU-401 ¤Î MIDI ¬Û®e³W®æªº¤]¦³¤@©wµ{«×ªº¤ä´©¡A¦Ó Microsoft® Sound System ³W®æ¤]¦³¤ä´©¡C
Note: ÅX°Êµ{¦¡¶È¾A¥Î©ó¡yµ®Ä¡z³¡¤À¡I °£¤F SoundBlaster ¤§¥~¡A ¥Ø«eµ®ÄÅX°Êµ{¦¡¨Ã¤£¤ä´©³o¨Çµ®Ä¥d¤Wªº¥úºÐ¾÷, SCSI³]³Æ©Î·n±ì¡C SoundBlaster ªº SCSI ¤¶±¤Î¬Y¨Ç«D SCSI ªº¥úºÐ¾÷¬O¦³¤ä´©¡A¦ýµLªk¥Î¨Ó¶}¾÷¡C
½Ð°Ñ¾\¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¤Wªº ¦w¸Ë½g¡X¨ä¥LµwÅé ¡C
¦³¨Ç Micron ¥D¾÷ªO¤Wªº BIOS ¦b PCI ¤è±·|¦³°ÝÃD¡A ³o·|¾ÉP PCI ³]³Æ·|³Q BIOS °»´ú¬°¤£¥¿½T³]©w¡A¦Ó¶i¤J FreeBSD ´N±¾±¼¡C
¼È®É¸Ñ¨M¤è¦¡¡GÃö³¬ BIOS ¤º ¡§Plug and Play Operating System¡¨ ªº³]©w¡C
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¥i¥H¸Õ¸Õ¬Ý§ï¥Îªº¤è¦¡¡A½Ð¥ý×§ï kernel ³]©wÀÉ¡A®³±¼¤U±³o´X¦æ¡G
device cbb device pccard device cardbusµM«á¥[¤W¡G
device pcic device card 1³Ì«á½Ð°Ñ¾\ Handbook ¤¤ ½Õ¾ã FreeBSD Kernel ³¹¸`¡A¥H«·s½sĶ¡B¦w¸Ë·sªº kernel¡C
(¥»ÃD¥Ñ cdsheen ´£¨Ñ)À|¸Õ¦b Dell PowerEdge 2850 ¤W±¦w¸Ë FreeBSD 6.0¡A ¤£¹L¦w¸Ë§¹¦¨¡B¨Ã«·s¶}¾÷¤§«á¡Aµo²{ console ªºÁä½L¤£¯à°Ê¤F¡A ¦P¼Ëªº±¡ªp¦ü¥G¤]¦s¦b©ó FreeBSD 5.3 ¤Î FreeBSD 5.4¡A ¸g¹L¤@µf·j´M¡Aµoı¬O¦]¬°³o¥x¾÷¾¹¤W±¦³¤@Ó ¡§Dell Remote Access Controller (DRAC)¡¨¡A ³oӸ˸m·|³Q¨t²Î¿ëÃѦ¨¤@Ó USB Keyboard¡A©Ò¥H¾ÉP¶}§¹¾÷¤§«á¡A¥¿±`ªº PS/2 Áä½L¤Ï¦Ó¤£¯à°Ê¤F¡I
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¥ý¥H Single User Mode ¶i¤J¨t²Î
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# fsck -y /
# mount -u /
µM«á½s¿è /etc/devd.conf¡A§â¹ï©ó USB Keyboard ªº¤ä´©¼È®É®³±¼¡A ¤]´N¬O§â¤U±´X¦æ¶}ÀY¥[¤W #
# When a USB keyboard arrives, attach it as the console keyboard. #attach 100 { # device-name "ukbd0"; # action "kbdcontrol -k /dev/ukbd0 < /dev/console && /etc/rc.d/syscons restart"; #}; #detach 100 { # device-name "ukbd0"; # action "kbdcontrol -k /dev/kbd0 < /dev/console"; #};
µM«á¿é¤J exitÂ÷¶} Single User Mode ¤§«á¡A ´N¥i¥H¶¶§Q¶i¤J¨t²Î¡B¦Ó¥BÁä½L¤]¥i¥H¥¿±`¹B§@¡A¤U¦¸¶}¾÷¤]¤£·|¦³°ÝÃD¡I
¥t¥~¡ADell ªº DRAC/BMC ¬Ý°_¨Ó¦³ÆZ¦h¤£¿ùªº»·ºÝ¦s¨ú¥\¯à¡A¦³¿³½ìªº¤H¥i¥Hª±ª±¬Ý...
§ì¨ì¿ù»~ªº°O¾ÐÅé®e¶q¬O¦]¬°ª«²z¦ì§}¸òµêÀÀ¦ì§}¨âªÌ¬O¤£¦Pªº¡C
The convention for most PC hardware is to use the memory area between 3.5G and 4G for a special purpose (usually for PCI). This address space is used to access PCI hardware. As a result real, physical memory can not appear in that address space.
What happens to the memory that should appear in that location is dependent on your hardware. Unfortunately, some hardware does nothing and the ability to use that last 500M of RAM is entirely lost.
Luckily, most hardware remaps the memory to a higher location so that it can still be used. However, this can cause some confusion if you watch the boot messages.
On a 32 bit version of FreeBSD, the memory appears lost, since it will be remapped above 4G, which a 32 bit kernel is unable to access. In this case, the solution is to build a PAE enabled kernel. See this FAQ entry for more information.
On a 64 bit version of FreeBSD, or when running a PAE-enabled kernel, FreeBSD will correctly detect and remap the memory so it is usable. During boot, however, it may seem as if FreeBSD is detecting more memory than the system really has. This is normal and the available memory will be corrected as the boot process completes.
Y¬O SCSI µwºÐªº¸Ü¡A¨º»òºÏºÐ¾÷À³¸Ó¦³¯à¤O¦Û°Ê§@ re-mapping ªº°Ê§@¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦]¬°¤@¨Ç¥¼ª¾ªº¦]¯À¡A¦b¥X¼t®É¡A«Ü¦hµwºÐªº³o¶µ ¥\¯à¬OÃö³¬ªº...
n±N¨ä«·s¶}±Ò¡A±z»Ýn½s¿è¸Ë¸mªº²Ä¤@Ó page ¼Ò¦¡ ¡]first device page mode¡^¡A¦b FreeBSD ¤W¥i¥H¥Î¤U±ªº«ü¥O¿ì¨ì ¡]¥H root¨¤À°õ¦æ¡^
# scsi -f /dev/rsd0c -m 1 -e -P 3
µM«á±N AWRE ©M ARRE ªº¼ÆÈ±q 0 Åܦ¨ 1:-
AWRE¡]Auto Write Reallocation Enbld¡^¡G 1 ARRE¡]Auto Read Reallocation Enbld¡^¡G 1
¥H¤U³o¬q¬O¥Ñ Ted Mittelstaedt <tedm@toybox.placo.com>
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¹ï ESDI¡ARLL ¤Î MFM ªºµwºÐ¨Ó»¡¡A³q±`Ãay¬O¥¿±`²{¶H¡A¤]¤£¬O¤° »ò³Â·Ðªº«e¥ü¡C¦b PC ¤W¡AºÏºÐ±±¨î¥d©M BIOS t³d¼Ð¥ÜÃayªº¥ô°È¡C³o ¹ï¤@¨Ç¨Ï¥Î BIOS¨Ó¦s¨úºÏºÐªº§@·~Àô¹Ò¡]¦p DOS¡^¬O¨S¦³°ÝÃDªº¡CµM¦Ó¡A FreeBSD ªººÏºÐÅX°Êµ{¦¡¨Ã¤£¸g¹L BIOS ¨Ó¦s¨úºÏºÐ¡A©Ò¥H¡A¦³Ó bad144 ªº¾÷¨î¥Î¨Ó¨ú¥N³o¶µ¥\¯à¡Cbad144 ¥u¯à¥Î¦b wd ³oӺϺÐÅX°Êµ{¦¡¤W¡]³o Ó¥Nªí¤F FreeBSD 4.0 ¨Ã¤£¤ä´©¥¦¡^¡A¥¦¤]µLªk¥Î¦b SCSI µwºÐ¤W¡C bad144ªº¤u§@¤èªk¬O±N©Ò¦³§ä¨ìªºÃay¸ê®Æ¦s¨ì¤@Ó¯S§OªºÀÉ®×ý¡C
¨Ï¥Î bad144 ªºÄµ§i - ¦sµÛÃay¸ê®Æªº¯S§OÀɮ׬O©ñ¦bµwºÐªº³Ì«á ¤@y¤W¡C¦]¬°³oÓÀÉ®×Àx¦sªºÃay¸ê®Æ¤¤¡A¦³¥i¯à¦³¨Ç¸ê®Æ¬O«ü¦VµwºÐ³Ì «eºÝ©Òµo¥ÍªºÃay±¡§Î¡A´N¬O¥i¯àÀx¦s /kernel ³oÓÀɪº¦a¤è¡A©Ò¥H¥¦ ¤@©wn¯à³Q¶}¾÷µ{¦¡©ÒŪ¨ú¡A¦Ó¶}¾÷µ{¦¡¬O³z¹L BIOS ¨ÓŪ¨ú kernel ÀÉ¡C³oªí¥Ü¤F¨Ï¥Î bad144 ªºµwºÐµ´¤£¯à¾Ö¦³¶W¹L 1024 Ó cylinder¡A 16 Ó head ¤Î 63 Ó sector¡C¦Ó³o¨Ï±o±ý¨Ï¥Î bad144 ªºµwºÐªº¤j¤p¤£ ¯à¤j©ó 500 MB¡C
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# rm /var/db/kvm_*.db
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553 relay.domain.net config error: mail loops back to myself
554 <user@domain.net>... Local configuration error
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# sysctl -w kern.timecounter.method=1
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5.20. ¥X²{ ¡§pcm0 not found¡¨ ³oÓ°T®§¡A©ÎªÌ¬O §Úªºµ®Ä¥dÅܦ¨¤F pcm1¡A¦ý¦b kernel ³]©w ÀÉý§Ú¬O³] device pcm0 °Ú¡C³o¬O«ç»ò¦^¨Æ©O¡H
¦pªG±z¦b FreeBSD 3.x ¤W¨Ï¥Î PCI µ®Ä¥d´N·|µo¥Í³oºØ°ÝÃD¡C ¦]¬°pcm0 ³oÓ device ¬O¤º©w«O¯dµ¹ ISA ªºµ®Ä¥dªº¡A©Ò¥H¦pªG±z¦³¤@±i PCI ªºµ®Ä¥d¡A±z´N·|¹J¨ì³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A ¦Ó±zªº¥d·|Åܦ¨ pcm1¡C
Note: ¦pªG±z¥u§â kernel ³]©wÀɤ¤ªº³]©w§ï¦¨ device pcm1 ¬OµLªk°£¥h³oÓĵ§i°T®§ªº¡A ³o¼Ë·|³y¦¨ pcm1 ³Q«O¯dµ¹ ISA µ®Ä¥d¡A ¦Ó PCI µ®Ä¥d«h·|Åܦ¨ pcm2 ¡]¥~¥[ ¡§pcm1 not found¡¨ ªºÄµ§i°T®§¡^¡C
¦pªG±z¦³¤@±i PCI ªºµ®Ä¥d¡A±z»Ýn make snd1 ³oÓ device¡A¦Ó¤£¬O snd0¡G
# cd /dev # ./MAKEDEV snd1
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FreeBSD 4.X ²{¦b¤w¸g§ó PnP ¾É¦V¤F¡A ¦ÓÃä»Ú®ÄÀ³´N¬O·|µo¥Í¦³¨Ç¦b FreeBSD 3.X ¥i¥H¥Îªº PnP ¸Ë¸m ¡]¦pµ®Ä¥d©Î¬O¤º´¡¦¡¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¡^Åܦ¨µLªk¨Ï¥Î¡C
³oÓì¦]¥i¥H¥Î¤@«Ê¥Ñ Peter Wemm µo¨ì freebsd-questions ³oÓ mailing list ¤Wªº«H¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ¡A¥¦ì¥»¬O¸ÑÄÀ¬°¤°»ò¦³¤@Ó¤º ´¡¦¡¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¡A¦b¨t²Î¤É¯Å¨ì FreeBSD 4.x «á¡A´N¨Sªk³Q§ì¨ì¤F ¡]¦b [] ýªº¬O¥t¥~¥[ªºµù¸Ñ¡AÅý¤º®e§ó©öÀ´¡^¡C
The PNP bios preconfigured it [the modem] and left it laying around in port space¡Aso [in 3.x] the old-style ISA probes ¡§found¡¨ it there.
Under 4.0¡Athe ISA code is much more PnP-centric. It was possible [in 3.x] for an ISA probe to find a ¡§stray¡¨ device and then for the PNP device id to match and then fail due to resource conflicts. So¡Ait disables the programmable cards first so this double probing cannot happen. It also means that it needs to know the PnP id's for supported PnP hardware. Making this more user tweakable is on the TODO list.
¦pªGnÅý¸Ë¸m¯à¦A«×¹B§@¡A§ÚÌ»Ýn§ä¥X¥¦ªº PnP id¡AµM«á¦A±N¥¦ ¥[¤J¤@¥÷¦b°»´ú ISA ¸Ë¸m®É·|¨Ï¥Îªºªí¤¤¡C¥i¥H°õ¦æ pnpinfo(8) ¨Ó°»´ú³oӸ˸m¡AÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¤U±¬O pnpinfo(8) §ì¨ìªº¤@Ó¤º´¡ ¦¡¼Æ¾Ú¾÷ªº¸ê®Æ¡G
# pnpinfo Checking for Plug-n-Play devices... Card assigned CSN #1 Vendor ID PMC2430 (0x3024a341)¡ASerial Number 0xffffffff PnP Version 1.0¡AVendor Version 0 Device Description: Pace 56 Voice Internal Plug & Play Modem Logical Device ID: PMC2430 0x3024a341 #0 Device supports I/O Range Check TAG Start DF I/O Range 0x3f8 .. 0x3f8¡Aalignment 0x8¡Alen 0x8 [16-bit addr] IRQ: 4 - only one type (true/edge)
[more TAG lines elided]
TAG End DF End Tag Successfully got 31 resources¡A1 logical fdevs -- card select # 0x0001 CSN PMC2430 (0x3024a341)¡ASerial Number 0xffffffff Logical device #0 IO: 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 IRQ 5 0 DMA 4 0 IO range check 0x00 activate 0x01
±z©Ò»Ýnªº¸ê°T¬O¤@¶}©l¬Ý¨ìªº ¡§Vendor ID¡¨ ³o¤@¦æ¡C¬A¸¹¤¤ªº¤Q¤»¦ì¤¸½X¡]³oÓ¨Ò¤l¤¤¬O 0x3024a341¡^´N¬O PnP id¡A¦Ó¦b³o¤§«eªº¦r¦ê¡]PMC2430¡^«h¬O¤@Ó¿W¤@µL¤Gªº ASCII id¡C ¦Ó³o¨Ç¸ê®Æ»Ýn³Q¥[¨ì /usr/src/sys/isa/sio.c ³oÓÀÉ®×ý¡C
¬°¤F¨¾¤î¥ô¦óªF¦è¥X¿ù¡A±zÀ³¸Ón¥ý³Æ¥÷¥Ø«eªº sio.c¡C¦Ó¥B±zn submit PR ®É¤]»Ýn³oÓ ì©lÀɮרӰµ¥X patch¡]±zÀ³¸Ó·|±N¥¦ submit PR §a..¡G¡^..¡^¡C ±µµÛ´N½s¿è sio.c §ä´M¤U±³o¦æ
static struct isa_pnp_id sio_ids[] = {
±µµÛ©¹¤U±²°Ê¡A§äÓ¥¿½Tªº¦ì¸m¨Ó´¡¤J±zªº¸Ë¸m¸ê°T¡C±z¬Ý¨ìªº´N ¤U±³oӼˤl¡A¥¦Ì¬O·Ó¥kÃäµù¸Ñ¸Ì±ªº ASCII ³oÓ Vender ID °µ±Æ §Çªº¡A©Î¬O pnpinfo(8) ©Ò§ä¨ìªº¤@³¡¤À ¸Ë¸m´yz¡G
{0x0f804f3f¡ANULL}¡A /* OZO800f - Zoom 2812 (56k Modem) */ {0x39804f3f¡ANULL}¡A /* OZO8039 - Zoom 56k flex */ {0x3024a341¡ANULL}¡A /* PMC2430 - Pace 56 Voice Internal Modem */ {0x1000eb49¡ANULL}¡A /* ROK0010 - Rockwell ? */ {0x5002734a¡ANULL}¡A /* RSS0250 - 5614Jx3(G) Internal Modem */
§â±z³oӸ˸mªº¤Q¤»¶i¦ìªº Vender ID ¥[¨ì¥¿½Tªº¦a¤è¡A¦sÀÉ¡A µM«á«·s½s¤@Ó kernel¡A¦A«¶}¾÷¡C¤§«á³oӸ˸mÀ³¸Ó´N·|¹³¦b FreeBSD 3.X ¤U¡A³Q°»´ú¬° sio ¸Ë¸m¤F¡C
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# dmesg | grep Timecounter Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz Timecounter "TSC" frequency 595573479 Hz
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kern.timecounter.hardware
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# sysctl kern.timecounter.hardware kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC
BIOS ¥i¯à¦b¤@¨Ç±¡§Î¤U·|§ó§ï TSC ªº®É¯ß¡X¡X¦³®ÉÔ¬O¦]¬° ¦b¨Ï¥Î¹q¦À¤u§@®É·|§ó§ï³B²z¾¹ªº³t«×¡A¥t¥~¤]¦³¥i¯à¬O¶i¤J¤F¬Ù¹q¼Ò ¦¡¡A¥i¬O FreeBSD ¨Ã¤£·|¹îı¨ì³o¨Ç½Õ¾ã¡A¦Ó·|µo¥Í®É¶¡¼W¥[©Î¬O´î ¤Öªº±¡§Î¡C
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# sysctl -w kern.timecounter.hardware=i8254 kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254
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Demonstration applets.
Preformatted man pages.
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ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6-stable
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-7-current
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options GPL_MATH_EMULATE
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# Set to YES if you want ibcs2 (SCO) emulation loaded at startup ibcs2=NO
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´Nºâ¬O§A¦b½s FreeBSD-STABLE¡A ÁÙ¬O¦³¥i¯à§A§ì¨ì¤F¥¿¦bק襤¡A©ÎµÛ¦]¬°¬Y¨Ç½t¬G¦Ó®Ú¥»ÁÙ¨S§ï¦n ªºì©l½X¡FÁöµM»¡ FreeBSD-STABLE ¤j³¡¥÷ªº®ÉÔ³£¬O¥i¥H½sªº¡A¦ý¥u¦³ RELEASE ¤~¬O«OÃÒ¥i¥H½sªº¡C¸I ¨ì³oÓ°ÝÃD®É¡A¦A¦¸§ó·sì©l½X¨Ã¥B¦A¸Õ¸Õ¬Ý¡C¤]¦³¥i¯à¬O©ñì©l½Xªº ¦øªA¾¹¥X²{¬Y¨Ç°ÝÃD¡A©Ò¥H§ó·sì©l½X®É¤]¸Õ¸Õ±q¤£¦P¦øªA¾¹¨Ó§ó·s¬Ý ¬Ý¡C
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²z·Qªº¤è¦¡¬O¥ý¦b·sµwºÐ¤W«¸Ë¦n§@·~¨t²Î¡AµM«á§â¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¬ÛÃöµ{¦¡¡B¸ê®Æ·h¹L¥h´N¦n¡C This is highly recommended if you have been tracking -STABLE for more than one release, or have updated a release instead of installing a new one. You can install booteasy on both disks with boot0cfg(8), and dual boot them until you are happy with the new configuration. Skip the next paragraph to find out how to move the data after doing this.
Should you decide not to do a fresh install, you need to partition and label the new disk with either sysinstall(FreeBSD 5.2 ¤§«eª©¥»«h¬O /stand/sysinstall), or fdisk(8) and disklabel(8). You should also install booteasy on both disks with boot0cfg(8), so that you can dual boot to the old or new system after the copying is done. See the formatting-media article for details on this process.
Now you have the new disk set up, and are ready to move the data. Unfortunately, you cannot just blindly copy the data. Things like device files (in /dev), flags, and links tend to screw that up. You need to use tools that understand these things, which means dump(8). Although it is suggested that you move the data in single user mode, it is not required.
You should never use anything but dump(8) and restore(8) to move the root filesystem. The tar(1) command may work - then again, it may not. You should also use dump(8) and restore(8) if you are moving a single partition to another empty partition. The sequence of steps to use dump to move a partitions data to a new partition is:
newfs the new partition.
mount it on a temporary mount point.
cd to that directory.
dump the old partition, piping output to the new one.
For example, if you are going to move root to /dev/ad1s1a, with /mnt as the temporary mount point, it is:
# newfs /dev/ad1s1a # mount /dev/ad1s1a /mnt # cd /mnt # dump 0af - / | restore xf -
Rearranging your partitions with dump takes a bit more work. To merge a partition like /var into its parent, create the new partition large enough for both, move the parent partition as described above, then move the child partition into the empty directory that the first move created:
# newfs /dev/ad1s1a # mount /dev/ad1s1a /mnt # cd /mnt # dump 0af - / | restore xf - # cd var # dump 0af - /var | restore xf -
To split a directory from its parent, say putting /var on its own partition when it was not before, create both partitions, then mount the child partition on the appropriate directory in the temporary mount point, then move the old single partition:
# newfs /dev/ad1s1a # newfs /dev/ad1s1d # mount /dev/ad1s1a /mnt # mkdir /mnt/var # mount /dev/ad1s1d /mnt/var # cd /mnt # dump 0af - / | restore xf -
You might prefer cpio(1), pax(1), tar(1) to dump(8) for user data. At the time of this writing, these are known to lose file flag information, so use them with caution.
The installation procedure allows you to chose two different methods in partitioning your hard disk(s). The default way makes it compatible with other operating systems on the same machine, by using fdisk table entries (called ¡§slices¡¨ in FreeBSD), with a FreeBSD slice that employs partitions of its own. Optionally, one can chose to install a boot-selector to switch between the possible operating systems on the disk(s). The alternative uses the entire disk for FreeBSD, and makes no attempt to be compatible with other operating systems.
So why it is called ¡§dangerous¡¨? A disk in this mode does not contain what normal PC utilities would consider a valid fdisk table. Depending on how well they have been designed, they might complain at you once they are getting in contact with such a disk, or even worse, they might damage the BSD bootstrap without even asking or notifying you. In addition, the ¡§dangerously dedicated¡¨ disk's layout is known to confuse many BIOSes, including those from AWARD (e.g. as found in HP Netserver and Micronics systems as well as many others) and Symbios/NCR (for the popular 53C8xx range of SCSI controllers). This is not a complete list, there are more. Symptoms of this confusion include the ¡§read error¡¨ message printed by the FreeBSD bootstrap when it cannot find itself, as well as system lockups when booting.
Why have this mode at all then? It only saves a few kbytes of disk space, and it can cause real problems for a new installation. ¡§Dangerously dedicated¡¨ mode's origins lie in a desire to avoid one of the most common problems plaguing new FreeBSD installers - matching the BIOS ¡§geometry¡¨ numbers for a disk to the disk itself.
¡§Geometry¡¨ is an outdated concept, but one still at the heart of the PC's BIOS and its interaction with disks. When the FreeBSD installer creates slices, it has to record the location of these slices on the disk in a fashion that corresponds with the way the BIOS expects to find them. If it gets it wrong, you will not be able to boot.
¡§Dangerously dedicated¡¨ mode tries to work around this by making the problem simpler. In some cases, it gets it right. But it is meant to be used as a last-ditch alternative - there are better ways to solve the problem 99 times out of 100.
So, how do you avoid the need for ¡§DD¡¨ mode when you are installing? Start by making
a note of the geometry that your BIOS claims to be using for your disks. You can arrange
to have the kernel print this as it boots by specifying -v
at
the boot: prompt, or using boot -v in
the loader. Just before the installer starts, the kernel will print a list of BIOS
geometries. Do not panic - wait for the installer to start and then use scrollback to
read the numbers. Typically the BIOS disk units will be in the same order that FreeBSD
lists your disks, first IDE, then SCSI.
When you are slicing up your disk, check that the disk geometry displayed in the FDISK screen is correct (ie. it matches the BIOS numbers); if it is wrong, use the g key to fix it. You may have to do this if there is absolutely nothing on the disk, or if the disk has been moved from another system. Note that this is only an issue with the disk that you are going to boot from; FreeBSD will sort itself out just fine with any other disks you may have.
Once you have got the BIOS and FreeBSD agreeing about the geometry of the disk, your problems are almost guaranteed to be over, and with no need for ¡§DD¡¨ mode at all. If, however, you are still greeted with the dreaded ¡§read error¡¨ message when you try to boot, it is time to cross your fingers and go for it - there is nothing left to lose.
To return a ¡§dangerously dedicated¡¨ disk for normal PC use, there are basically two options. The first is, you write enough NULL bytes over the MBR to make any subsequent installation believe this to be a blank disk. You can do this for example with
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda0 count=15
Alternatively, the undocumented DOS ¡§feature¡¨
C:\> fdisk /mbr
will to install a new master boot record as well, thus clobbering the BSD bootstrap.
9.4. Which partitions can safely use Soft Updates? I have heard that Soft Updates on / can cause problems.
Short answer: you can usually use Soft Updates safely on all partitions.
Long answer: There used to be some concern over using Soft Updates on the root partition. Soft Updates has two characteristics that caused this. First, a Soft Updates partition has a small chance of losing data during a system crash. (The partition will not be corrupted; the data will simply be lost.) Also, Soft Updates can cause temporary space shortages.
When using Soft Updates, the kernel can take up to thirty seconds to actually write changes to the physical disk. If you delete a large file, the file still resides on disk until the kernel actually performs the deletion. This can cause a very simple race condition. Suppose you delete one large file and immediately create another large file. The first large file is not yet actually removed from the physical disk, so the disk might not have enough room for the second large file. You get an error that the partition does not have enough space, although you know perfectly well that you just released a large chunk of space! When you try again mere seconds later, the file creation works as you expect. This has left more than one user scratching his head and doubting his sanity, the FreeBSD filesystem, or both.
If a system should crash after the kernel accepts a chunk of data for writing to disk, but before that data is actually written out, data could be lost or corrupted. This risk is extremely small, but generally manageable. Use of IDE write caching greatly increases this risk; it is strongly recommended that you disable IDE write caching when using Soft Updates.
These issues affect all partitions using Soft Updates. So, what does this mean for the root partition?
Vital information on the root partition changes very rarely. Files such as /kernel and the contents of /etc only change during system maintenance, or when users change their passwords. If the system crashed during the thirty-second window after such a change is made, it is possible that data could be lost. This risk is negligible for most applications, but you should be aware that it exists. If your system cannot tolerate this much risk, do not use Soft Updates on the root filesystem!
/ is traditionally one of the smallest partitions. By default, FreeBSD puts the /tmp directory on /. If you have a busy /tmp, you might see intermittent space problems. Symlinking /tmp to /var/tmp will solve this problem.
The symptom of this is:
# ccdconfig -C ccdconfig: ioctl (CCDIOCSET): /dev/ccd0c: Inappropriate file type or format
This usually happens when you are trying to concatenate the c partitions, which default to type unused. The ccd driver requires the underlying partition type to be FS_BSDFFS. Edit the disklabel of the disks you are trying to concatenate and change the types of partitions to 4.2BSD.
The symptom of this is:
# disklabel ccd0 (it prints something sensible here, so let us try to edit it) # disklabel -e ccd0 (edit, save, quit) disklabel: ioctl DIOCWDINFO: No disk label on disk; use "disklabel -r" to install initial label
This is because the disklabel returned by ccd is actually a ¡§fake¡¨ one that is not really on the disk. You can solve this problem by writing it back explicitly, as in:
# disklabel ccd0 > /tmp/disklabel.tmp # disklabel -Rr ccd0 /tmp/disklabel.tmp # disklabel -e ccd0 (this will work now)
FreeBSD supports a variety of other filesystems.
UFS CDROMs can be mounted directly on FreeBSD. Mounting disk partitions from Digital UNIX and other systems that support UFS may be more complex, depending on the details of the disk partitioning for the operating system in question.
FreeBSD supports ext2fs partitions. See mount_ext2fs(8) for more information.
FreeBSD includes a read-only NTFS driver. For more information, see mount_ntfs(8).
FreeBSD includes a read-write FAT driver. For more information, see mount_msdosfs(8).
FreeBSD also supports network filesystems such as NFS (see mount_nfs(8)), NetWare (see mount_nwfs(8)), and Microsoft-style SMB filesystems (see mount_smbfs(8)).
The secondary DOS partitions are found after ALL the primary partitions. For example, if you have an ¡§E¡¨ partition as the second DOS partition on the second SCSI drive, you need to create the special files for ¡§slice 5¡¨ in /dev, then mount /dev/da1s5:
# cd /dev # sh MAKEDEV da1s5 # mount -t msdos /dev/da1s5 /dos/e
Note: You can omit this step if you are running FreeBSD 5.0-RELEASE or newer with devfs(5) enabled.
¦³°Ú¡I FreeBSD 5.0 °_¤º«Ø gbde(8)¡A¦Ó FreeBSD 6.0 ¤S¥[¤W geli(8)¡C ¦Ó¸û¦´Áªºª©¥»¡A½Ð¦h§Q¥Î security/cfs port¡AÁÂÁ¡C
The general idea is that you copy the first sector of your native root FreeBSD partition into a file in the DOS/Windows NT partition. Assuming you name that file something like c:\bootsect.bsd (inspired by c:\bootsect.dos), you can then edit the c:\boot.ini file to come up with something like this:
[boot loader] timeout=30 default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS [operating systems] multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Windows NT" C:\BOOTSECT.BSD="FreeBSD" C:\="DOS"
If FreeBSD is installed on the same disk as the Windows NT boot partition simply copy /boot/boot1 to C:\BOOTSECT.BSD. However, if FreeBSD is installed on a different disk /boot/boot1 will not work, /boot/boot0 is needed.
/boot/boot0 needs to be installed using sysinstall(FreeBSD 5.2 ¤§«eª©¥»«h¬O /stand/sysinstall) by selecting the FreeBSD boot manager on the screen which asks if you wish to use a boot manager. This is because /boot/boot0 has the partition table area filled with NULL characters but sysinstall copies the partition table before copying /boot/boot0 to the MBR.
Warning: Do not simply copy /boot/boot0 instead of /boot/boot1; you will overwrite your partition table and render your computer un-bootable!
When the FreeBSD boot manager runs it records the last OS booted by setting the active flag on the partition table entry for that OS and then writes the whole 512-bytes of itself back to the MBR so if you just copy /boot/boot0 to C:\BOOTSECT.BSD then it writes an empty partition table, with the active flag set on one entry, to the MBR.
If you have FreeBSD and Linux on the same disk, just follow LILO's installation instructions for booting a non-Linux operating system. Very briefly, these are:
Boot Linux, and add the following lines to /etc/lilo.conf:
other=/dev/hda2 table=/dev/hda label=FreeBSD
(the above assumes that your FreeBSD slice is known to Linux as /dev/hda2; tailor to suit your setup). Then, run lilo as root and you should be done.
If FreeBSD resides on another disk, you need to add loader=/boot/chain.b to the LILO entry. For example:
other=/dev/dab4 table=/dev/dab loader=/boot/chain.b label=FreeBSD
In some cases you may need to specify the BIOS drive number to the FreeBSD boot loader to successfully boot off the second disk. For example, if your FreeBSD SCSI disk is probed by BIOS as BIOS disk 1, at the FreeBSD boot loader prompt you need to specify:
Boot: 1:da(0,a)/kernel
You can configure boot(8) to automatically do this for you at boot time.
The Linux+FreeBSD mini-HOWTO is a good reference for FreeBSD and Linux interoperability issues.
Install LILO at the start of your Linux boot partition instead of in the Master Boot Record. You can then boot LILO from BootEasy.
If you are running Windows 95 and Linux this is recommended anyway, to make it simpler to get Linux booting again if you should need to reinstall Windows 95 (which is a Jealous Operating System, and will bear no other Operating Systems in the Master Boot Record).
You can not do that with the standard boot manager without rewriting it. There are a number of other boot managers in the sysutils ports category that provide this functionality.
Whether it is a removable drive like a Zip or an EZ drive (or even a floppy, if you want to use it that way), or a new hard disk, once it is installed and recognized by the system, and you have your cartridge/floppy/whatever slotted in, things are pretty much the same for all devices.
(this section is based on Mark Mayo's ZIP FAQ)
If it is a ZIP drive or a floppy, you have already got a DOS filesystem on it, you can use a command like this:
# mount -t msdos /dev/fd0c /floppy
if it is a floppy, or this:
# mount -t msdos /dev/da2s4 /zip
for a ZIP disk with the factory configuration.
For other disks, see how they are laid out using fdisk(8) or sysinstall(8).
The rest of the examples will be for a ZIP drive on da2, the third SCSI disk.
Unless it is a floppy, or a removable you plan on sharing with other people, it is probably a better idea to stick a BSD filesystem on it. You will get long filename support, at least a 2X improvement in performance, and a lot more stability. First, you need to redo the DOS-level partitions/filesystems. You can either use fdisk(8) or sysinstall(FreeBSD 5.2 ¤§«eª©¥»«h¬O /stand/sysinstall), or for a small drive that you do not want to bother with multiple operating system support on, just blow away the whole FAT partition table (slices) and just use the BSD partitioning:
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda2 count=2 # disklabel -Brw da2 auto
You can use disklabel or sysinstall to create multiple BSD partitions. You will certainly want to do this if you are adding swap space on a fixed disk, but it is probably irrelevant on a removable drive like a ZIP.
Finally, create a new filesystem, this one is on our ZIP drive using the whole disk:
# newfs /dev/rda2c
and mount it:
# mount /dev/da2c /zip
and it is probably a good idea to add a line like this to /etc/fstab (see fstab(5)) so you can just type mount /zip in the future:
/dev/da2c /zip ffs rw,noauto 0 0
You have to tell mount(8) the type of the device that you want to mount. This is described in the Handbook section on optical media, specifically the section Using Data CDs.
This generally means that there is no CDROM in the CDROM drive, or the drive is not visible on the bus. Please see the Using Data CDs section of the Handbook for a detailed discussion of this issue.
9.17. Why do all non-English characters in filenames show up as ¡§?¡¨ on my CDs when mounted in FreeBSD?
Your CDROM probably uses the ¡§Joliet¡¨ extension for storing information about files and directories. This is discussed in the Handbook chapter on creating and using CDROMs, specifically the section on Using Data CDROMs.
You most likely burned a raw file to your CD, rather than creating an ISO 9660 filesystem. Take a look at the Handbook chapter on creating CDROMs, particularly the section on burning raw data CDs.
This is discussed in the Handbook section on duplicating data CDs. For more on working with CDROMs, see the Creating CDs Section in the Storage chapter in the Handbook.
If you try to mount an audio CD, you will get an error like ¡§cd9660: /dev/acd0c: Invalid argument¡¨. This is because mount only works on filesystems. Audio CDs do not have filesystems; they just have data. You need a program that reads audio CDs, such as the audio/xmcd port.
By default, mount(8) will attempt to
mount the last data track (session) of a CD. If you would like to load an earlier
session, you must use the -s
command line argument. Please
see mount_cd9660(8) for specific
examples.
Ordinary users can be permitted to mount devices. Here is how:
As root set the sysctl variable vfs.usermount
to 1.
# sysctl -w vfs.usermount=1
As root assign the appropriate permissions to the block device associated with the removable media.
For example, to allow users to mount the first floppy drive, use:
# chmod 666 /dev/fd0
To allow users in the group operator to mount the CDROM drive, use:
# chgrp operator /dev/acd0c # chmod 640 /dev/acd0c
If you are running FreeBSD 5.X or later, you will need to alter /etc/devfs.conf to make these changes permanent across reboots.
As root, add the necessary lines to /etc/devfs.conf. For example, to allow users to mount the first floppy drive add:
# Allow all users to mount the floppy disk. own /dev/fd0 root:operator perm /dev/fd0 0666
To allow users in the group operator to mount the CD-ROM drive add:
# Allow members of the group operator to mount CD-ROMs. own /dev/acd0 root:operator perm /dev/acd0 0660
Finally, add the line vfs.usermount
=1 to the file /etc/sysctl.conf so that it is reset at system boot time.
All users can now mount the floppy /dev/fd0 onto a directory that they own:
% mkdir ~/my-mount-point % mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 ~/my-mount-point
Users in group operator can now mount the CDROM /dev/acd0c onto a directory that they own:
% mkdir ~/my-mount-point % mount -t cd9660 /dev/acd0c ~/my-mount-point
Unmounting the device is simple:
% umount ~/my-mount-point
Enabling vfs.usermount
, however, has negative security
implications. A better way to access MS-DOS formatted
media is to use the emulators/mtools package in the ports collection.
Note: The device name used in the previous examples must be changed according to your configuration.
You need to understand what du and df really do. du goes through the directory tree, measures how large each file is, and presents the totals. df just asks the filesystem how much space it has left. They seem to be the same thing, but a file without a directory entry will affect df but not du.
When a program is using a file, and you delete the file, the file is not really removed from the filesystem until the program stops using it. The file is immediately deleted from the directory listing, however. You can see this easily enough with a program such as more. Assume you have a file large enough that its presence affects the output of du and df. (Since disks can be so large today, this might be a very large file!) If you delete this file while using more on it, more does not immediately choke and complain that it cannot view the file. The entry is simply removed from the directory so no other program or user can access it. du shows that it is gone ¡X¡X it has walked the directory tree and the file is not listed. df shows that it is still there, as the filesystem knows that more is still using that space. Once you end the more session, du and df will agree.
Note that Soft Updates can delay the freeing of disk space; you might need to wait up to 30 seconds for the change to be visible!
This situation is common on web servers. Many people set up a FreeBSD web server and forget to rotate the log files. The access log fills up /var. The new administrator deletes the file, but the system still complains that the partition is full. Stopping and restarting the web server program would free the file, allowing the system to release the disk space. To prevent this from happening, set up newsyslog(8).
In the Configuration and Tuning section of the Handbook, you will find a section describing how to do this.
Disk manufacturers calculate gigabytes as a billion bytes each, whereas FreeBSD calculates them as 1,073,741,824 bytes each. This explains why, for example, FreeBSD's boot messages will report a disk that supposedly has 80GB as holding 76319MB.
Also note that FreeBSD will (by default) reserve 8% of the disk space.
A portion of each UFS partition (8%, by default) is reserved for use by the operating system and the root user. df(1) does not count that space when calculating the Capacity column, so it can exceed 100%. Also, you will notice that the Blocks column is always greater than the sum of the Used and Avail columns, usually by a factor of 8%.
For more details, look up the -m
option in tunefs(8).
±q 2.0.5R ¨ì 2.2.1R¡A¥Dnªº³]©wÀɬO /etc/sysconfig¡C©Ò¦³ªº¿ï¶µ³£³Q«ü©w¦b³oÓÀÉ¡A ¦Ó¨ä¥L¹³ /etc/rc (°Ñ¨£ rc(8)) ©M /etc/netstart ¥u¬O¤Þ¥Î¥¦¡C
Æ[¹î /etc/sysconfig ³oÓÀɨÃ×¥¿¨äÈ¥H ¾A¦X§Aªº¨t²Î¡C³oÓÀɥεù¸Ñ¶ñº¡¥Hªí¥Ü¦ó³B¸Ó©ñ¸m¤°»ò³]©w¡C
¦b post-2.2.1 ¥H«á¤Î 3.0¡A/etc/sysconfig ¥ç§ó¦W¬°¤@Ó§ó®e©ö´yzªºÀɦW¥s rc.conf(5) ¡A¨Ã¥B»yªk²¤Æ¤F¨Ç¡C /etc/netstart ¥ç§ó¦W¬° /etc/rc.network ¦]¦¹©Ò¦³ªºÀɮ׳£¥i¥H¥Î cp /usr/src/etc/rc* /etc ¨Ó«þ¨©¡C
¦b 3.1 ¥H¤Î¡A/etc/rc.conf ³Q²¾¨ì /etc/defaults/rc.conf¡C ¤d¸U¤£n½s¿è³oÓÀÉ¡I ¦pªG /etc/defaults/rc.conf ¤º¦³·Qn§ó°Êªº¶µ¥Ø¡A §AÀ³¸Ó±N¨º¤@¦æªº¤º®e«þ¨©¨ì /etc/rc.conf¡A µM«á¦Aק復¡C
¨Ò¦p FreeBSD 3.1 ¤Î¥H«áªºª©¥»¤º¡A¦³¤@Ó DNS ¦øªA¾¹ named¡A ¦Ó§A·Qn±Ò°Ê¥¦¡C§A©Ò»Ýn§@ªº¨Æ´N¬O¡G
# echo named_enable="YES" >> /etc/rc.conf
·Qn¦b FreeBSD 3.1 ¤Î¥H«áªºª©¥»¤¤¡A±Ò°Ê¥»¦aºÝªA°Èªº¸Ü¡A±N shell script ¸m©ó /usr/local/etc/rc.d ¥Ø¿ý ¤U¡C³o¨Ç shell script À³¸Ó³]©w¦¨¥i°õ¦æ¡A¨Ã¥BÀɦW¥H .sh µ²§ô¡C ¦b FreeBSD 3.0 ¤Î§ó¦ªºª©¥»¤¤¡A§AÀ³¸Óª½±µ½s¿è /etc/rc.local ÀÉ¡C
/etc/rc.serial¥Î¨Óªì©l¤Æ§Ç¦C°ð ¡]¹³¬OÂê©w°ðªº¯S©Êµ¥¡^¡C
/etc/rc.i386 ¬O Intel ±M¥Î³]©w¡A ¹³¬O iBCS2 ¼ÒÀÀ©Î¬O PC ¨t²Î¥D±±¥x³]©w¡C
¨Ï¥Î adduser(8) «ü¥O¡C¦pªG»Ýn§ó½ÆÂøªº¨Ï¥Î¤è¦¡¡A ½Ð¥Î pw(8) ³oÓ«ü¥O¡C
n¦A¦¸²¾°£¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡A¨Ï¥Î rmuser(8) «ü¥O¡CÁÙ¦³¡A pw(8) ¤]¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¡C
³q±`³£¬O¦]¬°½s¿è¤F¨t²Îªº crontab (/etc/crontab) µM«á´N¥Î crontab(1) ¥h¦w¸Ë¥¦¡G
# crontab /etc/crontab
³o¼Ë§@¬O¤£¹ïªº¡C¨t²Îªº crontab ©M crontab(1) ©Ò§ó·sªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº crontab ®æ¦¡¨Ã¤£¤@¼Ë (crontab(5) »¡©ú¤å¥ó°w¹ï®t²§³B¦³¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú)¡C
¦pªG§A¤w¸g¥Î³oºØ¤èªk¡AÃB¥~¦h¥Xªº crontab ¥u´N¬O /etc/crontab ªº«þ¨©¡A¥u¬O®æ¦¡¬O¿ù»~ªº¡C ¥i¥Î¥H¤Uªº©R¥O§R°£¡G
# crontab -r
¤U¦¸§A½s¿è /etc/crontab Àɮתº®ÉÔ¡A §A¤£¥Î§@¥ô¦ó°Ê§@¥h³qª¾ cron(8) ¡A¥¦¦Û°Ê·|¥h°»´ú¬O§_¦³§ó°Ê¡C
¦pªG§A·Qn¨C¤Ñ¡B¨C¶g¡B©Î¬O¨C¤ë©T©w°õ¦æ¬Y¨Ç°Ê§@¤@¦¸¡A¤]³\¥[Ó shell script ¦b /usr/local/etc/periodic ¥Ø¿ý¤U·|§ó¦n¡A¨t²Îªº cron ·|©T©w°õ¦æ periodic(8) ©R¥O¡A ¥¦¥i±N§Aªºµ{¦¡©M¨ä¥¦ªº¨t²Î¶g´Á©Ê¤u§@¤@°_°õ¦æ¡C
³oÓ¿ù»~ªº¯u¥¿ì¦]¡A¬O¦]¬°¨t²Îªº crontab ¦³¤@ÓÃB¥~ªºÄæ¦ì¡A »¡©ú¸Ó©R¥On¥H¤°»ò¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¨¥÷°õ¦æ¡C¦b FreeBSD ªº¹w³]¨t²Î crontab ¤¤¡A©Ò¦³ªº¶µ¥Ø³£¬O root¡C ·í³oÓ crontab ³Q·í§@¬O root ªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ crontab (¥¦©M¨t²Îªº crontab ¬O ¤£ ¤@¼Ëªº)¡Acron(8) ·|¥H¬° root ¦r¦ê¬O±ý°õ¦æªº©R¥Oªº²Ä¤@Ó¦r¡A¦ý¬O¹ê»Ú¤W ¨Ã¨S¦³³o¼Ëªº©R¥O¦s¦b¡C
10.4. ¬°¤°»ò§Ú·Qn¥Î su ¦¨¬° root ®É¡A·|±o¨ì ¡§you are not in the correct group to su root¡¨ ªº¿ù»~°T®§¡H
³o¬O¤@Ó¦w¥þ¯S©Ê¡C·Qn§Q¥Î su ¦¨¬° root (©Î¨ä¥¦¦³ superuser Åvªº±b¸¹)¡A§A¤@©wn¦b wheel ¸s²Õ¤º¡C¦pªG¨S¦³³oÓ¯S©Êªº¸Ü¡A ¥ô¦ó¤H¥un¦b¨t²Î¸Ì¦³±b¸¹¡A¨Ã¥B«ê¥©ª¾¹D root ªº±K½X¡A´N¥i¥H¨ú±o superuser µ¥¯ÅªºÅv¥H¦s¨ú¨t²Î¡C¦³¤F³oÓ¯S©Ê¡A ³o¼Ëªº±¡ªp´N¤£·|µo¥Í¡F¦pªG¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¤£¦b wheel ¸s²Õ¤ºªº¸Ü¡Asu(1) ·|Åý¥L̳s¸ÕµÛÁä¤J±K½Xªº¾÷·|³£¨S¦³¡C
nÅý¬Y¤H¥i¥H§Q¥Î su ¦¨¬° root ªº¸Ü¡A ¥un§â¥LÌ©ñ¤J wheel ¸s²Õ¤º§Y¥i¡C
10.5. §Ú¦b rc.conf ÁÙ¬O¬YÓ°_°ÊÀɮ׸̥ǤF¿ù»~¡A ¦]¬°Àɮרt²ÎÅܦ¨°ßŪªº¡A§ÚµLªk¥h½s¿è¥¦¡C§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò¿ì¡H
·í¹q¸£°Ý§A shell §¹¾ã¸ô®|¦W®É¡A¥un«ö ENTER ¡AµM«á°õ¦æ mount / ¥HŪ¼g¼Ò¦¡ «·s±¾¸ü®ÚÀɮרt²Î¡C§A¤]³\»Ýn°õ¦æ mount -a -t ufs ¡A±N§AºD¥Îªº¤å¦r½s¿è¾¹©Ò¦bªºÀɮרt²Î±¾¸ü¤W¨Ó¡C¦pªG §AºD¥Îªº¤å¦r½s¿è¾¹¦bºô¸ôÀɮרt²Î¤Wªº¸Ü¡A§A¥²¶·¥ý¤â°Ê±Nºô¸ô³]©w °_¨Ó¡A¥H«K±Nºô¸ôÀɮרt²Î±¾¸ü¤W¨Ó¡A©Î¬O¨Ï¥Î¥»¦aºÝÀɮרt²Î¤Wªº ½s¿è¾¹¡A¨Ò¦p ed(1)¡C
¦pªG§A·Qn¨Ï¥Î¹³ vi(1) ©Î¬O emacs(1) µ¥ªº¥þ¿Ã¹õ ¤å¦r½s¿è¾¹ªº¸Ü¡A§A¤]»Ýn°õ¦æ export TERM=cons25 ¡A¥H«KÅý³o¨Ç½s¿è¾¹¯à°÷±q termcap(5) ¸ê®Æ®w¸ÌŪ¨ú¥¿½Tªº¸ê®Æ¡C
·í§A¤w¸g§¹¦¨¤F³o¨Ç¨BÆJ«á¡A§A¥i¥H·Ó§A¥±`×§ï¤åªk¿ù»~ªº¤è¦¡ ¥h½s¿è /etc/rc.conf ÀɮסC¦b®Ö¤ß (kernel) ±Ò°Ê®É©ÒÅã¥Üªº¿ù»~°T®§¡A¯à°÷§i¶D§AÀɮפ¤þ¤@¦æ¦³¿ù»~¡C
½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¤@¤U Handbook ¤¤¡A¦³Ãö¦C¦Lªº³¡¥÷¡C¥¦À³¸Ó¯à°÷¸Ñ¨M §A¤j³¡¥÷ªº°ÝÃD¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Handbook ¤¤ªº¦C¦L³¡¥÷¡C
¦³¨Ç¦Lªí¾÷»Ýn¥D¾÷¤ä´©ªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡ (host-based driver) ¤~¯à °õ¦æ¥ô¦ó¦C¦L¥\¯à¡CFreeBSD ¥»¨¨Ã¤£¤ä´©³o¨Ç©Ò¿×ªº ¡§WinPrinters¡¨¡C ¦pªG§Aªº¦Lªí¾÷µLªk¦b DOS ©Î Windows NT 4.0 ¤U°õ¦æ¡A¨º¥¦¤j·§´N¬O¤@¥x WinPrinter¡C§A°ß¤@¯à¨Ï¥Î ³o¼Ëªº¦Lªí¾÷ªº§Æ±æ¡A´N¬O¸Õ¸Õ print/pnm2ppa ¤ä¤£¤ä´©¥¦¤F¡C
½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Handbook ¤¤ªº using localization ³¹¸`¡A¤×¨ä¬O console setup ³¹¸`¡C
¥H¤U¬O±q FreeBSD-CURRENT ³q«H½×¾Âªº¤@½g¤å³¹¤¤¸`¿ý¥X¨Óªº¡C
¡§µLªk«ü¬£¸ê·½ (can't assign resources)¡¨ °T®§ªí¥Ü ¨º¨Ç¸Ë¸m¬O¶Ç²Îªº ISA ¸Ë¸m¡A¦Ó®Ö¤ß¤¤¤w¸g½s¤J¤£»{±o PNP ªºÅX°Êµ{ ¦¡¡C³o¨Ç¸Ë¸m¥]¬AÁä½L±±¨î¾¹¡A¥iµ{¦¡¤Æ§ÃÂ_±±¨î´¹¤ù¡AÁÙ¦³´XÓ¼Ð·Ç ³]³Æ¡C¸ê·½µLªk«ü¬£µ¹³o¨Ç¸Ë¸m¡A¬O¦]¬°¦¤w¦³ÅX°Êµ{¦¡¨Ï¥Î¨º¨Ç¦ì§} ¤F¡C |
||
--Garrett Wollman
<wollman@FreeBSD.org> , 2001 ¦~¥|¤ë 24
¤é |
¥i¯à§A kernel ³]©w¥¼¥[¤J quotas ¤ä´©(¹w³]¬OµL)¡C¦pªG¬O³o¼Ë¤lªº¸Ü¡A ¨º»ò½Ð§â¤U±³o¦æ¥[¨ì kernel ³]©wÀɤº¨Ã«·s½sĶ¡B¦w¸Ë¡G
options QUOTA
²Ó¸`³¡¤À¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\ Handbook ¤ºªº quotas ³¹¸`¡C
½Ð¤£nª½±µ¦b / ¥´¶} quotas
§â quotas ÀÉ©ñ¦b¥¦¥²¶·±j¢¸m¤JªºÀɮרt²Î¤º¡AÁ|¨Ò¡G
¬Oªº¡AFreeBSD ¤ä´© System V-style IPC¡C³o¥]¬A¦@¨É°O¾ÐÅé¡A °T®§¸ò«H¸¹¡C§A»Ýn¦b§Aªº kernel ³]©wÀɤº¥[¤J¤U¦C´X¦æ¥H±Ò°Ê¥¦Ì¡C
options SYSVSHM # enable shared memory options SYSVSEM # enable for semaphores options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging
Note: ¦b FreeBSD 3.2 ¥H¤Î¤§«áªºª©¥»¡A³o¨Ç¿ï¶µ¤w¸g¬O GENERIC ®Ö¤ßªº¤@³¡¥÷¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¥¦Ì¤w ¸g½s¶i¤F§Aªº¨t²Î¤¤¡C
«·s½sĶ¨Ã¦w¸Ë¡C
¸òÀH FreeBSD ®M¸Ë¦Ó¨Óªº sendmail ³]©w¬O¾A¦X¨º¨Çª½±µ³s¤Wºô»Úºô¸ô ªº¯¸¥x¡C·Q³z¹L UUCP ¥æ´«¶l¥óªº¯¸¥x¥²¶·¥t¥~¦w¸Ë sendmail ªº³]©wÀɮסC
¤â°Ê×§ï /etc/sendmail.cf ¬Oµ´¹ï¥²nªº¡C ²Ä 8 ª©ªº sendmail ´£¨Ñ¤@Ó¥þ·sªº¤J¤f¥H³z¹L¤@¨Ç¹³ m4(1) ªº³B²z´N¯à²£¥Í³]©wÀÉ¡A³o¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O¤@Ó°ª¼h·§©Àµ¥¯Åªº§Þ¥©©Ê³]©w¡C §AÀ³¸Ó¥i¥H¦b /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf ¥H¤U¸Ì¨Ï¥Î¥¦¡G
°²¦p§A¤£¬O¥Î full sources ¤è¦¡¦w¸Ë¨t²Î¡A¨º»ò sendmail ³]©w¶µ¥Ø¥i¯à¤w¸g¤À´²¦¨¦n´XÓ¨Ó·½¤À¥¬Àɦbµ¥µÛ§A¡A°²³]§A¤w¸g mount ¥úºÐ¾÷¡A°µ¥H¤U°Ê§@¡G
# cd /cdrom/src # cat scontrib.?? | tar xzf - -C /usr/src contrib/sendmail
§OÅå·W¡A³o¥u¦³¼Æ¤Q¸UӦ줸²Õªº¤j¤p¡C¦b cf ¥Ø¿ý¸Ìªº README ¥i¥H´£¨Ñ¤@Ó m4 ³]©wªkªº°ò ¥»¤¶²Ð¡C
¥H UUCP »¼°e¨Ó»¡¡A«ØÄ³§A³Ì¦n¨Ï¥Î mailertable ¯SÂI¡C«Øºc¤@Ó¸ê®Æ®wÅý sendmail ¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¥¦¦Û¤vªº¸ô®|¨Mµ¦¡C
º¥ý¡A§A¥²¶·«Ø¥ß¦Û¤vªº .mc ÀÉ¡C /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf ¥Ø¿ý¬O³o¨Ç Àɮתº®a¡C¬d¬Ý¤@¤U¡A¤w¸g¦³¦n´XÓ½d¨ÒÀÉ¡A°²³]§A¤w¸g©R¦W¦Û¤vªºÀÉ¥s foo.mc¡A§An°µªº¥u¬O§â¥¦Âà´«¦¨¤@Ó¦³®Äªº sendmail.cf¡G
# cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf # make foo.cf # cp foo.cf /etc/mail/sendmail.cf
¤@Ө嫬ªº .mc Àɬݰ_¨Ó¥i¯à¹³³o¼Ë¡G
VERSIONID(`Your version number') OSTYPE(bsd4.4) FEATURE(accept_unresolvable_domains) FEATURE(nocanonify) FEATURE(mailertable, `hash -o /etc/mail/mailertable') define(`UUCP_RELAY', your.uucp.relay) define(`UUCP_MAX_SIZE', 200000) define(`confDONT_PROBE_INTERFACES') MAILER(local) MAILER(smtp) MAILER(uucp) Cw your.alias.host.name Cw youruucpnodename.UUCP
accept_unresolvable_domains¡A nocanonify¡A ©M confDONT_PROBE_INTERFACES ¯S©Ê±NÁ×§K¥ô¦ó¦b »¼°e¶l¥ó®É·|¥Î¨ì DNS ªº¾÷·|¡CUUCP_RELAY ¶µ¥Øªº¥X²{²z¥Ñ«Ü©_©Ç¡A´N¤£n°Ý¬°¦ó¤F¡C²³æªº©ñ¤J¤@Óºô»Úºô¸ô ¤W¥i¥H³B²z .UUCP µêÀÀºô°ì¦ì§}ªº¥D¾÷¦WºÙ¡F³q±`¡A§A¥u»Ýn¦b³o ¸Ì¶ñ¤J§A ISP ªº«H¥ó¦^ÂгB (mail replay)¡C
§A¤w¸g°µ¨ì³o¸Ì¤F¡A§AÁÙ»Ýn³oÓ¥s /etc/mail/mailertable¡C¦pªG§A¥u¦³¤@ӥΠ¨Ó¶Ç»¼©Ò¦³¶l¥óªº¹ï¥~³q¹Dªº¸Ü¡A¥H¤UªºÀÉ®×´N¨¬°÷¤F¡G
# # makemap hash /etc/mail/mailertable.db < /etc/mail/mailertable uucp-dom:your.uucp.relay
¥t¤@Ó§ó½ÆÂøªº¨Ò¤l¬Ý°_¨Ó¹³³o¼Ë¡G
# # makemap hash /etc/mail/mailertable.db < /etc/mail/mailertable # horus.interface-business.de uucp-dom:horus interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus heep.sax.de smtp8:%1 horus.UUCP uucp-dom:horus if-bus.UUCP uucp-dom:if-bus uucp-dom:
¦p§A©Ò¨£¡A³o¬O¬YÓ¯u¹êÀɮ׸̪º¤@³¡¥÷¡Cº¤T¦æ³B²zºô°ì©w§}«H¥ó ¤£À³¸Ó³Q°e¥X¨ì¤º©w¸ô®|¡A¦Ó¥Ñ¬Y¨Ç UUCP ¾F©~(UUCP neighbor)¨ú¥N ªº¯S®í±¡§Î¡A³o¬O¬°¤F ¡§ÁYµu¡¨»¼°eªº¸ô®|¡C¤U¤@¦æ³B²z¨ì ¥»¦a¤A¤Óºô¸ôºô°ìªº«H¥óÅý¥¦¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î SMTP ¨Ó»¼°e¡C³Ì«á¡AUUCP ¾F©~´£¨ì .UUCP µêÀÀºô°ìªº°O¸ü¡A¤¹³\¤@Ó uucp-neighbor !recipient ±À½ ¤º©w³W«h¡C³Ì«á¤@¦æ«h¥H¤@Ó³æ¿Wªº¥yÂI°µµ²§ô¡A¥H UUCP »¼°e¨ì´£¨Ñ·í §A¥þ¥@¬É©Ê¶l¥ó¹hªùªºUUCP ¾F©~¡C©Ò¦³¦b uucp-dom: ÃöÁä¦r¸Ìªº¸`ÂI¦WºÙ¥²¶·³£¬O¦³®Äªº UUCP ¾F©~¡A§A¥i¥H¥Î uuname ©R¥O¥h½T»{¡C
´£¿ô§A³oÓÀɮצb¨Ï¥Î«e¥²¶·³QÂà´«¦¨ DBM ¸ê®Æ®wÀɮסA³Ì¦n¦b mailertable ³Ì¤W±¥Îµù¸Ñ¼g¥X©R¥O¦C¨Ó§¹¦¨³oÓ¤u§@¡C·í§A¨C¦¸§ó´«§A ªº mailertable «á§AÁ`¬O»Ýn°õ¦æ³oÓ©R¥O¡C
³Ì«á´£¥Ü¡G¦pªG§A¤£½T©w¬Y¨Ç¯S©wªº«H¥ó¸ô®|¥i¥Î¡A°O±o§â -bt
¿ï¶µ¥[¨ì sendmail¡C³o·|±N sendmail ±Ò°Ê¦b address test mode¡F¥un«ö¤U 0¡A±µµÛ¿é¤J§A§Æ±æ´ú¸Õªº«H¥ó¸ô®|¦ì§}¡C
³Ì«á¤@¦æ§i¶D§A¨Ï¥Î¤º³¡ªº«H¥ó¥N²zµ{¦¡¡A¥N²zµ{¦¡ªº·|³qª¾¥Øªº¥D¾÷¡A
¥H¤Î(¥i¯àÂà´«ªº)¦ì§}¡CnÂ÷¶}¦¹¼Ò¦¡½Ð«ö Control-D¡C
% sendmail -bt ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked) Enter <ruleset> <address> > 3,0 foo@example.com canonify input: foo @ example . com .. parse returns: $# uucp-dom $@ your.uucp.relay $: foo < @ example . com . > > ^D
¦pªG§A¤w¸g¦³¤@Ó©T©wªº IP ¼Æ¦r¡A§A¤£»Ýn½Õ¾ã¥ô¦ó¤º©wÈ¡C³]¦n §An«ü©wªººô¸ô¦WºÙ¡A¨ä¥Lªº sendmail ³£·|À°§A°µ§¹¡C
¦pªG§A®³¨ìªº¬O°ÊºA°t¸mªº IP ¼Æ¦r¦Ó¨Ï¥Î¼·±µ ppp ³s±µ¨ìºô»Úºô ¸ô¡A§A¥i¯à¤w¸g¦b§Aªº ISP «H¥ó¥D¾÷¤W¦³¤@Ó«H½c¡C°²³]§Aªº ISP ºô°ì ¬O example.net¡A§Aªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¦W ºÙ¬O user¡C¥ç°²³]§AºÙ¦Û¤vªº¥D¾÷¦WºÙ¬O bsd.home ¦Ó§Aªº ISP §i¶D§A¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î relay.example.net ·í§@«H¥ó¦^ÂгB¡C
¬°¤F±q§Aªº«H½c±µ¦¬«H¥ó¡A§A±N»Ýn¦w¸Ë¨ú«Hµ{¦¡¥H«K±q«H½c¨ú¦^«H¥ó¡C Fetchmail ¬O¤@Ó¤£¿ùªº¿ï¾Ü¡A¦]¬°¥¦¤ä ´©³\¦h¤£¦Pªº³q°T¨ó©w¡A³q±`§Aªº ISP ·|´£¨Ñ POP3¡C¦pªG§A¿ï¾Ü¨Ï¥Î user-ppp¡A§A¥i¥H¦b³s½u¨ìºô¸ô¦¨¥\«á¦Û°Ê§ì¨ú§Aªº«H¥ó¡A¥un¦b /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup¸Ì±³]©w¥H¤U³o¶µ¡G
MYADDR: !bg su user -c fetchmail
°²¨Ï§A¥¿¨Ï¥Î sendmail (¦p¤U©Ò¥Ü) ¶Ç°e«H¥ó¨ì«D¥»¦a±b¸¹¡A¸m¤J¥H¤U©R¥O¡G
!bg su user -c "sendmail -q"
¦b¤W±¨º¶µ©R¥O¤§«á¡C³o·|±j¢ sendmail ¦b³s±µ¤Wºô¸ô«á°¨¤W¶}©l³B²z mailqueue¡C
§Ú°²³]§A¦b bsd.home ¾÷¾¹¤W¦³¤@Ó user ªº±b¸¹¡C¦b bsd.home ¾÷¾¹¤W user ªº®a¥Ø¿ý¸Ì«Ø¥ß¤@Ó .fetchmailrc ªºÀɮסG
poll example.net protocol pop3 fetchall pass MySecret
µL¶·Âب¥¡A³oÓÀɰ£¤F user ¥~¤£À³¸Ó³Q¥ô ¦ó¤HŪ¨ú¡A¦]¬°¥¦¥]§t MySecret ³oÓ±K½X¡C
¬°¤F¦b±H«H®É¦³¥¿½Tªº©ïÀY from:¡A§A¥²¶·§i¶D sendmail ¨Ï¥Î user@example.net ¦Ó«D user@bsd.home¡C§A¥i¯à·|§Æ±æ§i¶D sendmail ±q relay.example.net °e¥X©Ò¦³«H¥ó¡A ¥[§Ö«H¥ó¶Ç°e¡C
¥H¤Uªº .mc ÀÉÀ³¯àº¡¨¬§Aªºn¨D¡G
VERSIONID(`bsd.home.mc version 1.0') OSTYPE(bsd4.4)dnl FEATURE(nouucp)dnl MAILER(local)dnl MAILER(smtp)dnl Cwlocalhost Cwbsd.home MASQUERADE_AS(`example.net')dnl FEATURE(allmasquerade)dnl FEATURE(masquerade_envelope)dnl FEATURE(nocanonify)dnl FEATURE(nodns)dnl define(`SMART_HOST', `relay.example.net') Dmbsd.home define(`confDOMAIN_NAME',`bsd.home')dnl define(`confDELIVERY_MODE',`deferred')dnl
¦p¦óÂà´«³oÓ .mc Àɮרì sendmail.cf Àɪº¸Ô²Ó²Ó¸`¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¤W¤@¸`¡C ¥t¥~¡A¦b§ó·s sendmail.cf ¥H«á¤£n§Ñ°O«·s±Ò°Ê sendmail¡C
Sendmail ¬O FreeBSD ¹w³]¨Ï¥Îªº¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹¡A¦ý¬O§AÁÙ¬O¥i¥H«Ü®e©ö¦a¥H¨ä¥¦ ¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹ (¨Ò¦p¡A±q port ¦w¸Ëªº¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹) ¨ú¥N¤§¡C
port ¸Ì¦³«Ü¦h¥i¨Ñ¿ï¾Üªº¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹¡A¹³ mail/exim¡B mail/postfix¡B mail/qmail¡B mail/zmailer µ¥¡A ´N¬O´XӫܨüÅwªïªº¿ï¾Ü¡C
¦h¼Ë¿ï¾Ü¬O¦n¨Æ¡A¦Ó¥B¤j®a¦³³\¦h¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¤]³Q»{¬°¬O ¦n¨Æ¡F©Ò¥H½ÐÁ×§K¦b³q«H½×¾Â¸Ì°Ý¹³ ¡§Sendmail ¦³¤ñ Qmail ¦n¶Ü¡H¡¨ ³o¼Ëªº°ÝÃD¡C¦pªG§A¯uªº«Ü·Q°Ýªº¸Ü¡A½Ð¥ý¨ì³q«H½×¾Â archive ¸Ì§ä¤@¤U¡C¨C¤@Ó¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹ªºÀuÂI»P¯ÊÂI¡A¥H«e¤j·§´N¤w¸g °Q½×¦n´X¦¸¤F¡C
¤£nÅå·W¡I¥un«·s±Ò°Ê¨t²Î¡A¦b¬Ý¨ì Boot: ®É¿é¤J boot -s §Y¥i¶i¤J³æ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼Ò¦¡ (¦b 3.2-RELEASE ¤§«eªºª©¥»½Ð§ï¥Î -s)¡C ¦b°Ýn¨Ï¥ÎþÓ shell ®É¡A«ö¤U ENTER¡C§A·|¬Ý¨ì¤@Ó # ªº´£¥Ü¸¹¡A¿é¤J mount -u / ¥H«·s±¾¤W(mount) §Aªº®ÚÀɮרt²Î¥i¨ÑŪ/¼g¡C°õ¦æ passwd root ¥H§ó´« root ±K½X¡AµM«á°õ¦æ exit(1) Ä~Äò±Ò°Êµ{§Ç¡C
¦pªG§A¬O¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD 2.2.7-RELEASE ©Î¤§«áª©¥»ªº syscons(¨t²Î¤º©wªº¥D±±¥xÅX°Êµ{¦¡)¡A§â¤U¦C³o¦æ©ñ¨ì kernel ³]©wÀɤº¡A µM«á«°µ¤@Ó·sªº®Ö¤ß¡G
options SC_DISABLE_REBOOT
Y¬O¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE ©Î¤§«áª©¥»ªº PCVT ¥D±±¥xÅX°Ê µ{¦¡¡A«h¥H¤U¦C¿ï¶µ¥N´À¡G
options PCVT_CTRL_ALT_DEL
¨ä¥L§ó¦´Áªº FreeBSD ª©¥»¡A½Ð×§ï§A¥¿¦b¨Ï¥Îªº¥D±±¥xÁä½L¹ïÀ³¡A ¨Ã±N©Ò¦³ boot ÃöÁä¦r¥H nop ¨ú¥N¡C¤º©wªºÁä½L¹ïÀ³¬O¦b /usr/share/syscons/keymaps/us.iso.kbd¡C §A¥i¯à»Ýn©ú¥Õªº§h©J /etc/rc.conf ¥hŪ¨ú ³oÓÁä½L¹ïÀ³¥H½T«O§ó°Ê¥Í®Ä¡C·íµM¦pªG§A¥¿¦b¥Î¾A¦X§A°êÄyªºÁä½L¹ïÀ³¡A §AÀ³¸Ó½s¿è¨º¤@Ó¡C
¥un¨Ï¥Î³oÓ perl ©R¥O¡G
% perl -i.bak -npe 's/\r\n/\n/g' file ...
file ´N¬On³B²zªºÀɮסC³oÓ×§ï¬O¦b¤º³¡§¹¦¨¡Aì©lªºÀÉ®×·|Àx¦s¦¨ °ÆÀɦW¬° .bak ªºÀɮסC
©ÎªÌ§A¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î tr(1) ³oÓ©R¥O¡G
% tr -d '\r' < dos-text-file > unix-file
dos-text-file ¬O¥]§t DOS ¤å¦rªº ÀɮסA¦Ó unix-text-file «h¬O¥]§tÂà´« ªº¿é¥Xµ²ªG¡C³o¤ñ¨Ï¥Î perl ÁÙn§Ö¤W¤@ÂIÂI¡C
¨Ï¥Î killall(1) ¡C
³oÓ¿ù»~¬O¦]¬° Kerberos ¤À´²»{ÃÒ¨t²Î¡C³oÓ°ÝÃD¨Ã¤£¬O«ÜÄY« ¦ý¬O¥O¤H¹½·Ð¡C§A¥i¥H¥Î -K ¿ï¶µ¥h°õ¦æ su¡A©Î¬O¹³¤UÓ°ÝÃD©Ò´yzªº ²¾°£ Kerberos¡C
n±q¨t²Î¸Ì²¾°£ Kerberos¡A«¸Ë§A¥¿¦b°õ¦æªº release ª©¥»ªº bin distribution¡C¦pªG§A¦³ CDROM¡A§A¥i¥H mount cd(°²³]¦b /cdrom) ¨Ã°õ¦æ¡G
# cd /cdrom/bin # ./install.sh
©ÎªÌ§A¤]¥i¥H±N /etc/make.conf ¸Ìªº "MAKE_KERBEROS" ¿ï¶µ¥þ³£®³±¼¡AµM«á¦A build world.
¦pªG§A¦³³\¦h telnet¡Assh¡AX ©Î¬O screen ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡A§A©Î³\·|¥Î§¹ µêÀÀ²×ºÝ¾÷¡A³o¯à±Ð§A«ç»ò¥[§ó¦h¡G
«Ø¥ß¨Ã¦w¸Ë¤@Ó·sªº kernel ¨Ã¥B§â³o¤@¦æ
pseudo-device pty 256
¥[¤J¨ì³]©wÀɸ̡C
°õ¦æ³oÓ©R¥O¡G
# cd /dev # sh MAKEDEV pty{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
·|³y¥X 256 ÓµêÀÀ²×ºÝ¾÷ªº¸Ë¸m¸`ÂI¡C
½s¿è /etc/ttys ¨Ã¥[¤J²Å¦X 256 Ӳ׺ݾ÷ªº¦æ¼Æ¡C¥¦ÌÀ³¸Ó²Å¦X¤w¸g¦s¦b³æ¶µªº®æ¦¡¡AÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A ¥¦Ì¬Ý°_¨Ó¹³¡G
ttyqc none network
¦r¥À³]pªº¶¶§Ç¬O tty[pqrsPQRS][0-9a-v]¡A¨Ï¥Î¥¿³Wªí¥Ü¦¡¡C
¥Î·sªº kernel «·s±Ò°Ê¹q¸£´N¥i¥H¤F¡C
¨Ã¨S snd ³oӸ˸mªº¦s¦b¡C³oÓ¦W¦r ¬O¥Î¨Ó·í§@¦UÓ²Õ¦¨ FreeBSD ÁnµÅX°Êµ{¦¡²Õ¡A½Ñ¦p mixer¡A sequencer¡A¥H¤Î dsp ªºÂ²ºÙ¡C
¥i¥H¥Î¥H¤Uªº©R¥O§@¥X³o¨Ç¸Ë¸m¡G
# cd /dev # sh MAKEDEV snd0
¥ý¶i¤J³æ¤H¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼Ò¦¡¡AµM«á¦A¦^¨ì¦h¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼Ò¦¡¡C
¦b¥D±±¥x°õ¦æ¡G
# shutdown now (Note: without -r or -h) # return # exit
²³æ¦a»¡¡G¨º¥u¬O¦W¦r¦Ó¤w¡CRC ªº·N«ä¬O ¡§Release Candiate¡A µo¦æÔ¿ïª©¥»¡¨¡A¥¦ªí¥Ü·sª©¥»§Önµo¦æ¤F¡C¦b FreeBSD ¤¤¡A -PRERELEASE ³q±`¬Oµo¦æ«eªºµ{¦¡½Xáµ²ªº¥N¦Wµü¡C(¦³¨Çµo¦æª©¥»¤¤¡A -BETA ¼ÐÅÒ¸ò -PRERELEASE ¬O¬Û¦P·N«äªº¡C)
¸Ô²Ó¦a»¡¡GFreeBSD ±q¨âÓ¦a¤è¤À¤ä¥X¥¦ªºµo¦æª©¥»¡C¥Dª©¸¹¡B ÂI¹s¡Brelease (¨Ò¦p 3.0-RELEASE ¤Î 4.0-RELEASE) ªº¡A¬O±qµo®i¹Lµ{ ¶}©l®É¤À¤ä¥X¨Óªº¡A³q±`ºÙ¬° -CURRENT ¡C¦³°Æª©¸¹ªºª©¥» (¨Ò¦p 3.1-RELEASE ©Î 4.2-RELEASE)¡A¬O ¬¡ÅDªº -STABLE ¤À¤ä¤¤ªºµo¦æª©¥» §Ö·Ó¡C±q 4.3-RELEASE ¶}©l¡A¨C¤@Óµo¦æª©¥»¦³¥¦¦Û¤vªº¤À¤ä¡A¥i¬° °¾¦n·¥«×«O¦uªºµo®i³t«× (³q±`¥u·|§@¦w¥þ¤è±ªº§ó·s) ªº¤H©Ò¥Î¡C
·Ç³Æn»s§@µo¦æª©¥»®É¡A¨ä©Ò¦bªº¤À¤ä·|¸g¹L¤@©wªºµ{§Ç¡C¦³¤@Ó¬O µ{¦¡½Xáµ²¡C·íµ{¦¡½Xáµ²¶}©l®É¡A¤À¤ä¦WºÙ·|§ó¦W¡A¥H¤Ï¬M¥¦§Ön¦¨¬° ¤@Óµo¦æª©¥»¤F¡CÁ|Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¦pªGì¨Óªº¤À¤ä¥s 4.5-STABLE¡A¥¦ªº¦W¦r ·|Åܦ¨ 4.6-PRERELEASE ¥Hªí¥Üµ{¦¡½X¤wáµ²¡A¨Ã¥BÃB¥~ªºµo¦æ«e´ú¸Õ ±Nn¶}©l¤F¡C¯äÂΧ󥿤´¥i¦^³ø¡A¥H¦¨¬°µo¦æª©¥»ªº¤@³¡¥÷¡C·íµ{¦¡½X ¦³¤F¥i¦¨¬°µo¦æª©¥»ªºÂú§Î®É¡A¥¦ªº¦W¦r´N·|Åܦ¨ 4.6-RC¡A¥Hªí¥Üµo¦æ ª©¥»§Ö¦n¤F¡C¶i¤J RC ¶¥¬q«á¡A¥u¦³§ä¨ìªº³Ì¦³¼vÅTªº¯äÂΤ~·|³Q×¥¿¡C ·íµo¦æª©¥» (¥»¨Ò¤¤¬° 4.6-RELEASE) ²£¥Í«á¡Aµo¦æª©¥»·|¦³¦Û¤vªº¤À¤ä¡A ì¤À¤ä·|³Q§ó¦W¬° 4.6-STABLE¡C
·Qn±oª¾§ó¦h¦³Ãöª©¥»¸¹½X»P¦U CVS ¤À¤äªº¸ê°T¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Release Engineering ¤@¤å¡C
²³æ¦a»¡¡G§Aªº securelevel ¥i¯à¤j©ó¹s¡Cª½±µ«·s¶}¾÷¨ì ³æ¤H¼Ò¦¡¡A¦A¦w¸Ë®Ö¤ß¡C
¸Ô²Ó¦a»¡¡GFreeBSD ¦b securelevel ¤j©ó¹s±¡ªp¤U¡A¤£¤¹³\ Åܧó¨t²ÎºX¼Ð (system flags)¡C§A¥i¥H¥Î³oÓ«ü¥OÀˬd§Aªº securelevel¡G
# sysctl kern.securelevel
§A¨S¦³¿ìªk°§C securelevel¡F§A¥²¶·±Ò°Ê¨t²Î¨ì³æ¤H¼Ò¦¡¥H ¦w¸Ë®Ö¤ß¡A©Î¬O×§ï /etc/rc.conf ¤ºªº securelevel ¦A«·s¶}¾÷¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò init(8) »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡A¥H¨ú±o §ó¦h¦³Ãö securelevel ªº¸ê°T¡AÁÙ¦³ /etc/defaults/rc.conf ©M rc.conf(5) »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡A¥H¨ú±o§ó¦h¦³Ãö rc.conf ªº¸ê°T¡C
²³æ¦aÁ¿¡G§A¨t²Îªº securelevel ¤]³\¤j©ó 1¡Cª½±µ«·s¶}¾÷¦Ü ³æ¤H¼Ò¦¡¡AµM«á¦A×§ï®É¶¡¡C
¸Ô²Ó¦a»¡¡G¦b securelevel ¤j©ó 1 ªº±¡ªp¤U¡AFreeBSD ¤£¤¹³\®É¶¡ Åܰʤj©ó¤@¬í¡C§A¥i¥H¥Î¥H¤Uªº©R¥O¨ÓÀˬd¥Ø«eªº securelevel¡G
# sysctl kern.securelevel
§AµLªk°§C securelevel¡F§A¥²¶·±Ò°Ê¹q¸£¦Ü³æ¤H¼Ò¦¡¤U¥H×§ï®É¶¡¡A ©Î¬O×§ï /etc/rc.conf ¦A«·s¶}¾÷¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò init(8) »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡A¥H¨ú±o§ó¦h¦³Ãö securelevel ªº¸ê°T¡AÁÙ¦³ /etc/defaults/rc.conf ©M rc.conf(5) »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡A¥H¨ú±o§ó¦h¦³Ãö rc.conf ªº¸ê°T¡C
¤£¡A¨º¤£¬O memory leak¡A¦Ó¥B¥¦¤]¤£¬O¯uªº¥Î¤F 256 Mbyte ªº°O¾ÐÅé¡C¥¦¥u¬O³ßÅw (·N«ä´N¬OÁ`·|³o¼Ë§@) ±N¤@ª¯²¼ªº°O¾ÐÅé ¬MÁ¨쥦¦Û¤vªº¦ì§}ªÅ¶¡¡A¥H¤è«K§@¨Æ¡C´N§Þ³N¦Ó¨¥¡A³o¼Ë¨Ã¨S¦³ ¤°»ò¤£¹ï¡F³o¼Ë¥u¬O·|Åý top(1) ©M ps(1) À~¤@¤j¸õ¦Ó¤w¡C
rpc.statd(8) ·|±N¥¦ªºª¬ºAÀÉ®× (¦ì©ó /var ) ¬M®g¦Ü¥¦ªº¦ì§}ªÅ¶¡¸Ì¡F¬°¤F¨¾¤î»Ýnªº®ÉÔ¦A¼W¤j©Ò ¾ÉPªº«·s¬M®g¡A¥¦¤@¦¸·|¨Ï¥Î¬Û·í¤jªº¤j¤p¡C±qµ{¦¡½X¨Ó¬Ýªº¸Ü´N §ó©úÅã¤F¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì mmap(2) ªºªø«×°Ñ¼Æ¬° 0x10000000 ¡A¥¦¬O IA32 ¬[ºc¤Wªº¤Q¤»¤À¤§¤@ªº©w§}ªÅ¶¡¡A¤]´N¬O 256MB¡C
§A¥¿¦b¤@Ó´£°ª¤F securelevel (¤]´N¬O¤j©ó 0) ªº¨t²Î¹B§@¡C °§C securelevel ¦A¸Õ¸Õ¬Ý¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò FAQ ¤¤¹ï securelevel ªº»¡©ú ©M init(8) »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡C
¬°¤°»òªñ¨Ó·sª© FreeBSD .shosts »{ÃÒ¹w³] ¬°¨ú®øªºì¦]¡A¬O¦]¬° ssh(1) ¹w³]¤£¦w¸Ë¬° suid ¦¨ root¡Cn ¡§×¥¿¡¨ ³oÂI¡A§A¥i¥H§@¤U¦Cªº ¥ô¦ó¤@¥ó¨Æ¡G
n¤@³Ò¥Ã¶h¸Ñ¨M¡A½Ð±N /etc/make.conf ¸Ìªº ENABLE_SUID_SSH ³]¦¨ true ¡AµM«á¦A«·s build ssh (©Î¬O°õ¦æ make world)¡C
¥u§@¤@®Éªº×¥¿ªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H root ¨¥÷ °õ¦æ chmod 4755 /usr/bin/ssh ±N /usr/bin/ssh ³]¦¨ 4555 ¡CµM«á±N ENABLE_SUID_SSH= true ¥[¤J /etc/make.conf ¸Ì¡A³o¼Ë¤U¦¸ make world °õ¦æ´N·|¥Í®Ä¤F¡C
³Ì²³æªº¤èªk´N¬O¦b¦w¸Ë¨t²Îªº®ÉÔ¤@¨Ö¦w¸Ë¡C
µM«á¬Ý¬Ý xorgconfig(1) ªº¤å¥ó¡A³oÓµ{¦¡¥i¥H À°±z³]©w Xorg ¬ÛÃö³]©w¡A¨Ï¥¦¯à°÷¥¿½T¹B¥Î±zªºÅã¥Ü¥d¡B·Æ¹«µ¥¶gÃä¡C¦¹¥~¡AÁÙ¥i¥H¥Î xorgcfg(1) ªº¹Ï§Î¤¶±¨Ó°µ¬ÛÃö³]©w¡C
±z©Î³\¤]·Q¸Õ¸Õ¬Ý Xaccel server¡C¸Ô±¡½Ð¬Ý Xi Graphics ³o¤@¬q¡C
11.2. §Ú ¸ÕµÛ n°õ¦æ X, ¦ý¬O·í§ÚÁä¤J startx ®É¡A±o¨ì ¡§KDENABIO failed (Operation not permitted)¡¨ ¿ù»~¡C§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò¿ì¡H
¦pªG±z¥Îªº¬O syscons (¤º©wªº console ÅX°Êµ{¦¡) ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥i¥H ¸g¥Ñ³]©w FreeBSD ¨ÓÅý¥¦¤ä´©¦b¨CÓ virtual console ¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«¡C¬°¤F Á×§K©M X ²£¥Í½Ä¬ð¡Asyscons ¨Ï¥Î¤F¤@Ó¥s°µ /dev/sysmouse ªºµêÀÀ¸Ë¸m¡C©Ò¦³·Æ¹«²£¥Íªº event ³£·|§Q¥Î moused ¨Ó¼g¨ì sysmouse ³oӸ˸m¡C¦pªG±z§Æ±æ¦b¤@Ó ©Î¥H¤Wªº virtual console ¤W¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«¡A¨Ã¥B ¯à°÷¨Ï¥Î X ªº¸Ü¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Q: 4.4.4. ¨Ã¥B³]©w¦n moused¡C
µM«á½s¿è /etc/XF86Config ³oÓÀɮסA ¨Ã¥B½T»{§A¦³¥H¤U³o´X¦æªº³]©w¡C
Section Pointer Protocol "SysMouse" Device "/dev/sysmouse" ....
¥H¤Wªº¨Ò¤l¡A¾A¥Î©ó XFree86 3.3.2 ¤Î¨ä«áªºª©¥»¡C¥Î©ó§ó¦ªº ª©¥»ªº¡A¨ä Protocol À³¬° MouseSystems¡C
¦³¨Ç¤H¤ñ¸û³ßÅw¦b³]©w X ªº®ÉԥΠ/dev/mouse ³oӸ˸m¡C¦pªG±znÅý¥¦¯à°÷ ¥¿±`¤u§@ªº¸Ü¡A±z´N¥²¶·§â /dev/mouse ³sµ²¨ì /dev/sysmouse (½Ð°Ñ¦Ò sysmouse(4)):
# cd /dev # rm -f mouse # ln -s sysmouse mouse
¥i¥H¡C¤£¹L»Ýn³]©w X client ºÝµ{¦¡¡C ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Colas Nahaboo ªººô¶ (http://www.inria.fr/koala/colas/mouse-wheel-scroll/) .
¦pªG§An¨Ï¥Î imwheel µ{¦¡¡A ¥un¸òµÛ¤U¦C¨BÆJ§@§Y¥i¡C
Âà´«ºu½ü event Translate the Wheel Events
imwheel µ{¦¡ªº¹B§@ì²z¡A ¬O±N·Æ¹«ªº²Ä¥|Áä»P²Ä¤ÁäÂà´«¦¨«öÁä event¡C¦]¬°¦p¦¹¡A©Ò¥H §A¥²¶·Åý·Æ¹«ÅX°Êµ{¦¡±N·Æ½ü¨Æ¥óÂà´«¦¨²Ä¥|Áä»P²Ä¤Áä event¡C ¦³¨âºØ¤èªk¥i¥H¹F¨ì¥Øªº¡A¤@¬OÅý moused(8) §@Âà´«¡A¤G¬O Åý X ¥»¨¥h§@ event Âà´«¡C
¨Ï¥Î moused(8) ¨ÓÂà´«ºu½ü Event
nÅý moused(8) ¨Ó§@ event
Âà´«¡A¥un¦b °õ¦æ moused(8) ªº©R¥O¦C¤¤¥[¤W
-z 4
§Y¥i¡CÁ|Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¦pªG§A¤@¯ë³£¬O¥H moused -p /dev/psm0 ¨Ó°_°Ê moused(8) ªº¸Ü¡A¥un§ï¦¨
moused -p /dev/psm0 -z 4 §Y¥i¡C¦pªG§A¬O¦b¶}¾÷¹Lµ{¤¤§Q¥Î
/etc/rc.conf ¨Ó°_°Ê moused(8)¡A §A¥i¥H¦b
/etc/rc.conf ¤¤±N moused_flags
¤W¥[ -z 4
§Y¥i¡C
§A²{¦b»ÝnÅý X ª¾¹D§Aªº·Æ¹«¦³¤Ó«öÁä¡A¥un¦b /etc/XF86Config ¤¤ªº ¡§Pointer¡¨ °Ï¶ô¤¤¥[¤W Buttons 5 ³o¤@¦æ§Y¥i¡C¨Ò¦p¡A §A¥i¯à¦b /etc/XF86Config ¤¤¦³ ¥H¤Uªº ¡§Pointer¡¨ °Ï¶ô¡G
Example 11-1. ¦b XFree86 3.3.x ¨t¦Cªº XF86Config ³]©wÀɪº ¡§Pointer¡¨ °Ï¶ô¤¤¡A¥H moused §@Âà´« ªººu½ü¹«ªº³]©w½d¨Ò
Section "Pointer" Protocol "SysMouse" Device "/dev/sysmouse" Buttons 5 EndSection
§Q¥Î§Aªº X Server ¨Ó§@ºu½ü Event Âà´«
¦pªG§A¨S¦³°õ¦æ moused(8)¡A©Î¬O§A¤£·Q§Q¥Î
moused(8) ¥h§@ºu½ü event
Âà´«¡A§A¥i¥H§ï¥Î X server ¨Ó§@³o¼Ëªº event Âà´«¡C§A±o¦b /etc/XF86Config Àɮפ¤§@´XÓ§ó°Ê¡C²Ä¤@¡A
§An¬°§Aªº·Æ¹«¿ï¾Ü¾A·íªº³q°T¨ó©w¡C¤j¦h¼Æªººu½ü¹«³£ ¨Ï¥Î ¡§IntelliMouse¡¨ ¨ó©w¡A¤£¹L
XFree86 ¤]¤ä´©¨ä¥¦ªº³q°T¨ó©w¡A¨Ò¦pù§Þªº MouseMan+ ·Æ¹«©Ò¥Îªº
¡§MouseManPlusPS/2¡¨¡C·í§A¿ï¦n¤§«á¡A¥un ¥[¶i¤@¦æ ¡§Pointer¡¨ °Ï¶ôªº Protocol
ÅܼƧY¥i¡C
²Ä¤G¡A§An§i¶D X server ±N±²°Ê¨Æ¥ó«·s¹ï¬M¦Ü·Æ¹«ªº ²Ä¥|©M²Ä¤Áä¡C³o¥i¥H§Q¥Î
ZAxisMapping
¿ï¶µ¿ì¨ì¡C
Á|Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¦pªG§A¨S¦³¨Ï¥Î moused(8)¡A¦Ó§A¦³¤@Ó IntelliMouse ¦w¸Ë¦b PS/2 ·Æ¹«°ðªº¸Ü¡A§A¥i¥H¦b /etc/XF86Config ¸Ì¨Ï¥Î¥H¤Uªº³]©w¡C
Example 11-4. ¦b XF86Config ³]©wÀɪº ¡§Pointer¡¨ °Ï¶ô¤¤¡A¥H X Server §@Âà´«ªººu½ü¹«ªº³]©w½d¨Ò
Section "Pointer" Protocol "IntelliMouse" Device "/dev/psm0" ZAxisMapping 4 5 EndSection
¦w¸Ë imwheel
±µ¤U¨Ó¡A±q Ports ¸Ì¦w¸Ë imwheel ¡C¦b x11 Ãþ§O¸Ì¥i¥H§ä¨ì¥¦¡A¥¦¥i¥H±N ºu½ü event ¹ï¬M¨ìÁä½L event¡CÁ|Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¥¦¥i¥H¦b§A ±Nºu½ü©¹«e±À®É¡A°e¥X¤@Ó Page Up ¨ì§AªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¥h¡CImwheel §Q¥Î¤@Ó³]©wÀÉ¡A¥H«K¹ïÀ³ºu½ü event ¦ÜÁä½L event¡A³o¼Ë ¥¦´N¥i¥H¦b¤£¦PªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¤¤¡A°e¥X¤£¦PªºÁä½L«öÁä¡C¹w³]ªº imwheel ³]©wÀɬO¦b /usr/X11R6/etc/imwheelrc¡A¦pªG§A·Q ½s¿è¦Ûqªº³]©wÀɪº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H±N¥¦½Æ»s¨ì ~/.imwheelrc¡AµM«á¨Ì§Aªº»Ýnק復¡C ³]©wÀɪº®æ¦¡¦b imwheel(1) ¸Ì±¦³¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú¡C
³]©w Emacs »P Imwheel ¨ó¦P¤u§@ (¿ï¾Ü©Ê)
¦pªG§A¨Ï¥Î emacs ©Î¬O Xemacs ªº¸Ü¡A¨º§A»Ýn¦b§Aªº ~/.emacs Àɮ׸̥[¤W¤@¤p¬q³]©w¡C emacs ½Ð¥[¤W³o¤@¬q¡G
Example 11-7. Imwheel ªº Emacs ³]©w
;;; For imwheel (setq imwheel-scroll-interval 3) (defun imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines () (interactive) (scroll-down imwheel-scroll-interval)) (defun imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines () (interactive) (scroll-up imwheel-scroll-interval)) (global-set-key [?\M-\C-\)] 'imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines) (global-set-key [?\M-\C-\(] 'imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines) ;;; end imwheel section
Xemacs «h¦b ~/.emacs Àɸ̥[¤W³o¤@¬q¡G
Example 11-8. Imwheel ªº Xemacs ³]©w
;;; For imwheel (setq imwheel-scroll-interval 3) (defun imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines () (interactive) (scroll-down imwheel-scroll-interval)) (defun imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines () (interactive) (scroll-up imwheel-scroll-interval)) (define-key global-map [(control meta \))] 'imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines) (define-key global-map [(control meta \()] 'imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines) ;;; end imwheel section
°õ¦æ Imwheel
¦w¸Ë¤§«á¡A§A¥i¥Hª½±µ¦b xterm ¸ÌÁä¤J imwheel ©R¥O¥H°_°Ê¥¦¡C¥¦·|¥HI´º°õ¦æ¡A¨Ã¥B°¨¤Wµo´§®Ä¥Î¡C ¦pªG§A½T©wnª½±µ¨Ï¥Î imwheel¡A ¥un§â¥¦¥[¶i§A¦Û¤vªº .xinitrc ©Î .xsession ¤ºÀÉ®×§Y¥i¡C§A¥i¥H¤£ºÞ imwheel ©Ò°e¥X¨Ó¦³Ãö PID ÀÉ®× Äµ§i¡C¨º¨Çĵ§i¥u¹ï Linux ª©ªº imwheel ¦³®Ä¦Ó¤w¡C
§â Num Lock Ãö±¼¸Õ¸Õ¡C
¦pªG±zªº Num Lock ¦b¶}¾÷®Éªº¹w³]ȬO¶}µÛªº¸Ü¡A±z¥²¶·§â¤U¦C ³o¦æ©ñ¨ì XF86Config ³]©wÀɤ¤ªº Keyboard ³¡¥÷¡C
# Let the server do the NumLock processing. This should only be # required when using pre-R6 clients ServerNumLock
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FreeBSD ¦b¦w¸Ë®Éªº¹w³]ȬO¨Ï¥Î¤TÓ virtual console (3.3-RELEASE «á¬°¤KÓ)¡A±z¥i¥H¥Î Alt-F1¡AAlt-F2¡A¥H¤Î Alt-F3 ¦b¥¦Ì¤§¶¡°µ¤Á´«¡C
¦pªG±z·Qn¦h¤@ÂI virtual console ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥u»Ýn½s¿è /etc/ttys ³oÓÀÉ (½Ð°Ñ¦Ò ttys(5))¡A ¦b ¡§Virtual terminals¡¨ ³oÓµù¸Ñ«á±¥[¤J ttyv4 ¨ì ttyvc ªºÄæ¦ì¡G
# Edit the existing entry for ttyv3 in /etc/ttys and change # "off" to "on". ttyv3 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv4 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv5 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv6 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv7 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv8 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv9 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyva "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
±z·Q¥Î´XÓ´N³]´XÓ¡C±z³]¶V¦h virtual terminal ¡A¥¦Ì´N¥Î±¼ ¶V¦h¨t²Î¸ê·½¡F¦pªG±z¥u¦³¤£¨ì 8MB ªº°O¾ÐÅ骺¸Ü¡A³o¼vÅT´N¤j¤F¡C ±z¥i¯à¤]·|·Q§â secure ´«¦¨ insecure¡C
Important: ¦pªG±z·Qn°õ¦æ X ªº¸Ü¡A±z ¥²¶· ¬°¥¦«O¯d (©ÎÃö±¼) ¦Ü¤Ö¤@Ó virtual terminal ¡C³o´N¬O»¡¡A¦pªG ±z·Q¦b«ö¤Q¤GÓ Alt ¥\¯àÁä®É³£¦³ login ´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¡A¦Ó¥B¤S¦b¦P¤@ ³¡¹q¸£¤W¤]·Q°õ¦æ X ªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò³o¯u¬O¤Ó¤£©¯¤F - ±z¥u¯à¥Î¤Q¤@Ó¡C
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ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure
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ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure
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ttyv9 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure ttyva "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure
(±z¤]¥i¥Hª½±µ§â³o´X¦æ¬å±¼¡C)
¤@¥¹±z§ï¤F /etc/ttys¡A¤U¤@Ó¨BÆJ´N¬On ½T©w±z¦³¨¬°÷ªº virtual terminal ¸Ë¸m¡C³Ì²³æªº¤èªk´N¬O¡G
# cd /dev # sh MAKEDEV vty12
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# kill -HUP 1
·í±z°õ¦æ³oÓ©R¥O«e¡A±z¤@©wn§¹¥þ§â X Window Ãö±¼¡C¦pªG ±z¤£³o»ò°µªº¸Ü¡A±zªº¨t²Î¥i¯à·|¦b±z°õ¦æ kill ©R¥O«á¥X²{·í±¼©Î Âꦺªº±¡ªp¡C
½Ð¥Î Ctrl+Alt+Fn ¥H¤Á¦^¦Ü virtual console¡C Ctrl+Alt+F1 ¥i¥H¤Á¦^¦Ü²Ä¤@Ó virtual console¡C
·í§A¤Á¦^¦Ü¤å¦r console «á¡A§A´N¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¤@¯ë Alt+Fn «öÁä²Õ¦X¡A¦b¦U console ¤§¶¡¤Á´«¡C
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options PSM_CHECKSYNC
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@@ -766,6 +766,8 @@ if (verbose >= 2) log(LOG_DEBUG, "psm%d: SET_DEFAULTS return code:%04x\n", unit, i); + set_mouse_resolution(sc->kbdc, PSMD_RES_HIGH); + #if 0 set_mouse_scaling(sc->kbdc); /* 1:1 scaling */ set_mouse_mode(sc->kbdc); /* stream mode */
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XFREE86_VERSION= 4
¦b±zªº .xinitrc ©Î¬O .xsession ¤¤°õ¦æ xmodmap -e "pointer = 3 2 1" ªº«ü¥O¡C
´N¦bµo¦æ FreeBSD 3.1 ¤§«e¡A§ÚÌ¥[¶i¤F¦b¶}¾÷®ÉÅã¥Ü ¡§splash¡¨ ¹Ï§Îªº·s¥\¯à¡C¥Ø«e¥Î¨ÓÅã¥Ü¦b¿Ã¹õ¤WªºÀÉ®× ¥²¶·¬O 256 ¦âªºÂI¯x°}¹Ï§Î (*.BMP) ©Î ZSoft PCX(*.PCX) ªº®æ¦¡¡C°£¦¹¤§¥~¡A¸ÑªR«×¤]¥²¶·¦b 320x200 ¥H¤U¡A¤~¯à©M¼Ð·Ç VGA Åã¥Ü¥d·f°t¨Ï¥Î¡C¦pªG±z½sĶ kernel ®É¦³¥[¤J VESA ¤ä´©¡A¨º»ò³Ì¤j¸ÑªR«×¥i¥H¨ì 1024x768¡Cª`·N VESA ªº ¤ä´©»Ýn¥[¤J VM86 ³oÓ kernel ¿ï¶µ¡CVESA ¤ä´©¹ê»Ú¤W¥i¥H¦b½sĶ kernel ®É¥[¤J VESA ¿ï¶µ¡B ©Î¸ü¤J VESA ªº kld module ¨Ó¹F¦¨¡C
±zn×§ï±±¨î FreeBSD ¶}¾÷¨BÆJªº³]©wÀÉ¡A¤~¯à¨Ï¥Î splash Åã¥Ü¹Ï§Îªº¥\¯à¡C³]©wÀɦbµo¦æ FreeBSD 3.2 «e¦³¨Ç§ó°Ê¡A©Ò¥H²{¦b ¦³¨âÓ¤èªk¥i¥H¸ü¤J splash ªº¥\¯à¡G
FreeBSD 3.1
¥ý¿ï¥X¥Î¨ÓÅã¥Ü¦b¿Ã¹õ¤Wªº¹Ï§Î¡A3.1 ª©¥u¤ä´© Windows ªºÂI¯x°}®æ¦¡¡C¿ï¦n¤F±znªº¹ÏÀÉ«á¡A±N¥¦«þ¨ì /boot/splash.bmp¡C±µµÛ§â¤U±´X¦æ¥[¤J /boot/loader.rc ¤¤¡G
load kernel load -t splash_image_data /boot/splash.bmp load splash_bmp autoboot
FreeBSD 3.2+
°£¤F¥[¤J¹ï PCX Àɮתº¤ä´©¥~¡AFreeBSD 3.2 ¤]§ï¶i¤F ¶}¾÷µ{§Çªº³]©w¤è¦¡¡C¦pªG±zÄ@·Nªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H¥Î¤Wz FreeBSD 3.1 ªº¤èªk¡A±N splash_bmp ´«¦¨ splash_pcx ¨Ó¸ü¤J PCX ÀÉ®×§Y¥i¡C ¦pªG·Q¥Î·sªº³]©w¤è¦¡¡A±zªº /boot/loader.rc ¥²¶·¥]¬A³o´X¦æ¡G
include /boot/loader.4th start
ÁÙ»Ýn¤@Ó¥]§t¥H¤U´X¦æªº /boot/loader.conf ¡G
splash_bmp_load="YES" bitmap_load="YES"
³o¬O°²³]±z¥Î /boot/splash.bmp ¨Ó·í§@ splash ªº¿Ã¹õÅã¥Ü¡C¦pªG·Q¥Î PCX ªºÀɮסA§â¥¦«þ¦¨ /boot/splash.pcx¡A¦p¤Wz°µ¥X /boot/loader.rc¡A¦A±N³o´X¦æ¥[¨ì /boot/loader.conf ¤¤¡G
splash_pcx_load="YES" bitmap_load="YES" bitmap_name="/boot/splash.pcx"
²{¦b´N¥u³Ñ¤U splash ¥Î¨ÓÅã¥Üªº¹ÏÀÉ¡A±z¥i¥H¦b http://www.baldwin.cx/splash/ §ä¨ì¦UºØ¼Ë«~¡C
¥i¥H¡C§A©Òn§@ªº¡A´N¬O§Q¥Î xmodmap(1) ¥h©w¸q§A·Q¨Ï¥Î ªº¥\¯à¡C
°²³]©Ò¦³ªº ¡§Windows¡¨ ³£¬O¼Ð·Çªº¡A ¨º¥¦Ìªº keycode ¤À§O¬°¡G
115 - Windows Áä¡A ¦b¥ª¤âªº Ctrl »P Alt Á䤧¶¡
116 - Windows Áä¡A ¦b Alt-Gr Áä¥kÃä
117 - ¿ï³æÁä¡A¥k¤âªº Ctrl Á䥪Ãä
nÅý¥ªÃ䪺 Windows Áä¦L¥X¤@Ó³rÂI¡A¸Õ¸Õ³oÓ¡G
# xmodmap -e "keycode 115 = comma"
§A¥i¯àn«¶]§Aªº windows manager¡A¤~·|¦³°Ê§@¡C
nÅý Windows Áä ªº¹ï¬M¦b¨C¦¸ X °_°Ê®É¦Û°Ê³]©w¦n¡A§A¥i¥H¦b§Aªº ~/.xinitrc ¸Ì¥[¤W xmodmap¡A ©Î¬O³Ì¦n«Ø¥ß¤@Ó ~/.xmodmaprc ÀɮסA¸Ì± ¨C¤@¦æ´N¬O¤@Ó xmodmap ªº¿ï¶µ¡AµM«á¦b§Aªº ~/.xinitrc ¸Ì¥[¤W¡G
xmodmap $HOME/.xmodmaprc
³o¤@¦æ¡C
¨Ò¦p¡A§A·Qn±N³o¤TÓÁä¦U¹ï¬M¨ì F13¡BF14 ©M F15¡C³oÅý§A¯à ¦b§Aªºµ{¦¡©Î¬O window manager ¤º±N¨ä¹ïÀ³¨ì«K§Qªº¥\¯à¤W¡Aµ¥¤@¤U §ÚÌ·|¥Ü½d¡C
§â³o¨Ç©ñ¶i ~/.xmodmaprc ¸Ì¡G
keycode 115 = F13 keycode 116 = F14 keycode 117 = F15
°²¦p§A¥Î fvwm2 ªº¸Ü¡A§A¥i¥H§@³o¼Ëªº¹ï¬M¡A Åý F13 ¯à°÷Åý´å¼Ð©Ò¦bªºµøµ¡ÁY¦¨¤p¹Ï¥Ü (©Î¬O¤Ï¹L¨Ó)¡CF14 Åý´å¼Ð ©Ò¦bªºµøµ¡Åܦ¨³Ì¤W¼hªºµøµ¡¡A©Î¬O°h¨ì¤U¼h¥h (¦pªG¥¦¤w¸g¬O³Ì¤W¼h ¤Fªº¸Ü)¡CF15 «h±N Workplace (application) ¿ï³æ¥s¥X¨Ó¡A§Y¨Ï´å¼Ð ¤£¦b®à±¤W¡C·í§A¨S¦³¥i¨£ªº®à±°Ï°ì®É¡A³oÓ¥\¯à´N¬Û·í¦a¤è«K (¦Ó¥B «öÁä¤Wªº¹Ï®×©M³oÓ¥\¯à¬Û§k¦X)¡C
¥H¤Uªº ~/.fvwmrc ³]©w¥i§@¥X«ezªº¥\¯à¡C
Key F13 FTIWS A Iconify Key F14 FTIWS A RaiseLower Key F15 A A Menu Workplace Nop
3D ¥[³t¥\¯àªº¦³µL¡Aµø§A©Ò¨Ï¥Îªº XFree86 ª©¥»»PÅã¥Ü´¹¤ù ªº«¬¸¹¦Ó©w¡C¦pªG§Aªº¬O NVIDIA ´¹¤ùªº¸Ü¡A½Ð¥h FreeBSD NVIDIA Driver Initiative ºô¶¬Ý¬Ý¡A¨º¸Ì¦³¦b XFree86-4 ¤W¨Ï¥Î NVIDIA ´¹¤ùªº 3D ¥[³t¥\¯àªº°Q½×¡CXFree86-4 ¤Wªº¨ä¥¦Åã¥Ü¥d¼tµP µwÅé¥[³t¥\¯àªº¸ê°T¡A ¥]¬A Matrox G200/G400, ATI Rage 128/Radeon, 3dfx Voodoo 3, 4, 5, ¥H¤Î Banshee¡A¥i¦b XFree86-4 Direct Rendering on FreeBSD ºô¶¤W§ä¨ì¡CXFree 3.3 ªº ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î Utah-GLX port¡A¥¦¥i¥H¦b graphics/utah-glx §ä¨ì¡C ¨Ï¥Î¥¦¥i¥H¦b Matrox Gx00, ATI Rage Pro, SiS 6326, i810, Savage, ¥H¤Îªº NVIDIA ¤W±o¨ì¦³ªº OpenGL ¥[³t¡C
¡§Diskless booting¡¨ ´N¬OÅý FreeBSD ¥D¾÷±qºô¸ô ¤W¶}¾÷¡A¨Ã¥B±qºô¸ô¤Wªº server ¤WŪ¨ú¨ä¥L¥²nªºÀɮסA¦Ó«D¥Ñ¥D¾÷ ªºµwºÐ¤W¨ú±o³o¨ÇÀɮסC¸Ô²Óªº¸ê®Æ¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò FreeBSD ¤â¥UªºµLºÏºÐ¶}¾÷½g ¡C
¬Oªº¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò FreeBSD ¤â¥Uªººô¸ô¶i¶¥½g advanced networking¡A¤×¨ä¬O¸ô¥Ñ»P¹h¹D¾¹ routing and gatewaysªº³¡¤À¡C
°ò¥»¤W¡A·|°Ý³oºØ°ÝÃDªº¤H¦b®a¸Ì¦Ü¤Ö¦³¨â¥x¹q¸£¡A¤@¥x¶] FreeBSD ¥t¥~¤@¥x¶] Win95¡F³oÓ·Qªk¬O±N FreeBSD ¥D¾÷³s¤W Internet¡AµM«á³z ¹L³o¥x FreeBSD ¥D¾÷¡AÅý¶] Win95 ªº¹q¸£¯à°÷¤Wºô¡C³oÓ°ÝÃDºâ¬O«e¤@ Ó°ÝÃDªº¤@Ó¯S¨Ò
... µª®×¬O¡G¥i¥Hªº¡I¦b FreeBSD 3.x ª©¤¤¡A¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼Ò¦¡(user-mode)ªº ppp(8) ¥]§t¤F -nat
¿ï¶µ¡C¦pªG§A¦b /etc/rc.conf
¨Ï¥Î-nat
¿ï¶µ¨Ã ³]©w gateway_enable
¬° YES ¡A¥H³oºØ³]©w±Ò°Ê ppp(8) ¡A¨Ã¥B¥¿½Tªº³]©w§Aªº
Windows ¥D¾÷ªº ¸Ü¡A³oÓ°µªkÀ³¸Ó¬O¥i¥H¥¿±`¨Ï¥Îªº¡C
Ãö©ó¥»¥DÃD§ó¸Ô²Óªº¸ê®Æ¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò Steve Sims ©Ò¼¶¼gªº Pedantic PPP Primer ¤@¤å¡C
¦pªG§A¨Ï¥Îªº¬O®Ö¤ß¼Ò¦¡ (kernel-mode) PPP¡A©ÎªÌ§A¦³°Ï°ì³s½u (Ethernet connection) ¥i³q¹F Internet ªº¸Ü¡A§A±N»Ýn¨Ï¥Î natd(8)¡C½Ð¬d¾\ FAQ ¤¤Ãö©ó natd ªº³¡¤À¡C
¬Oªº¡C§A¥i¥H¬d¬d man pages ¤¤Ãö©ó slattach(8)¡A sliplogin(8)¡Appp(8)¡A¥H¤Î pppd(8) ªº³¡¤À¡C ppp(8) ¤Î pppd(8) ´£¨Ñ¶i¥XÂù¦V³s½uªº¤ä´©¡A¥t¥~ sliplogin(8) ±Mªù´£¨Ñ¶i¤J³s½uªº¤ä´©¡A¦Ó slattach(8) ±Mªù´£¨Ñ¦V¥~³s½uªº¤ä´©¡C
¦pªG§A»Ýn§ó¶i¤@¨Bªº¸ê®Æªº¸Ü,½Ð¬d¾\ FreeBSD ¤â¥U¤¤Ãö©ó PPP »P SLIP ªº»¡©ú¡C
¦pªG§A¥u¯à°÷¹L ¡§shell account¡¨ ³s½u¨ì Internet ªº¸Ü¡A§A¤]³\¥i¥H¸Õ¸Õ net/slirp ³oÓ®M¥óµ{¦¡¡C³oÓ®M¥óµ{¦¡¥i¥H´£¨Ñ§Aªº¹q¸£ª½±µ³s¤W¬Y¨Ç(©wªº)ªA°È ³s½u¡A¦p ftp ¤Î http µ¥µ¥¡C
¦pªG§A¦³¤@ÓªñºÝªº¤lºô¸ô(¦³¤@¥x¥H¤Wªº¾÷¾¹)¡A¦ý¬O§Aªº Internet provider «o¥u¤À°t¤@Ó IP number µ¹§A(©ÎªÌ§A¥u¤À°t¨ì¤@Ó °ÊºAªº IP number)¡A§A¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò natd(8) ³oÓµ{¦¡¡C natd(8) Åý§A¥i¥H³z¹L³o¤@Ó IP number Åý¾ãÓ¤lºô¸ôªº¹q¸£³£¯à³s¤W internet¡C
ppp(8)
³oÓµ{¦¡¤]´£¨ÑÃþ¦üªº¥\¯à¡A¦pªG§A«ü©w -nat
¿ï¶µ¡Calias
library (libalias(3))
¦b³o¨âÓ³B²z¤è¦¡¤¤³£·|³Q¨Ï¥Î¨ì¡C
½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¤â¥U¤¤Ãö©ó PLIP section ªº³¡¤À¡C
¦]¬°¤£»Ýn¡I¦b Berkeley ºô¸ô¬[ºc¤¤¡A¥u¦³ kernel µ{¦¡½X¥i¥Hª½ ±µ¦s¨úºô¸ô¬É±¥d¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò /etc/rc.network ³o ÓÀɮשM manual pages ¨ú±o»P¨ä¥L¤£¦Pºô¸ôµ{¦¡¡C§ó¶i¤@¨Bªº¸ê°T¡G¦p ªG§Aı±o§A§¹¥þ·d²V¤Fªº¸Ü¡A±zÀ³¸Ó§ä¤@¥»»P¨ä¥L BSD ¬ÛÃö§@·~¨t²Îºô¸ô ºÞ²z¦³Ãö®Ñ¨Ó°Ñ¦Ò¡F°£¤F¤Ö¼ÆÅãµÛªº¤£¦P¥~¡AFreeBSD ªººô¸ôºÞ²z°ò¥»¤W©M SunOS 4.0 ©M Ultrix ¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡C
¦pªG§Aªº alias ¦ì§}¸ò§A¥Ø«eºô¸ô¤¶±ªº¦ì§}¦b¦P¤@Ó¤lºô¸ô¤Uªº ¸Ü¡A¥[¤J¤@Ó netmask 0xffffffff ¦b§Aªº ifconfig(8) command-line¡A½d¨Ò¦p¤U¡G
# ifconfig ed0 alias 192.0.2.2 netmask 0xffffffff
¤£µMªº¸Ü¡A´N¦p¦P¥[¤J¤@Ó·sªººô¸ô¦ì§}¤@¼Ë¿é¤J§Aªººô¸ô¦ì§}»P¤l ºô¸ô¾B¸n¡G
# ifconfig ed0 alias 172.16.141.5 netmask 0xffffff00
¦pªG±z·Q¨Ï¥Î¨ä¥Lªº port¡A§A¥²¶·¦b ifconfig(8) ªº©R¥O¤¤ «ü©wÃB¥~ªº°Ñ¼Æ¡C¤º©wªº port ¬O link0¡Cn¨Ï¥Î AUI port ¥N´À BNC port ªº¸Ü¡A§ï¥Î link2¡C³o¨Ç flags À³¸Ó§ïÅÜifconfig_* ªºÅܼƨӫü©w¡A §A¥i¥H¦b /etc/rc.conf ³oÓÀɮ׸̱§ä¨ì (½Ð°Ñ¦Ò rc.conf(5))¡C
§Ú̥Χt»W¤@ÂIªº»¡ªk¡A¬Y¨Ç PC ªººô¸ô¥d¤ñ¨ä¥Lªº¦n¡A³oºØª¬ªp¦b ³y¦¨ NFS ³oºØ¹ïºô¸ô±Ó·Pªºµ{¦¡¦³®É·|¥X²{°ÝÃD¡C
°Ñ¦Ò the Handbook entry on NFS ¥HÀò±o³oÓ¥DÃDªº§ó¦h¸ê°T¡C
¬Y¨Çª©¥»ªº Linux NFS µ{¦¡½X¥u±µ¨ü privileged port ªº mount request¡F¸Õ¥Î³o¦æ«ü¥O¬Ý¬Ý
# mount -o -P linuxbox:/blah /mnt
¶] SunOS 4.X ªº Sun ¤u§@¯¸¥u±µ¨ü¨Ó¦Û privileged port ªº mount request¡F¸Õ¥Î³o¦æ«ü¥O¬Ý¬Ý
# mount -o -P sunbox:/blah /mnt
12.13. ¬°¤°»ò mountd ¤@ª½°¥s»¡ ¡§can't change attributes¡¨ ¦Ó¥B§Ú¤@ª½¬Ý¨ì ¡§bad exports list¡¨ ³oÓ°T®§¦b§Úªº FreeBSD NFS ¦øªA¾¹¤W¡H
³oÓ°ÝÃD³Ì±`µo¥Íªºì¦]¬O¦b©ó¤£¤F¸Ñ /etc/exports ªº¥¿½T®æ¦¡¡C½Ð¸ÔŪ exports(5) ¥H¤Î¤â¥U¤¤Ãö©ó NFS ªº³¡¤À¡A¯S§O¬Oconfiguring NFS³o¤@¬q¡C
§â TCP extensions ¨ú®ø¡A³oÓ³]©w¦b /etc/rc.conf ¸Ì±(°Ñ¦Ò rc.conf(5)) §â ¥H¤U³oÓȳ]¦¨ NO¡G
tcp_extensions=NO
Xylogic ªº Annex ¥D¾÷¤]¦³¬Û¦Pªº°ÝÃD¡A±zn°µ¬Û¦Pªº×§ï¤~¯à³s ¤W³o¨Ç¥D¾÷¡C
FreeBSD 2.0 ¥H«áªºª©¥»¤º©w³£¦³ ¤ä´© Multicast host ¾Þ§@¡C¦pªG ±z·Q±N±zªº¥D¾÷³]©w¦¨ multicast router ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥²¶·«·s compile ±z ªº kernel¡A¥[¤J MROUTING ªº¿ï¶µ¡A¨Ã¥B°õ¦æ mrouted(8) FreeBSD 2.2 ¤Î¤§«áªºª©¥»·|¦b¶}¾÷®É°õ¦æ mrouted(8) ¦pªG¦b /etc/rc.conf ¤¤ mrouted_enable ³]©w¬° "YES"
MBONE ªº¦UºØ¤u¨ã¥i¥H¦b¥LÌ ports ¤U©ÒÄÝ¥s°µ mbone ¥Ø¿ý ¤¤§ä¨ì¡C¦pªG±z¦b§äµø°T·|ijªº¤u¨ã¦p vic ¥H¤Î vatªº¸Ü¡A¨ì¨ºÃä§ä§ä§a¡I
¥H¤U¬O Glen Foster <gfoster@driver.nsta.org>
´£¨Ñªº²M³æ¡G
Table 12-1. Network cards based on the DEC PCI chipset
Vendor | Model |
---|---|
ASUS | PCI-L101-TB |
Accton | ENI1203 |
Cogent | EM960PCI |
Compex | ENET32-PCI |
D-Link | DE-530 |
Dayna | DP1203, DP2100 |
DEC | DE435, DE450 |
Danpex | EN-9400P3 |
JCIS | Condor JC1260 |
Linksys | EtherPCI |
Mylex | LNP101 |
SMC | EtherPower 10/100 (Model 9332) |
SMC | EtherPower (Model 8432) |
TopWare | TE-3500P |
Znyx (2.2.x) | ZX312, ZX314, ZX342, ZX345, ZX346, ZX348 |
Znyx (3.x) | ZX345Q, ZX346Q, ZX348Q, ZX412Q, ZX414, ZX442, ZX444, ZX474, ZX478, ZX212, ZX214 (10mbps/hd) |
§A¤]³\·|µo²{n³sªº¾÷¾¹¨ä¹ê¬O¦b¥t¤@Óºô°ì¡CÁ|Ó¨Ò¤l¡A°²³]§A¬O¦b foo.bar.edu ³oÓºô°ì¤¤¡A·Qn³s¨ì¦b¤@¥x¥s mumble ªº¥D¾÷¡A¥L¦b example.org ºô°ì¤U¡A §A¥²¶·¥Î Fully-Qualified Domain Name mumble.example.org¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥u¥Î mumble¡C
¶Ç²Îªº BSD BIND resolver ¤¹³\¥Î³oºØ¤è¦¡¸Ñ¥X¾÷¾¹ªº¦ì§}¡A¦ý¬O FreeBSD ¤ºªþ bind (see named(8)) ª©¥»¤º©w¤è¦¡¡A«h¬O°£¤F§A©Ò¦bªººô°ì¥H¥~¡A¤£¤ä´©¨ä¥L«D FQDN ªºÁY¼g¡C ©Ò¥H¦p mumble ¥²¶·¦b mumble.foo.example.org¡A§_«h´N·|±qºô°ìªº³Ì©³ ¼h¶}©l§ä¡C
³o©M¥ý«eªº°µªk¤£¦P¡A¤]´N¬O¤£¥Î mumble.example.org¡A©M mumble.edu Ä~Äò·j´M¡C ¬Ý¤@¤U RFC 1535¡A¸Ì±¦³´£¨ì¬°¤°»ò¤§«eªº°µªk¤£¦n¡A¬Æ¦Üºâ¬OÓ¦w¥þ º|¬}¡C
³o¸Ì¦³Ó¤£¿ùªº¸Ñªk, §A¥i¥H¥[¤J¤@¦æ
search foo.example.org example.org
instead of the previous
domain foo.example.org
¦b§Aªº /etc/resolv.conf Àɮפ¤ (½Ð°Ñ¦Ò resolv.conf(5))¡C¦ý¬On½T©w·j´M¶¶§Ç¤£·|¹H¤Ï RFC 1535 ©Ò¿×ªº ¡§boundary between local and public administration¡¨¡C
¦pªG¦b½sĶ kernel ®É¥[¤J IPFIREWALL ¿ï¶µ¡A ½Ðª`·N 2.1.7R ¤º©w¬O©Úµ´©Ò¦³¥¼¸g®Ö㪺ºô¸ô«Ê¥](¦ý¦b¶}µo 2.1-STABLE ®É§ï±¼¤F)¡C
I¦pªG¤£¤p¤ß§Ë¿ù¤F firewall ªº³]©w¡A§A¥i¥H¥H root °õ¦æ¥H¤U©R¥Oºô¸ô¥\¯à´N·|«ì´_¥¿±`¡G
# ipfw add 65534 allow all from any to any
¤]¥i¥H¦b /etc/rc.conf ¥[¤J firewall_type="open" ªº¿ï¶µ¡C
¦pªG·Qª¾¹D¦p¦ó³]©w FreeBSD firewall¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò ¤â¥U¤¤¬ÛÃö³¹¸`¡C
½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¤â¥U¤¤ Firewalls ³¹¸`¡A¯S§O¬O IPFW Overhead & Optimization ³o¤@¬q¡C
¥i¯à¬O§A°£¤FÂà°e«Ê¥]¥H¥~ÁÙÃB¥~·Q¶i¦æ¦ì§}ÂàĶ (network address translation, NAT)¡A¡§fwd¡¨ ³W«h©Ò¶i ¦æªº°Ê§@´N¦p¦P¦r±©Ò¥Ü¡F¶ÈÂà°e«Ê¥]¡A¥¦¨Ã¤£·|¥h×§ï«Ê¥]¤¤ªº¸ê®Æ¡C °²³]§Ú̦³¦p¤Uªº³W«h¡G
01000 fwd 10.0.0.1 from any to foo 21
·í¤@Ó³q©¹¯S©w¥Ø¼Ð¦ì§} foo ªº«Ê¥] °e¹F¥D¾÷®É¡A®Ú¾Ú³o±ø³W«h¡A«Ê¥]±N³QÂà°e¦Ü 10.0.0.1¡A¦ý¬O¥¦ªº¥Ø¼Ð¦ì§}«o¤´µM¬O foo¡I«Ê¥]ªº¥Ø¼Ð¦ì§}¨Ã ¨S¦³ §ó§ï¬° 10.0.0.1¡C¤j³¡¤Àªº¥D¾÷·|±N«Ê¥]¥á±ó¡A ¦]¬°¥L̨䣬O³oӥؼЦì§}¡C¦]¦¹¡A¨Ï¥Î ¡§fwd¡¨ ³W«h ®É©¹©¹¤£¦p¨Ï¥ÎªÌ©Ò¹w´Áªº¨º¯ë¶¶§Q¡C³oºØ¦æ¬°¬O¨t²Î¯S©Ê¡A¦Ó«D¿ù»~¡C
°Ñ¦Ò Ãö©óªA°ÈÂà¦Vªº±`¨£°Ý µª¶°¡A natd(8) ¤â¥U¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¨Ï¥Î ports collection ¤¤³\ ¦hªA°ÈÂà¦Vªº¤u¨ã¨Ó¥¿½Tªº§¹¦¨§A·Q¶i¦æªº¤u§@¡C
¦b ports ¥Ø¿ýªº¡§sysutils¡¨¤ÀÃþ¤¤¦³Ó¥s socket ªº®M¥ó¡A¥i¥HÀ°§AÂà¦V FTP ©Î¨ä¥LÃþ¦üªº ºô¸ôªA°È¡C¥un§â¸Óºô¸ôªA°Èªº©R¥O§ï¦¨©I¥s socket §Y¥i¡A¦p¤U©Ò¥Ü¡G
ftp stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/local/bin/socket socket ftp.example.com ftp
¨ä¤¤ ftp.example.com »P ftp ¤À§O¬O³QÂà¨ìªº¾÷¾¹©M port ¦WºÙ¡C
FreeBSD ¤W¦³¤T®MÀW¼eºÞ²z¤u¨ã¡G dummynet(4) ¤w¸g¾ã¦X¶i¤J FreeBSD ¨t²Î(§ó¸Ô²Óªº¥Î³~, ipfw(4)); ALTQ ¥i¥H§K¶O¨Ï¥Î¡AEmerging Technologies ±À¥Xªº Bandwidth Manager «h¬O°Ó¥Î³nÅé¡C
§A°õ¦æ¤F¤@Ó»Ýn¬f§JµÜ«Ê¥]¹LÂo¾¹ (Berkeley Packet Filter) ªº µ{¦¡ (bpf(4))¡A¦ý¬O§A¦b kernel ¤¤¨S¦³±Ò°Ê¥¦¡C§â¤U±³o¤@¦æ¥[ ¤J kernel ³]©wÀɤ¤¡A½sͤ@Ó·sªº kernel¡G
pseudo-device bpf # Berkeley Packet Filter
¦b«·s¶}¾÷¤§«á¡AÁÙn°µ¥X device node¡A¦b /dev ¤U°õ¦æ¡G
# sh MAKEDEV bpf0
¦pªG·Qn§ó¶i¤@¨Bª¾¹D¦p¦ó°µ¥X¦UºØ device node¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\ Handbook Ãö©ó¶gÃä¸`ÂIªº»¡©ú ¡C
¨Ï¥Î SMBFS ¤u¨ã²Õ¡C³o®M¤u¨ã²Õ¤¤ ¥]§t¤F¤@¨t¦Cªº kernel ×§ïÁÙ¦³¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº¤u¨ãµ{¦¡(userland programs)¡C ³o¨Çµ{¦¡©M¸ê°T¦b ports ¦¬Âä¤ net/smbfs ¤U¥i¥H§ä¨ì¡C¦b 4.5-RELEASE ¤§«áªºª©¥»«h¬O¨t²Î¤¤¤º«Ø¡C
³o¬O¨t²Î®Ö¤ß§i¶D§A¦³¬Y¨Ç¬¡°Ê¤Þµo¥¦°e¥X¤ñ¥¦©Ò»{¬°À³¸Ó°e¥X§ó ¦hªº ICMP ©Î TCP «¸m°T®§ (RST)¡CICMP ¦^À³°T®§±`±`¬O¦]¬°¦³¤H¹Á ¸Õ³s±µ¥¼³Q¨Ï¥Îªº UDP ³q°T°ð¡CTCP «¸m°T®§«h¬O¦³¤H¹Á¸Õ³s±µ¥¼¶} ©ñ TCP ³q°T°ð³y¦¨ªºµ²ªG¡C¥H¤U³o¨Ç¬¡°Ê¥i¯à´N¬O³y¦¨³o¨Ç°T®§ªºì¦]¡G
¼É¤OªkªºªA°È²Õµ´§ðÀ»(DoS)¤è¦¡ (¬Û¸û©ó°w¹ï¯S®í®zÂI¨Ï¥Î³æ¤@«Ê¥]ªº§ðÀ»¤è¦¡)¡C
¤j¶qªº³q°T°ð±½´y(¬Û¸û©ó¶È¹Á¸Õ¤Ö¼Æªº±`¨£ªA°È³q°T°ð)¡C
¥X²{ªº¼Æ¦r¤¤²Ä¤@Ó¥Nªí®Ú¾Ú³o¨Ç¬y¶q kernel À³¸Ó°e¥Xªº«Ê¥]¼Æ¡A ²Ä¤GӼƦr«h¬O kernel
¥Ø«e¨î³Ì¤jµo°e¼Æ¡C§A¥i¥H§Q¥Î sysctl ×§ï net.inet.icmp.icmplim
ÅܼÆÈ¨Ó§ó§ï³Ì¤jÈ¡CÁ| ¨Ò¨Ó»¡,¦pªG§Æ±æ×§ï¨î¬°
300 packets per second¡G
# sysctl -w net.inet.icmp.icmplim=300
¦pªG§A¤£·Q¦b¨t²Î¬ö¿ý¤¤¬Ý¨ì³o¨Ç°T®§¡A¦ý¬O¤´µM§Æ±æ«O«ù¦^À³ªº ¨îªº¸Ü¡A§A¥i¥H§Q¥Î
sysctl ×§ï net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output
ÅܼƨӨú®ø³o¨Ç°T
®§¡G
# sysctl -w net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output=0
³Ì«á¡A¦pªG§A·Q¨ú®ø³o¨Ç¨îªº¸Ü¡A§A¥i¥H³]©w net.inet.icmp.icmplim
(¦p¤W¨Ò©Ò¥Ü) ¬° 0¡C°ò©ó¤Wz²z¥Ñ¡A§Ṳ́£«ØÄ³§A¨ú®ø³o¨Ç¨î¡C
³o¥Nªí§Aªº°Ï°ìºô¸ô³s½u¤W¦³¤@¨Ç³]³Æ¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD ¬Ý¤£À´ªº MAC ®æ¦¡¡C³o³q±`¬O¥Nªí¦³¤H¦b§Aªº°Ï°ìºô¸ô¤W¶i¦æ¹êÅç¡A³Ì±`¨£ªº´N¬O cable modem ªº³s½u¡C³o°T®§µL®`¡A¦Ó¥BÀ³¸Ó¤£¦Ü©ó¼vÅT¨ì FreeBSD ¥D ¾÷ªº®Ä¯à¡C
º¥ý¡A¬Ý¬Ý¿ù»~ªº°T®§¬O§_¦p¤U¡G
/usr/libexec/ld-elf.so.1: Shared object "libXaw.so.6" not found
³oºØ¿ù»~°T®§¥Nªí§A¥D¾÷¤W¦w¸Ëªº net/cvsup ¨S¦³¥]§t XFree86 ®M¥ó¡C¦pªG§A·Qn¨Ï¥Î CVSup ¤º«Øªº¹Ï§Î¤¶± GUI ªº¸Ü¡A§A»Ýn¦w¸Ë XFree86¡C¦¹¥~¡A¦pªG§A¥u·Q¥H©R¥O¦C¤è ¦¡¨Ï¥Î CVSup ªº¸Ü¡A§AÀ³¸Ó¥ý²¾°£¤§«e ¦w¸Ëªº®M¥ó¡C¨Ã¦w¸Ë net/cvsup-without-gui ³o®M ³nÅé¡C¦b FreeBSD ¤â¥U¤¤ CVSup ¬q¸¨¤¤¦³§ó¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú¡C
¡§Sandbox¡¨ ¬O¨t²Î¦w¥þ¥Îªº³N»y¡A¦³¨âÓ·N¸q¡G
©ñ¦b¬Y¨ÇµêÀÀ¨¾Å@Àð¸Ìªº°õ¦æµ{§Ç¡A³o¨Ç¨¾Å@Àð¬O¥Î¨Óªý¤î ¬Y¨Ç¤H«I¤J³o¹Dµ{§Ç¡A¶i¦Ó¥X¤J©ó§ó¤jªº¨t²Î¤¤¡C
³o¹Dµ{§Ç¥i¥H§¹¥þ¦b¨¾Å@Àð¸Ì ¡§°Ê§@¡¨¡C¤]´N ¬O»¡¡A¥¦©Ò°õ¦æªº¥ô¦óµ{¦¡¤£¥i¯à·|º¯³z¨ìÀ𪺥~±¡C©Ò¥H¦pªG ±z¹ï¥¦¦³¦w¥þ¤WªºÅU¼{¡A¨Ã¤£»Ýn¯S§O¥hºÊÅ¥¥¦ªº¤@Á|¤@°Ê¡A¤Ï ¥¿¥¦¥u¯à¦bÀ𤺬¡°Ê¡C
Á|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¥i¥H¥Î userid ¨Ó°µ³o¹D¨¾Å@Àð¡A³o¥¿¬O security ©M named »¡©ú¤å¥ó¤¤ªº©w¸q¡C
²{¦b´N¥Î ntalk ³oÓªA°È§@»¡©ú¡]¨£ /etc/inetd.conf¡^¡C³oÓªA°È¥H«eªº userid ¬O root¡A²{¦b°õ¦æ®É«h¬O¥Î tty¡Ctty ³oӨϥΪ̴N¬O¤@Ó sandbox¡A¦pªG¦³¤H¯à°÷¶¶§Q¥Î ntalk «I¤J¨t²Î¡A²{¦b¥L´Nºâ¶i±o¨Ó¤]¥u¯à¥Î³oÓ userid¡C
©ñ¦b¬YÓ¼ÒÀÀ¾÷¾¹¸Ìªºµ{¦¡¡A³o¤ñ¤Wz¨Ó±o§óÄY±K¡C°ò¥»¤W ³oªí¥Ü¯à«I¤J¸Óµ{¦¡ªº¤H¬Û«H¥L¯à¦A¶i¤J©ÒÄݪº¾÷¾¹¡A¦ý¨Æ¹ê¤W ¥u·|¶i¤J¼ÒÀÀ¥X¨Óªº¾÷¾¹¡AµLªk¶i¤@¨B×§ï¥ô¦ó¯u¹êªº¸ê®Æ¡C
¹F¨ì³oӥتº³Ì±`¥Îªº¤èªk¡A´N¬O¦b¬YÓ¤l¥Ø¿ý¤U°µ¥X¼ÒÀÀªº Àô¹Ò¡AµM«á¥Î chroot °õ¦æ¸Óµ{¦¡¡A³o¼Ë¸Óµ{¦¡ªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý«K¬O³oÓ ¤l¥Ø¿ý¡A¦Ó«D¨t²Î¯u¥¿ªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý¡C
¥t¤@Ó±`¨£§@ªk¬O±N¬YÓÀɮרt²Î mount ¦¨°ßŪ¡A¦ý¦b¥¦ ¤W±¥t¥~»s³y¥Xµ{¦¡¥H¬°¥i¥H¼g¤JªºÀɮרt²Î¡C³oÓµ{¦¡·|¬Û«H ¥¦¥i¥H¹ï¨ä¥LÀÉ®×Ū¼g¡A¦ý¥u¦³¥¦¬Ý¤£¨ì³oÓ°ßŪ®ÄÀ³ - ¨t²Î °õ¦æªº¤@¯ëµ{¦¡³£¬Ý±o¨ì¡C
§Ú̸չϱN³oÃþ sandbox ºÉ¶q³z©ú¤Æ¡AÅý¨Ï¥ÎªÌ©Î«I¤JªÌ µLªk¬Ý¨ì¥L¬O§_¦b¬YÓ sandbox ¸Ì±¡C
UNIX ¹ê§@¨âºØ sandbox¡A¤@Ó¦bµ{¦¡¼h±¡A¥t¤@Ó«h¬O¥Ñ userid ¨Ó¹F¦¨¡C
¨CÓ UNIX °õ¦æµ{§Ç·|¥Î¨¾¤õÀð±N¥¦©M©Ò¦³¨ä¥Lµ{§Ç¹j¶}¡A¬YÓµ{§Ç ¤£¥i¥HÀH·N×§ï¨ä¥Lµ{§Ç¦ì§}ªº¸ê®Æ¡C³o©M Windows ¤¤¡Aµ{¦¡¥i¥H»´©ö ×§ï¨ä¥L¦ì§}¸ê®Æ¡Aµ²ªG¾ÉP·í¾÷ªº±¡§Î¤j¤£¬Û¦P¡C
¨CÓ UNIX µ{§Ç³£ÄÝ©ó¬YÓ¯S©wªº userid¡C¦pªG¸Ó userid ¤£¬O root¡A´N·|±N¥¦©M¨ä¥L¨Ï¥ÎªÌªºµ{§Ç¹j¶}¡C Userid ¦P®É¤]¥Î©óµwºÐ¸ê®Æªº¦s¨úÅv¤W¡C
securelevel ¬O®Ö¤ß¤¤©Ò¹ê§@ªº¤@Ó¦w¥þ¾÷¨î¡C°ò¥»¤W·í securelevel ¬O¥¿È®É¡A®Ö¤ß·|¨î¬Y¨Ç¤u§@¡F§Y¨Ï¬O superuser (¤]´N¬O root) ¤]µLªk§¹¦¨¨º¨Ç¤u§@¡C¦b¼¶¼g ¥»¤å®É¡Asecurelevel ¾÷¨î¦b¤@¯ëªº¨î¥~¡AÁÙ¯à°÷¨î¥H¤Uªº¥\¯à¡G
²M°£¬Y¨Ç¯S©wªºÀɮ׺X¼Ð¡A¨Ò¦p schg (¨t²Î°ßŪ¼ÐºX, the system immutable flag)
¸g¥Ñ /dev/mem »P /dev/kmem¡A ±N¸ê®Æ¼g¤J¦Ü®Ö¤ß°O¾ÐÅ餤
¸ü¤J®Ö¤ß¼Ò²Õ
§ó°Ê ipfirewall(4) ³W«h¡C
·QnÀˬd¦b¬YÓ¹B§@¤¤ªº¨t²Îªº securelevel ª¬ºA¡A¥un°õ¦æ¥H¤U ©R¥O§Y¥i¡G
# sysctl kern.securelevel
¿é¥Xªºµ²ªG·|¥]§t¤@Ó sysctl(8) ÅܼƦWºÙ
(¦b³oÓ¨Ò¤l¤¤¡A ¥¦¬O kern.securelevel
)
¥H¤Î¤@ӼƦr¡C«áªÌ§Y¬O ¥Ø«eªº securelevel È¡C¦pªG¥¦¬O¤@Ó¥¿È (¤]´N¬O¤j©ó 0)¡Aªí¥Ü¦Ü¤Ö
¦³¤@¨Ç securelevel ªº«OÅ@¾÷¨î¤w¸g¶}±Ò¤F¡C
§A¨S¦³¿ìªk°§C¤@Ó¹B§@¤¤ªº¨t²Îªº securelevel¡F¦pªG¥i¥Hªº¸Ü¡A
´N¥¢¥h¤F³oÓ¾÷¨îªº·N¸q¤F¡C¦pªG§An§@¤@¨Ç»Ýn securelevel ¬° «D¥¿È¤~¥i¥Hªº°Ê§@ªº¸Ü (¨Ò¦p
installworld ©Î§ó°Ê¤é´Á)¡A§A»Ýn×§ï /etc/rc.conf ¤ºªº securelevel ³]©w (§ä§ä kern_securelevel
©M kern_securelevel_enable
ÅܼÆ)¡AµM«á«·s¶}¾÷¡C
·Qnª¾¹D§ó¦h¦³Ãö©ó securelevel »P¦UÓ¤£¦Pµ¥¯Å¼vÅTªº²Ó¸`¡A ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò init(8) »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡C
Warning: securelevel ¥i¤£¬O¸UÆF¤¦¡F¥¦¦³³\¦h¤wª¾ªº¯Ê³´¡A©¹©¹³y¦¨ ¤@ºØ¦w¥þªº°²¶H¡C
¥¦¤@ӳ̤jªº°ÝÃD¡A´N¬OnÅý³oÓ¥\¯à§¹¥þ¦³®Äªº¸Ü¡A¦b securelevel µo´§§@¥Î«eªº±Ò°Ê¹Lµ{¤¤¡A©Ò¦³¨Ï¥Î¨ìªºÀɮ׳£ ¥²¶·³Q«OÅ@°_¨Ó¡C¦pªG¤@Ó§ðÀ»ªÌ¦b securelevel ¦³®Ä«e (¥Ñ©ó ¦³¨Ç¨t²Î¦b±Ò°Ê¤¤©Ò§@ªº¨Æ±¡¡AµLªk¦b¸û°ªªº securelevel ¤¤ ¥¿±`¹B§@¡A©Ò¥H³o·|¦b±Ò°Ê¹Lµ{¤¤«á´Á¤~·|¹B§@)¡A¯àÅý¥L̪ºµ{¦¡ ³Q°õ¦æªº¸Ü¡Asecurelevel ªº«OÅ@´N§¹¥þµL®Ä¤F¡C«OÅ@±Ò°Êµ{§Ç ¤¤©Ò¦³ªºÀɮצb§Þ³N¤W¬O¥i¦æªº¡A¦ý¬O¦pªG¯uªº³o¼Ë§@ªº¸Ü¡A¨t²Î ºûÅ@±N·|Åܦ¨¤@³õ¹ÚÆL¡C§Y¨Ï¥u¬O×§ï¤@Ó³]©wÀÉ¡A¤]¥²¶·±N¾ãÓ ¨t²ÎÃö³¬¡A¦Ü¤Ö¤]±o¨ì³æ¤H¼Ò¦¡¡C
°£¤F³oÂI¡AÁÙ¦³³\¦h¨ä¥¦ªºªF¦è³£¦b³q«H½×¾Â¤W°Q½×¡A¤×¨ä¬O freebsd-security¡C½Ð¨ì ³o¸Ì ·j´M¥H«eªº °Q½×¡C¦³¨Ç¤H§Æ±æ securelevel ¯à°÷¾¨§Ö®ø¥¢¡A¥Ñ¥t¤@Ó§óÀu¨qªº ¾÷¨î¨ú¥N¡A¤£¹L¾÷·|¦³ÂI´ù¯í¡C
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13.3. BIND (named) °£¤F¦b³q°T°ð 53 ¥H¥~¤]¦b ¨ä¥L°ª½s¸¹³q°T°ð (high-numbered port) ²âÅ¥ (Listen)¡C ³o¬O«ç»ò¦^¨Æ¡H
FreeBSD 3.0 «áªºª©¥»¨Ï¥Î¤@Ó¯S®íªº BIND ª©¥»¡A³oÓª©¥»·|¨Ï ¥ÎÀH¾÷ªº°ª½s¸¹³q°T°ð¨Ó¦^À³¥~³¡ªº¬d¸ß¡C¦pªG§A¦]¬°n¾A¦X¨¾¤õÀ𪺠³]©w©Î¬O³æ¯Âªº·QÅý¦Û¤v¬Ý¨ÓµÎªA¤@ÂI¦Ó·Q¥Î 53 ³q°T°ð¦^À³¥~³¡¬d¸ß¡A ¨º»ò§A¥i¥H¹Á¸Õ§ó§ï¥H¤UÀɮ׬ÛÃö¤º®e /etc/namedb/named.conf¡G
options { query-source address * port 53; };
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buildworld¡C
You should first read the ppp(8) man page and the PPP section of the handbook. Enable logging with the command
set log Phase Chat Connect Carrier lcp ipcp ccp command
This command may be typed at the ppp(8) command prompt or it may be entered in the /etc/ppp/ppp.conf configuration file (the start of the default section is the best place to put it). Make sure that /etc/syslog.conf (see syslog.conf(5)) contains the lines
!ppp *.* /var/log/ppp.log
and that the file /var/log/ppp.log exists. You can now find out a lot about what is going on from the log file. Do not worry if it does not all make sense. If you need to get help from someone, it may make sense to them.
If your version of ppp(8) does not understand the set log command, you should download the latest version. It will build on FreeBSD version 2.1.5 and higher.
This is usually because your hostname will not resolve. The best way to fix this is to make sure that /etc/hosts is consulted by your resolver first by editing /etc/host.conf and putting the hosts line first. Then, simply put an entry in /etc/hosts for your local machine. If you have no local network, change your localhost line:
127.0.0.1 foo.bar.com foo localhost
Otherwise, simply add another entry for your host. Consult the relevant man pages for more details.
You should be able to successfully ping -c1 `hostname` when you are done.
First, check that you have got a default route. By running netstat -rn (see netstat(1)), you should see two entries like this:
Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default 10.0.0.2 UGSc 0 0 tun0 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1 UH 0 0 tun0
This is assuming that you have used the addresses from the handbook, the man page or from the ppp.conf.sample file. If you do not have a default route, it may be because you are running an old version of ppp(8) that does not understand the word HISADDR in the ppp.conf file. If your version of ppp(8) is from before FreeBSD 2.2.5, change the
add 0 0 HISADDR
line to one saying
add 0 0 10.0.0.2
Another reason for the default route line being missing is that you have mistakenly set up a default router in your /etc/rc.conf (see rc.conf(5)) file (this file was called /etc/sysconfig prior to release 2.2.2), and you have omitted the line saying
delete ALL
from ppp.conf. If this is the case, go back to the Final system configuration section of the handbook.
This error is usually due to a missing
MYADDR: delete ALL add 0 0 HISADDR
section in your /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup file. This is only necessary if you have a dynamic IP address or do not know the address of your gateway. If you are using interactive mode, you can type the following after entering packet mode (packet mode is indicated by the capitalized PPP in the prompt):
delete ALL add 0 0 HISADDR
Refer to the PPP and Dynamic IP addresses section of the handbook for further details.
The default PPP timeout is 3 minutes. This can be adjusted with the line
set timeout NNN
where NNN is the number of seconds of inactivity before the connection is closed. If NNN is zero, the connection is never closed due to a timeout. It is possible to put this command in the ppp.conf file, or to type it at the prompt in interactive mode. It is also possible to adjust it on the fly while the line is active by connecting to ppps server socket using telnet(1) or pppctl(8). Refer to the ppp(8) man page for further details.
If you have Link Quality Reporting (LQR) configured, it is possible that too many LQR packets are lost between your machine and the peer. Ppp deduces that the line must therefore be bad, and disconnects. Prior to FreeBSD version 2.2.5, LQR was enabled by default. It is now disabled by default. LQR can be disabled with the line
disable lqr
Sometimes, on a noisy phone line or even on a line with call waiting enabled, your modem may hang up because it thinks (incorrectly) that it lost carrier.
There is a setting on most modems for determining how tolerant it should be to temporary losses of carrier. On a USR Sportster for example, this is measured by the S10 register in tenths of a second. To make your modem more forgiving, you could add the following send-expect sequence to your dial string:
set dial "...... ATS10=10 OK ......"
Refer to your modem manual for details.
Many people experience hung connections with no apparent explanation. The first thing to establish is which side of the link is hung.
If you are using an external modem, you can simply try using ping(8) to see if the TD light is flashing when you transmit data. If it flashes (and the RD light does not), the problem is with the remote end. If TD does not flash, the problem is local. With an internal modem, you will need to use the set server command in your ppp.conf file. When the hang occurs, connect to ppp(8) using pppctl(8). If your network connection suddenly revives (PPP was revived due to the activity on the diagnostic socket) or if you cannot connect (assuming the set socket command succeeded at startup time), the problem is local. If you can connect and things are still hung, enable local async logging with set log local async and use ping(8) from another window or terminal to make use of the link. The async logging will show you the data being transmitted and received on the link. If data is going out and not coming back, the problem is remote.
Having established whether the problem is local or remote, you now have two possibilities:
There is very little you can do about this. Most ISPs will refuse to help if you are not running a Microsoft OS. You can enable lqr in your ppp.conf file, allowing ppp(8) to detect the remote failure and hang up, but this detection is relatively slow and therefore not that useful. You may want to avoid telling your ISP that you are running user-PPP...
First, try disabling all local compression by adding the following to your configuration:
disable pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj
Then reconnect to ensure that this makes no difference. If things improve or if the problem is solved completely, determine which setting makes the difference through trial and error. This will provide good ammunition when you contact your ISP (although it may make it apparent that you are not running a Microsoft product).
Before contacting your ISP, enable async logging locally and wait until the connection hangs again. This may use up quite a bit of disk space. The last data read from the port may be of interest. It is usually ascii data, and may even describe the problem (¡§Memory fault, core dumped¡¨?).
If your ISP is helpful, they should be able to enable logging on their end, then when
the next link drop occurs, they may be able to tell you why their side is having a
problem. Feel free to send the details to Brian Somers <brian@FreeBSD.org>
, or even to ask your ISP to
contact me directly.
Your best bet here is to rebuild ppp(8) by adding CFLAGS+=-g and STRIP= to the end of the Makefile, then doing a make clean && make && make install. When ppp(8) hangs, find the ppp(8) process id with ps ajxww | fgrep ppp and run gdb ppp PID. From the gdb prompt, you can then use bt to get a stack trace.
Send the results to <brian@Awfulhak.org>
.
Prior to FreeBSD version 2.2.5, once the link was established, ppp(8) would wait for the peer to initiate the Line Control Protocol (LCP). Many ISPs will not initiate negotiations and expect the client to do so. To force ppp(8) to initiate the LCP, use the following line:
set openmode active
Note: It usually does no harm if both sides initiate negotiation, so openmode is now active by default. However, the next section explains when it does do some harm.
Occasionally, just after connecting, you may see messages in the log that say ¡§magic is the same¡¨. Sometimes, these messages are harmless, and sometimes one side or the other exits. Most PPP implementations cannot survive this problem, and even if the link seems to come up, you will see repeated configure requests and configure acknowledgments in the log file until ppp(8) eventually gives up and closes the connection.
This normally happens on server machines with slow disks that are spawning a getty on the port, and executing ppp(8) from a login script or program after login. I have also heard reports of it happening consistently when using slirp. The reason is that in the time taken between getty(8) exiting and ppp(8) starting, the client-side ppp(8) starts sending Line Control Protocol (LCP) packets. Because ECHO is still switched on for the port on the server, the client ppp(8) sees these packets ¡§reflect¡¨ back.
One part of the LCP negotiation is to establish a magic number for each side of the link so that ¡§reflections¡¨ can be detected. The protocol says that when the peer tries to negotiate the same magic number, a NAK should be sent and a new magic number should be chosen. During the period that the server port has ECHO turned on, the client ppp(8) sends LCP packets, sees the same magic in the reflected packet and NAKs it. It also sees the NAK reflect (which also means ppp(8) must change its magic). This produces a potentially enormous number of magic number changes, all of which are happily piling into the server's tty buffer. As soon as ppp(8) starts on the server, it is flooded with magic number changes and almost immediately decides it has tried enough to negotiate LCP and gives up. Meanwhile, the client, who no longer sees the reflections, becomes happy just in time to see a hangup from the server.
This can be avoided by allowing the peer to start negotiating with the following line in your ppp.conf file:
set openmode passive
This tells ppp(8) to wait for the server to initiate LCP negotiations. Some servers however may never initiate negotiations. If this is the case, you can do something like:
set openmode active 3
This tells ppp(8) to be passive for 3 seconds, and then to start sending LCP requests. If the peer starts sending requests during this period, ppp(8) will immediately respond rather than waiting for the full 3 second period.
There is currently an implementation mis-feature in ppp(8) where it does not associate LCP, CCP & IPCP responses with their original requests. As a result, if one PPP implementation is more than 6 seconds slower than the other side, the other side will send two additional LCP configuration requests. This is fatal.
Consider two implementations, A and B. A starts sending LCP requests immediately after connecting and B takes 7 seconds to start. When B starts, A has sent 3 LCP REQs. We are assuming the line has ECHO switched off, otherwise we would see magic number problems as described in the previous section. B sends a REQ, then an ACK to the first of A's REQs. This results in A entering the OPENED state and sending and ACK (the first) back to B. In the meantime, B sends back two more ACKs in response to the two additional REQs sent by A before B started up. B then receives the first ACK from A and enters the OPENED state. A receives the second ACK from B and goes back to the REQ-SENT state, sending another (forth) REQ as per the RFC. It then receives the third ACK and enters the OPENED state. In the meantime, B receives the forth REQ from A, resulting in it reverting to the ACK-SENT state and sending another (second) REQ and (forth) ACK as per the RFC. A gets the REQ, goes into REQ-SENT and sends another REQ. It immediately receives the following ACK and enters OPENED.
This goes on until one side figures out that they are getting nowhere and gives up.
The best way to avoid this is to configure one side to be passive - that is, make one side wait for the other to start negotiating. This can be done with the
set openmode passive
command. Care should be taken with this option. You should also use the
set stopped N
command to limit the amount of time that ppp(8) waits for the peer to begin negotiations. Alternatively, the
set openmode active N
command (where N is the number of seconds to wait before starting negotiations) can be used. Check the manual page for details.
Prior to version 2.2.5 of FreeBSD, it was possible that your link was disabled shortly after connection due to ppp(8) mis-handling Predictor1 compression negotiation. This would only happen if both sides tried to negotiate different Compression Control Protocols (CCP). This problem is now corrected, but if you are still running an old version of ppp(8) the problem can be circumvented with the line
disable pred1
When you execute the shell or ! command, ppp(8) executes a shell (or if you have passed any arguments, ppp(8) will execute those arguments). Ppp will wait for the command to complete before continuing. If you attempt to use the PPP link while running the command, the link will appear to have frozen. This is because ppp(8) is waiting for the command to complete.
If you wish to execute commands like this, use the !bg command instead. This will execute the given command in the background, and ppp(8) can continue to service the link.
There is no way for ppp(8) to automatically determine that a direct connection has been dropped. This is due to the lines that are used in a null-modem serial cable. When using this sort of connection, LQR should always be enabled with the line
enable lqr
LQR is accepted by default if negotiated by the peer.
If ppp(8) is dialing unexpectedly, you must determine the cause, and set up Dial filters (dfilters) to prevent such dialing.
To determine the cause, use the following line:
set log +tcp/ip
This will log all traffic through the connection. The next time the line comes up unexpectedly, you will see the reason logged with a convenient timestamp next to it.
You can now disable dialing under these circumstances. Usually, this sort of problem arises due to DNS lookups. To prevent DNS lookups from establishing a connection (this will not prevent ppp(8) from passing the packets through an established connection), use the following:
set dfilter 1 deny udp src eq 53 set dfilter 2 deny udp dst eq 53 set dfilter 3 permit 0/0 0/0
This is not always suitable, as it will effectively break your demand-dial capabilities - most programs will need a DNS lookup before doing any other network related things.
In the DNS case, you should try to determine what is actually trying to resolve a host name. A lot of the time, sendmail(8) is the culprit. You should make sure that you tell sendmail not to do any DNS lookups in its configuration file. See the section on Mail Configuration for details on how to create your own configuration file and what should go into it. You may also want to add the following line to your .mc file:
define(`confDELIVERY_MODE', `d')dnl
This will make sendmail queue everything until the queue is run (usually, sendmail is
invoked with -bd -q30m
, telling it to run the queue every 30
minutes) or until a sendmail -q is done (perhaps from your
ppp.linkup file).
I keep seeing the following errors in my log file:
CCP: CcpSendConfigReq CCP: Received Terminate Ack (1) state = Req-Sent (6)
This is because ppp(8) is trying to negotiate Predictor1 compression, and the peer does not want to negotiate any compression at all. The messages are harmless, but if you wish to remove them, you can disable Predictor1 compression locally too:
disable pred1
Under FreeBSD 2.2.2 and before, there was a bug in the tun driver that prevents incoming packets of a size larger than the tun interface's MTU size. Receipt of a packet greater than the MTU size results in an IO error being logged via syslogd.
The PPP specification says that an MRU of 1500 should always be accepted as a minimum, despite any LCP negotiations, therefore it is possible that should you decrease the MTU to less than 1500, your ISP will transmit packets of 1500 regardless, and you will tickle this non-feature - locking up your link.
The problem can be circumvented by never setting an MTU of less than 1500 under FreeBSD 2.2.2 or before.
In order to log all lines of your modem ¡§conversation¡¨, you must enable the following:
set log +connect
This will make ppp(8) log everything up until the last requested ¡§expect¡¨ string.
If you wish to see your connect speed and are using PAP or CHAP (and therefore do not have anything to ¡§chat¡¨ after the CONNECT in the dial script - no set login script), you must make sure that you instruct ppp(8) to ¡§expect¡¨ the whole CONNECT line, something like this:
set dial "ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 4 \ \"\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK ATDT\\T TIMEOUT 60 CONNECT \\c \\n"
Here, we get our CONNECT, send nothing, then expect a line-feed, forcing ppp(8) to read the whole CONNECT response.
Ppp parses each line in your config files so that it can interpret strings such as set phone "123 456 789" correctly (and realize that the number is actually only one argument. In order to specify a " character, you must escape it using a backslash (\).
When the chat interpreter parses each argument, it re-interprets the argument in order to find any special escape sequences such as \P or \T (see the man page). As a result of this double-parsing, you must remember to use the correct number of escapes.
If you wish to actually send a \ character to (say) your modem, you would need something like:
set dial "\"\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK AT\\\\X OK"
resulting in the following sequence:
ATZ OK AT\X OK
or
set phone 1234567 set dial "\"\" ATZ OK ATDT\\T"
resulting in the following sequence:
ATZ OK ATDT1234567
Ppp (or any other program for that matter) should never dump core. Because ppp(8) runs with an effective user id of 0, the operating system will not write ppp(8)'s core image to disk before terminating it. If, however ppp(8) is actually terminating due to a segmentation violation or some other signal that normally causes core to be dumped, and you are sure you are using the latest version (see the start of this section), then you should do the following:
% tar xfz ppp-*.src.tar.gz % cd ppp*/ppp % echo STRIP= >>Makefile % echo CFLAGS+=-g >>Makefile % make clean all % su # make install # chmod 555 /usr/sbin/ppp
You will now have a debuggable version of ppp(8) installed. You will have to be root to run ppp(8) as all of its privileges have been revoked. When you start ppp(8), take a careful note of what your current directory was at the time.
Now, if and when ppp(8) receives the segmentation violation, it will dump a core file called ppp.core. You should then do the following:
% su # gdb /usr/sbin/ppp ppp.core (gdb) bt ..... (gdb) f 0 .... (gdb) i args .... (gdb) l .....
All of this information should be given alongside your question, making it possible to diagnose the problem.
If you are familiar with gdb, you may wish to find out some other bits and pieces such as what actually caused the dump and the addresses & values of the relevant variables.
This was a known problem with ppp(8) set up to negotiate a dynamic local IP number with the peer in auto mode. It is fixed in the latest version - search the man page for iface.
The problem was that when that initial program calls connect(2), the IP number of the tun interface is assigned to the socket endpoint. The kernel creates the first outgoing packet and writes it to the tun device. ppp(8) then reads the packet and establishes a connection. If, as a result of ppp(8)'s dynamic IP assignment, the interface address is changed, the original socket endpoint will be invalid. Any subsequent packets sent to the peer will usually be dropped. Even if they are not, any responses will not route back to the originating machine as the IP number is no longer owned by that machine.
There are several theoretical ways to approach this problem. It would be nicest if the peer would re-assign the same IP number if possible :-) The current version of ppp(8) does this, but most other implementations do not.
The easiest method from our side would be to never change the tun interface IP number,
but instead to change all outgoing packets so that the source IP number is changed from
the interface IP to the negotiated IP on the fly. This is essentially what the iface-alias option in the latest version of ppp(8) is doing (with the
help of libalias(3) and ppp(8)'s -nat
switch) - it is maintaining all previous interface addresses and
NATing them to the last negotiated address.
Another alternative (and probably the most reliable) would be to implement a system call that changes all bound sockets from one IP to another. ppp(8) would use this call to modify the sockets of all existing programs when a new IP number is negotiated. The same system call could be used by dhcp clients when they are forced to re-bind() their sockets.
Yet another possibility is to allow an interface to be brought up without an IP number. Outgoing packets would be given an IP number of 255.255.255.255 up until the first SIOCAIFADDR ioctl is done. This would result in fully binding the socket. It would be up to ppp(8) to change the source IP number, but only if it is set to 255.255.255.255, and only the IP number and IP checksum would need to change. This, however is a bit of a hack as the kernel would be sending bad packets to an improperly configured interface, on the assumption that some other mechanism is capable of fixing things retrospectively.
The reason games and the like do not work when libalias is in use is that the machine on the outside will try to open a connection or send (unsolicited) UDP packets to the machine on the inside. The NAT software does not know that it should send these packets to the interior machine.
To make things work, make sure that the only thing running is the software that you are having problems with, then either run tcpdump on the tun interface of the gateway or enable ppp(8) tcp/ip logging (set log +tcp/ip) on the gateway.
When you start the offending software, you should see packets passing through the gateway machine. When something comes back from the outside, it will be dropped (that is the problem). Note the port number of these packets then shut down the offending software. Do this a few times to see if the port numbers are consistent. If they are, then the following line in the relevant section of /etc/ppp/ppp.conf will make the software functional:
nat port proto internalmachine:port port
where proto is either tcp or udp, internalmachine is the machine that you want the packets to be sent to and port is the destination port number of the packets.
You will not be able to use the software on other machines without changing the above command, and running the software on two internal machines at the same time is out of the question - after all, the outside world is seeing your entire internal network as being just a single machine.
If the port numbers are not consistent, there are three more options:
Submit support in libalias. Examples of ¡§special cases¡¨ can be found in /usr/src/lib/libalias/alias_*.c (alias_ftp.c is a good prototype). This usually involves reading certain recognised outgoing packets, identifying the instruction that tells the outside machine to initiate a connection back to the internal machine on a specific (random) port and setting up a ¡§route¡¨ in the alias table so that the subsequent packets know where to go.
This is the most difficult solution, but it is the best and will make the software work with multiple machines.
Use a proxy. The application may support socks5 for example, or (as in the ¡§cvsup¡¨ case) may have a ¡§passive¡¨ option that avoids ever requesting that the peer open connections back to the local machine.
Redirect everything to the internal machine using nat addr. This is the sledge-hammer approach.
Not yet, but this is intended to grow into such a list (if any interest is shown). In each example, internal should be replaced with the IP number of the machine playing the game.
Asheron's Call
nat port udp internal :65000 65000
Manually change the port number within the game to 65000. If you have got a number of machines that you wish to play on assign a unique port number for each (i.e. 65001, 65002, etc) and add a nat port line for each one.
Half Life
nat port udp internal:27005 27015
PCAnywhere 8.0
nat port udp internal:5632 5632
nat port tcp internal:5631 5631
Quake
nat port udp internal:6112 6112
Alternatively, you may want to take a look at www.battle.net for Quake proxy support.
Quake 2
nat port udp internal:27901 27910
nat port udp internal:60021 60021
nat port udp internal:60040 60040
Red Alert
nat port udp internal:8675 8675
nat port udp internal:5009 5009
FCS stands for Frame Check Sequence. Each PPP packet has a checksum attached to ensure that the data being received is the data being sent. If the FCS of an incoming packet is incorrect, the packet is dropped and the HDLC FCS count is increased. The HDLC error values can be displayed using the show hdlc command.
If your link is bad (or if your serial driver is dropping packets), you will see the occasional FCS error. This is not usually worth worrying about although it does slow down the compression protocols substantially. If you have an external modem, make sure your cable is properly shielded from interference - this may eradicate the problem.
If your link freezes as soon as you have connected and you see a large number of FCS errors, this may be because your link is not 8 bit clean. Make sure your modem is not using software flow control (XON/XOFF). If your datalink must use software flow control, use the command set accmap 0x000a0000 to tell ppp(8) to escape the ^Q and ^S characters.
Another reason for seeing too many FCS errors may be that the remote end has stopped talking PPP. You may want to enable async logging at this point to determine if the incoming data is actually a login or shell prompt. If you have a shell prompt at the remote end, it is possible to terminate ppp(8) without dropping the line by using the close lcp command (a following term command will reconnect you to the shell on the remote machine.
If nothing in your log file indicates why the link might have been terminated, you should ask the remote administrator (your ISP?) why the session was terminated.
Thanks to Michael Wozniak <mwozniak@netcom.ca>
for figuring this out and
Dan Flemming <danflemming@mac.com>
for the Mac solution:
This is due to what is called a ¡§Black Hole¡¨ router. MacOS and Windows 98 (and maybe other Microsoft OSs) send TCP packets with a requested segment size too big to fit into a PPPoE frame (MTU is 1500 by default for Ethernet) and have the ¡§do not fragment¡¨ bit set (default of TCP) and the Telco router is not sending ICMP ¡§must fragment¡¨ back to the www site you are trying to load. (Alternatively, the router is sending the ICMP packet correctly, but the firewall at the www site is dropping it.) When the www server is sending you frames that do not fit into the PPPoE pipe the Telco router drops them on the floor and your page does not load (some pages/graphics do as they are smaller than a MSS.) This seems to be the default of most Telco PPPoE configurations (if only they knew how to program a router... sigh...)
One fix is to use regedit on your 95/98 boxes to add the following registry entry...
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Class\NetTrans\0000\MaxMTU
It should be a string with a value ¡§1436¡¨, as some ADSL routers are reported to be unable to deal with packets larger than this. This registry key has been changed to Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\ID for adapter\MTU in Windows 2000 and becomes a DWORD.
Refer to the Microsoft Knowledge Base documents Q158474 - Windows TCPIP Registry Entries and Q120642 - TCPIP & NBT Configuration Parameters for Windows NT for more information on changing Windows MTU to work with a NAT router.
Another regedit possibility under Windows 2000 is to set the Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\ID for adapter\EnablePMTUBHDetect DWORD to 1 as mentioned in the Microsoft document 120642 mentioned above.
Unfortunately, MacOS does not provide an interface for changing TCP/IP settings. However, there is commercial software available, such as OTAdvancedTuner (OT for OpenTransport, the MacOS TCP/IP stack) by Sustainable Softworks, that will allow users to customize TCP/IP settings. MacOS NAT users should select ip_interface_MTU from the drop-down menu, enter 1450 instead of 1500 in the box, click the box next to Save as Auto Configure, and click Make Active.
The latest version of ppp(8) (2.3 or greater) has an enable tcpmssfixup command that will automatically adjust the MSS to an appropriate value. This facility is enabled by default. If you are stuck with an older version of ppp(8), you may want to look at the tcpmssd port.
If all else fails, send as much information as you can, including your config files, how you are starting ppp(8), the relevant parts of your log file and the output of the netstat -rn command (before and after connecting) to the FreeBSD general questions ¶l»¼½×¾Â or the comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc news group, and someone should point you in the right direction.
This section answers common questions about serial communications with FreeBSD. PPP and SLIP are covered in the Chapter 12 section.
As the FreeBSD kernel boots, it will probe for the serial ports in your system for which the kernel was configured. You can either watch your system closely for the messages it prints or run the command
% dmesg | grep sio
after your system is up and running.
Here is some example output from the above command:
sio0 at 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 on isa sio0: type 16550A sio1 at 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa sio1: type 16550A
This shows two serial ports. The first is on irq 4, is using port address 0x3f8, and has a 16550A-type UART chip. The second uses the same kind of chip but is on irq 3 and is at port address 0x2f8. Internal modem cards are treated just like serial ports---except that they always have a modem ¡§attached¡¨ to the port.
The GENERIC kernel includes support for two serial ports using the same irq and port address settings in the above example. If these settings are not right for your system, or if you have added modem cards or have more serial ports than your kernel is configured for, just reconfigure your kernel. See section about building a kernel for more details.
Do not worry, they have been merged with the ttydX devices. You will have to change any old configuration files you have, though.
The third serial port, sio2 (see sio(4), known as COM3 in DOS), is on /dev/cuaa2 for dial-out devices, and on /dev/ttyd2 for dial-in devices. What is the difference between these two classes of devices?
You use ttydX for dial-ins. When opening /dev/ttydX in blocking mode, a process will wait for the corresponding cuaaX device to become inactive, and then wait for the carrier detect line to go active. When you open the cuaaX device, it makes sure the serial port is not already in use by the ttydX device. If the port is available, it ¡§steals¡¨ it from the ttydX device. Also, the cuaaX device does not care about carrier detect. With this scheme and an auto-answer modem, you can have remote users log in and you can still dial out with the same modem and the system will take care of all the conflicts.
Again, the section on kernel configuration provides information about configuring your kernel. For a multiport serial card, place an sio(4) line for each serial port on the card in the kernel configuration file. But place the irq and vector specifiers on only one of the entries. All of the ports on the card should share one irq. For consistency, use the last serial port to specify the irq. Also, specify the COM_MULTIPORT option.
The following example is for an AST 4-port serial card on irq 7:
options "COM_MULTIPORT" device sio4 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty flags 0x781 device sio5 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x781 device sio6 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x781 device sio7 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x781 irq 7 vector siointr
The flags indicate that the master port has minor number 7 (0x700), diagnostics enabled during probe (0x080), and all the ports share an irq (0x001).
Not yet. You will have to use a different irq for each card.
The ttydX (or cuaaX) device is the regular device you will want to open for your applications. When a process opens the device, it will have a default set of terminal I/O settings. You can see these settings with the command
# stty -a -f /dev/ttyd1
When you change the settings to this device, the settings are in effect until the device is closed. When it is reopened, it goes back to the default set. To make changes to the default set, you can open and adjust the settings of the ¡§initial state¡¨ device. For example, to turn on CLOCAL mode, 8 bits, and XON/XOFF flow control by default for ttyd5, do:
# stty -f /dev/ttyid5 clocal cs8 ixon ixoff
A good place to do this is in /etc/rc.serial. Now, an application will have these settings by default when it opens ttyd5. It can still change these settings to its liking, though.
You can also prevent certain settings from being changed by an application by making adjustments to the ¡§lock state¡¨ device. For example, to lock the speed of ttyd5 to 57600 bps, do
# stty -f /dev/ttyld5 57600
Now, an application that opens ttyd5 and tries to change the speed of the port will be stuck with 57600 bps.
Naturally, you should make the initial state and lock state devices writable only by root. The MAKEDEV(8) script does NOT do this when it creates the device entries.
So you want to become an Internet service provider, eh? First, you will need one or more modems that can auto-answer. Your modem will need to assert carrier-detect when it detects a carrier and not assert it all the time. It will need to hang up the phone and reset itself when the data terminal ready (DTR) line goes from on to off. It should probably use RTS/CTS flow control or no local flow control at all. Finally, it must use a constant speed between the computer and itself, but (to be nice to your callers) it should negotiate a speed between itself and the remote modem.
For many Hayes command-set--compatible modems, this command will make these settings and store them in nonvolatile memory:
AT &C1 &D3 &K3 &Q6 S0=1 &W
See the section on sending AT commands below for information on how to make these settings without resorting to an MS-DOS terminal program.
Next, make an entry in /etc/ttys (see ttys(5)) for the modem. This file lists all the ports on which the operating system will await logins. Add a line that looks something like this:
ttyd1 "/usr/libexec/getty std.57600" dialup on insecure
This line indicates that the second serial port (/dev/ttyd1) has a modem connected running at 57600 bps and no parity (std.57600, which comes from the file /etc/gettytab, see gettytab(5)). The terminal type for this port is dialup. The port is on and is insecure---meaning root logins on the port are not allowed. For dialin ports like this one, use the ttydX entry.
It is common practice to use dialup as the terminal type. Many users set up in their .profile or .login files a prompt for the actual terminal type if the starting type is dialup. The example shows the port as insecure. To become root on this port, you have to login as a regular user, then su(1) to become root. If you use secure then root can login in directly.
After making modifications to /etc/ttys, you need to send a hangup or HUP signal to the init(8) process:
# kill -HUP 1
This forces the init(8) process to reread /etc/ttys. The init process will then start getty processes on all on ports. You can find out if logins are available for your port by typing
% ps -ax | grep '[t]tyd1'
You should see something like:
747 ?? I 0:00.04 /usr/libexec/getty std.57600 ttyd1
If you are using another computer as a terminal into your FreeBSD system, get a null modem cable to go between the two serial ports. If you are using an actual terminal, see its accompanying instructions.
Then, modify /etc/ttys (see ttys(5)), like above. For example, if you are hooking up a WYSE-50 terminal to the fifth serial port, use an entry like this:
ttyd4 "/usr/libexec/getty std.38400" wyse50 on secure
This example shows that the port on /dev/ttyd4 has a wyse50 terminal connected at 38400 bps with no parity (std.38400 from /etc/gettytab, see gettytab(5)) and root logins are allowed (secure).
On your system, the programs tip(1) and cu(1) are probably executable only by uucp and group dialer. You can use the group dialer to control who has access to your modem or remote systems. Just add yourself to group dialer.
Alternatively, you can let everyone on your system run tip(1) and cu(1) by typing:
# chmod 4511 /usr/bin/cu # chmod 4511 /usr/bin/tip
Actually, the man page for tip(1) is out of date. There is a generic Hayes dialer already built in. Just use at=hayes in your /etc/remote (see remote(5)) file.
The Hayes driver is not smart enough to recognize some of the advanced features of newer modems---messages like BUSY, NO DIALTONE, or CONNECT 115200 will just confuse it. You should turn those messages off when you use tip(1) (using ATX0&W).
Also, the dial timeout for tip(1) is 60 seconds. Your modem should use something less, or else tip will think there is a communication problem. Try ATS7=45&W.
Actually, as shipped tip(1) does not yet support it fully. The solution is to edit the file tipconf.h in the directory /usr/src/usr.bin/tip/tip. Obviously you need the source distribution to do this.
Edit the line #define HAYES 0 to #define HAYES 1. Then make and make install. Everything works nicely after that.
Make what is called a ¡§direct¡¨ entry in your /etc/remote file (see remote(5)). For example, if your modem is hooked up to the first serial port, /dev/cuaa0, then put in the following line:
cuaa0:dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#19200:pa=none
Use the highest bps rate your modem supports in the br capability. Then, type tip cuaa0 (see tip(1)) and you will be connected to your modem.
If there is no /dev/cuaa0 on your system, do this:
# cd /dev # sh MAKEDEV cuaa0
Or use cu as root with the following command:
# cu -lline -sspeed
with line being the serial port (e.g. /dev/cuaa0) and speed being the speed (e.g.57600). When you are done entering the AT commands hit ~. to exit.
The <@> sign in the phone number capability tells tip to look in /etc/phones for a phone number. But the <@> sign is also a special character in capability files like /etc/remote. Escape it with a backslash:
pn=\@
Put what is called a ¡§generic¡¨ entry in your /etc/remote file (see remote(5)). For example:
tip115200|Dial any phone number at 115200 bps:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#115200:at=hayes:pa=none:du: tip57600|Dial any phone number at 57600 bps:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du:
Then you can do something like tip -115200 5551234. If you prefer cu(1) over tip(1), use a generic cu entry:
cu115200|Use cu to dial any number at 115200bps:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa1:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du:
and type cu 5551234 -s 115200.
Put in an entry for tip1200 or cu1200, but go ahead and use whatever bps rate is appropriate with the br capability. tip(1) thinks a good default is 1200 bps which is why it looks for a tip1200 entry. You do not have to use 1200 bps, though.
Rather than waiting until you are connected and typing CONNECT host each time, use tip's cm capability. For example, these entries in /etc/remote (see remote(5)):
pain|pain.deep13.com|Forrester's machine:\ :cm=CONNECT pain\n:tc=deep13: muffin|muffin.deep13.com|Frank's machine:\ :cm=CONNECT muffin\n:tc=deep13: deep13:Gizmonics Institute terminal server:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa2:br#38400:at=hayes:du:pa=none:pn=5551234:
will let you type tip pain or tip muffin to connect to the hosts pain or muffin; and tip deep13 to get to the terminal server.
This is often a problem where a university has several modem lines and several thousand students trying to use them...
Make an entry for your university in /etc/remote (see remote(5)) and use <\@> for the pn capability:
big-university:\ :pn=\@:tc=dialout dialout:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa3:br#9600:at=courier:du:pa=none:
Then, list the phone numbers for the university in /etc/phones (see phones(5)):
big-university 5551111 big-university 5551112 big-university 5551113 big-university 5551114
tip(1) will try each one in the listed order, then give up. If you want to keep retrying, run tip(1) in a while loop.
CTRL+P is the default ¡§force¡¨ character, used to tell tip(1) that the next character is literal data. You can set the force character to any other character with the ~s escape, which means ¡§set a variable¡¨.
Type ~sforce=single-char followed by a newline. single-char is any single character. If you leave out single-char, then the force character is the nul character, which you can get by typing CTRL+2 or CTRL+SPACE. A pretty good value for single-char is SHIFT+CTRL+6, which I have seen only used on some terminal servers.
You can have the force character be whatever you want by specifying the following in your $HOME/.tiprc file:
force=single-char
You must have pressed CTRL+A, tip(1) ¡§raise character¡¨, specially designed for people with broken caps-lock keys. Use ~s as above and set the variable ¡§raisechar¡¨ to something reasonable. In fact, you can set it to the same as the force character, if you never expect to use either of these features.
Here is a sample .tiprc file perfect for Emacs users who need to type CTRL+2 and CTRL+A a lot:
force=^^ raisechar=^^
The ^^ is SHIFT+CTRL+6.
If you are talking to another Unix system, you can send and receive files with ~p (put) and ~t (take). These commands run cat(1) and echo(1) on the remote system to accept and send files. The syntax is:
~p <local-file> [<remote-file>] ~t <remote-file> [<local-file>]
There is no error checking, so you probably should use another protocol, like zmodem.
First, install one of the zmodem programs from the ports collection (such as one of the two from the comms category, lrzsz or rzsz.
To receive files, start the sending program on the remote end. Then, press enter and type ~C rz (or ~C lrz if you installed lrzsz) to begin receiving them locally.
To send files, start the receiving program on the remote end. Then, press enter and type ~C sz files (or ~C lsz files) to send them to the remote system.
Motherboards and cards with Acer UARTs do not probe properly under the FreeBSD sio probe. Obtain a patch from www.lemis.com to fix your problem.
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There are other methods. As every good sysadmin knows, it is part of standard practise to send data to the screen of interesting variety to keep all the pixies that make up your picture happy. Screen pixies (commonly mis-typed or re-named as 'pixels') are categorised by the type of hat they wear (red, green or blue) and will hide or appear (thereby showing the colour of their hat) whenever they receive a little piece of food. Video cards turn data into pixie-food, and then send them to the pixies - the more expensive the card, the better the food, so the better behaved the pixies are. They also need constant simulation - this is why screen savers exist.
To take your suggestions further, you could just throw the random data to console, thereby letting the pixies consume it. This causes no heat to be produced at all, keeps the pixies happy and gets rid of your data quite quickly, even if it does make things look a bit messy on your screen.
Incidentally, as an ex-admin of a large ISP who experienced many problems attempting to maintain a stable temperature in a server room, I would strongly discourage people sending the data they do not want out to the network. The fairies who do the packet switching and routing get annoyed by it as well.
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From: Bill Paul <wpaul@skynet.ctr.columbia.edu> Subject: Re: the fs fun never stops To: Ben Rosengart Date: Sun, 20 Sep 1998 15:22:50 -0400 (EDT) Cc: current@FreeBSD.org
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> Fatal trap 12: page fault while in kernel mode > fault virtual address = 0x40 > fault code = supervisor read, page not present > instruction pointer = 0x8:0xf014a7e5 ^^^^^^^^^^ > stack pointer = 0x10:0xf4ed6f24 > frame pointer = 0x10:0xf4ed6f28 > code segment = base 0x0, limit 0xfffff, type 0x1b > = DPL 0, pres 1, def32 1, gran 1 > processor eflags = interrupt enabled, resume, IOPL = 0 > current process = 80 (mount) > interrupt mask = > trap number = 12 > panic: page fault
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% gdb -k /sys/compile/KERNELCONFIG/kernel.debug /var/crash/vmcore.0 (gdb) where
nª`·N¥i¯à·|¥X²{¦n´Xӿùõªº¥i¥Î¸ê°T¡A§A¥i¥H¥Î script(1) §â©Ò¦³¿é¥X³£¦s°_¨Ó¡C¥Î¥]¬A©Ò¦³ debug symbol ªº kernel ¨Ó°£¿ù¡A³o ¼ËÀ³¸Ó¥i¥Hª½±µÅã¥Ü panic ¬Oµo¥Í¦b¨º¤@¦æ¡C³q±`¬O¥Ñ¤U©¹¤WŪ stack strace¡A³o¼Ë¤~¯à¤@ÓÓ°lÂÜ¥X¦³þ¨Ç°Ê§@¤Þ¨ì crash¡C¤]¥i¥H¥Î gdb(1) §â¦UºØÅܼƩε²ºcªº¤º®e¦L¥X¨Ó¡A¥HÀˬd¨t²Î crash ®Éªº ¹ê»Úª¬ºA¡C
¦n°Õ¡A¦pªG§A¦³²Ä¤G¥x¹q¸£¦Ó¥B¦³°÷ºÆ¨g¡A¥i¥H±N gdb(1) ³]©w ¦¨»·ºÝ°£¿ù¡C³o¼Ë§A¥i¥H¦b¤@¥x¾÷¾¹¤¤¥Î gdb(1) ¥h°£¿ù¥t¤@¥x¸Ìªº kernel¡A¥i¥H°õ¦æªº¥]¬A³]©w¤¤Â_ÂI¡B¦b kernel ì©l½X¤¤¤@¨B¨B°õ¦æµ¥ µ¥¡A´N¹³¦b¤@¯ë¨Ï¥ÎªÌµ{¦¡¤W°£¿ù¤@¼Ë¡C¥Ñ©ó¨S¦³¤°»ò¾÷·|¬°°£¿ù¦Ó³]¸m ¨â¥x¨Ã¾F¹q¸£¡A©Ò¥H§ÚÁÙ¨S¦³³o¼Ëª±¹L¡C
[Bill ¸É¥R¡G"§Ú§Ñ¤F´£¨ì¤@ÂI¡G¦pªG§A¦³±Ò°Ê DDB ¦Ó kernel ¤]¤w¸g¶i¤J°£¿ù¾¹¡A¥i¥H¦b DDB ©R¥O¦C¤U¥´ 'panic'¡A±j¢²£¥Í panic (ÁÙ¦³ crash dump)¡C¤]¦³¥i¯à¦b panic ¶¥¬q®É¦A¶i¤J°£¿ù¾¹¡A ¦pªG³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A¿é¤J 'continue'¡A±µµÛ¥¦´N·|§¹¦¨ crash dump¡C" -ed]
¦b ELF ¤@¨t¦Cªº¤u¨ã¤¤¡A¤º©w¬O¤£·|Åý dynamic linker ¬Ý¨ì°õ¦æ Àɸ̩w¸q¤Fþ¨Ç
symbol¡C©Ò¥H dlsym()
¨S¦³¿ì ªk¥ÎÂǥѩI¥s dlopen(NULL, flags)
¨ú±oªº handle¡A¥Î¥¦¥h·j´M¦³¨º¨Ç symbol
¤@©w·|¥¢±Ñ¡C
¦pªG§A·Qn¥Î dlsym()
§ä¥X¬YÓ process
ªº¥D°õ¦æÀɤ¤¦³þ¨Ç symbol¡A«hn¦b link ®É¹ï ELF linker (ld(1)) ¥[¤W -export-dynamic
³oӰѼơC
¹w³]ȬO¡AFreeBSD 3.x ªº kernel ¥i¥H©w§}ªºªÅ¶¡¬O 256 MB ¦Ó FreeBSD 4.x ¥i¥H¨ì 1 GB¡C¦pªG¬Oºô¸ôt²ü¬Û·í«ªº¦øªA¾¹ (¨Ò¦p¤j«¬ FTP ©Î HTTP ¦øªA¾¹)¡A§A¤]³\·|µo²{ 256 MB ¥i¯à¤£¤j°÷¡C
©Ò¥H¡An¦p¦ó¼W¥[©w§}ªÅ¶¡©O¡Hn±q¨â¤è±µÛ¤â¡Cº¥ýº¥ý§i¶D kernel ¥»¨n«O¯d¸û¤jªÅ¶¡µ¹¦Û¤v¡C¨ä¦¸¡A¬JµM¬O¦b©w§}ªÅ¶¡ªº³Ì¤W ±¸ü¤J kernel¡A©Ò¥HÁÙn½Õ§C¸ü¤Jªº¦ì§}¡A¤~¤£·|©M«e±©w§}ªº½d³ò «Å|¡C
¼W¥[ src/sys/i386/include/pmap.h ¸Ìªº NKPDE ´N¥i¥H¹F¦¨²Ä¤@ӥؼСC1 GB ªº©w§}ªÅ¶¡·| ¹³³o¼Ë¡G
#ifndef NKPDE #ifdef SMP #define NKPDE 254 /* addressable number of page tables/pde's */ #else #define NKPDE 255 /* addressable number of page tables/pde's */ #endif /* SMP */ #endif
nºâ¥X NKPDE ªº¥¿½TÈ¡A±N·QnªºªÅ¶¡¤j¤p (¥H megabyte ¬°³æ¦ì)°£¥H 4¡A±µµÛ³æ CPU ¾÷¾¹´î 1¡A Âù CPU «h¬O´î 2¡C
n¸Ñ¨M²Ä¤GÓ°ÝÃD¡A¥²¶·¦Û¦æºâ¥X kernel ³Q¸ü¤Jªº¦ì§}¡G¨D¥X 0x100100000
´î±¼©w§}ªÅ¶¡¤j¤pªºÈ(¥H byte ¬°³æ¦ì)¡A¦p 1 GB ¤j¤p´N¬O 0xc0100000¡C§âsrc/sys/i386/conf/Makefile.i386 ¸Ìªº LOAD_ADDRESS
³]¦¨³oÓÈ¡Q±µµÛ¦b src/sys/i386/conf/kernel.script ¤¤¡A±N section ¦Cªí³Ì«e±ªº location
counter ³]¦¨¬Û¦PªºÈ¡A¦p¤U¡G
OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf32-i386", "elf32-i386", "elf32-i386") OUTPUT_ARCH(i386) ENTRY(btext) SEARCH_DIR(/usr/lib); SEARCH_DIR(/usr/obj/elf/home/src/tmp/usr/i386-unknown-freebsdelf/lib); SECTIONS { /* Read-only sections, merged into text segment: */ . = 0xc0100000 + SIZEOF_HEADERS; .interp : { *(.interp) }
µM«á«·s½sͱzªº kernel¡C±z¥i¯à·|¦b°õ¦æ ps(1)¡Btop(1) ³oÃþªºµ{¦¡®É¸I¨ì°ÝÃD¡Qmake world À³¸Ó´N¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M (©Î§â§ï¹Lªº pmap.h ½Æ»s¨ì /usr/include/vm/ ¤U¡A¦A¤â°Ê½sĶ libkvm¡Aps(1) ÁÙ¦³ top(1))¡C
ª`·N¡Gkernel ©Ò¯à©w§}ªºªÅ¶¡¤j¤p¥²¶·¬O 4 megabytes ªº¿¼Æ¡C
[David Greenman <dg@FreeBSD.org>
¸É¥R¡G§Ú»{¬° kernel ©w§}ªÅ¶¡¤j¤pÀ³¸Ón¬O 2
ªº¼¾¡A¦ý¤£¤j½T©w³o¤@ÂI¡Cªº±Ò°Êµ{¦¡·|°Ê¨ì high order address bits¡A°O±o¥¦°²³]¦Ü¤Ö¦³
256 MB¡C]
°²¦p±z¦b³o¥÷ FAQ ¤¤§ä¨ì¿ù»~ªº¦a¤è¡A©Î¬O±z·Q¼W¥[¨Ç¬Æ»ò¡A ½Ð¼g«Ê«H¨ì FAQ Maintainer
|
||
--FreeBSD Core Team |
<jkh@FreeBSD.org>
¤£°±ªº§ó·s¹L®Éªº FAQ
<dwhite@FreeBSD.org>
¸g±`¦b freebsd-questions ¤W¦^µª°ÝÃD
<joerg@FreeBSD.org>
¸g±`¦b Usenet ¤W¦^µª°ÝÃD
<wollman@FreeBSD.org>
Networking and formatting
Multicast information
<pds@FreeBSD.org>
FreeBSD FAQ ³o¥÷¤å¥óªº¥´¦rW¤u
Kvetching, moaning, submitting data
¹ï©ó¨º¨Ç´¿¸g¹ï³o¥÷ FAQ ´£¨ÑÀ°§U¡A¦Ó§Ų́S´£¨ìªº¤HÌ¡A §Ú̥ѰJªº·PÁ±z¡I
¦pªG¥u§Æ±æ§ì¨ú tarball ¤U¨Óªº¸Ü¡A¶È»Ý¿é¤J¥H¤U«ü¥O§Y¥i¡G
# make fetch¦pªG¬On§ì¨ú³æ¤@ªº port¡A¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe # make fetch
¨º»ò¡A¹w³]·|±N editors/joe ªº tarball ¤U¸ü¦Ü /usr/ports/distfiles ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C
¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ§ì¨ú¦w¸Ë¦¹ ports ©Ò¦³¬ÛÃö¬Û¨Ì ports ªº tarball¡A¥H systuils/portupgrade ¬°¨Òªº¸Ü¡A «h¡G
# cd /usr/ports/systuils/portupgrade # make fetch-recursive
¹w³]·|±N¦¹ port »P©Ò¦³»Ýnªº¨ä¥L port ªº tarball¡A¤U¸ü¦Ü /usr/ports/distfiles ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C
¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ§ì¨ú¥þ³¡©Ò¦³ ports ªº tarball ¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports # make fetch
«h·|©Ò±N¥þ³¡©Ò¦³ ports ªº tarball ¤U¸ü¦Ü /usr/ports/distfiles ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C
¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ§ì¨ú ftp ¤ÀÃþ¤U©Ò¦³ ports ªº tarball ¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports/ftp # make fetch-recursive
«h·|©Ò±N ftp ¤ÀÃþ¤U©Ò¦³ ports ªº tarball ³£¤U¸ü¦Ü /usr/ports/distfiles ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C
¦³®ÉԲߺD¦Û¤v patch ì©l½Xªº®ÉÔ¡A·|«Ü±`¥Î¨ì³oÓ¥\¯à¡C¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe # make extract
·|±N tarball¸Ñ¶}¦Ü /usr/ports/editors/joe/work ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C
¦¹ªk»P make extract ªº¤èªk¦³¤@¨ÇÃþ¦ü¡A¤£¦P©ó¬O¥ý¸É¤W©x¤è´£¨Ñªº patch¡A¦A¦æ patch ¦Û¤vªº×¥¿¡C ¦³®ÉԲߺD¦Û¤v patch ì©l½Xªº®ÉÔ¡A «h³oӤ覡¥¿¦n²Å¦X±zªº»Ý¨D¡C ¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe
# make patch
·|±N tarball¸Ñ¶}¦Ü /usr/ports/editors/joe/work ¥Ø¿ý¤U ¡A¨Ã¸É¤W©x¤è´£¨Ñªº patch¡C
¦pªG¨t²Î¤W¥¼¦w¸Ë¦¹³nÅé¡A«h¥i¥H¿ï¾Ü¦w¸Ë¤@Ó·sªº port¡C ¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Òªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe
# make install
¦p¦¹·|¦b¨t²Î¤W¦w¸Ë¤@Ó·sªº joe ³nÅé¡C ¦pªG»Ýn¦b¦w¸Ë§¹¦¨«á¡A¤@¨Ö²M°£½s¿è®É´Á©Ò¯d¤U¨Óªº¼È¦s¥Ø¿ý¡A«h¥i°t¦X make clean ªº¤èªk¤@°_¨Ï¥Î¡A¦p¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe
# make clean
¦pªG·Qn¤@¦¸²M±¼©Ò¦³ ports ²£¥Íªº¼È¦s¸ê®Æ¡A«h¥un¦^¨ì ports ªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý°õ¦æ§Y¥i¡G
# cd /usr/ports
# make clean
±N¦w¸Ë§¹¦¨ªº³nÅ饴¥]°_¨Ó¡A¦³³\¦h«K§Q©Ê¡G¥]¬A¦bÂO¶°¨t²Î¤¤¡A¥i¨Ñ¨ä¥¦¾÷¾¹¨Ï¥Î¡A ©Î±N¥¼¨Ó¦¹³nÅé¥X°ÝÃD¥i«·s§Q¥Î¦¹ package «·s§Ö³t¦w¸Ë¡C ¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Òªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe
# make package
¦p¦¹·|¦b¨t²Î¤W¦w¸Ë¤@Ó·sªº joe ³nÅé¡A¨Ã±N¦¹³nÅ饴¥](package)°_¨Ó¡C package ¹w³]·|¦b /usr/ports/editors/joe ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡A¦pªG§Æ±æ¶°¤¤ºÞ²zªº¸Ü¡A«ØÄ³°µ¦p¤Uªº¨BÆJ¡G
# mkdir -p /usr/ports/packages
¥H«á¥´¥]ªº packages ³£·|¦s©ñ¦b¦¹¥Ø¿ý¤U¡A¨Ã¥B¨t²Î·|¦Û°Ê°µ¤ÀÃþ¡A¥H¤è«KºÞ²z¡C ¦pªG»Ýn¦b¦w¸Ë§¹¦¨«á¡A¤@¨Ö²M°£½s¿è®É´Á©Ò¯d¤U¨Óªº¼È¦s¥Ø¿ý¡A«h¥i°t¦X make clean ¤@°_¨Ï¥Î¡A¦p¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe
# make package clean
¦]¬° make package ¥u¦³¥´¥]³æ¤@®M¥ó¡A ¤¤¶¡¨Ì¿àªº ports ¨Ã¨S¦³¤@°_¥´¥]¡A³o·|¥X²{¤@Ó±`¹J¨ìªº°ÝÃD¡G ´N¬O¦pªG¤@Ó port »Ýn¨Ì¿à¨ä¥¦ªº ports¡A¨º»ò¥²¶·±N¨ä¥¦ ports ¤]¤@°_¥´¥]¡A§_«h¦w¸Ë packages ·|¦³¬Û¨Ì©Êªº°ÝÃD¡C ¥H sysutils/portupgrade ¬°¨Ò¡G
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade
# make DEPENDS_TARGET=package package
¦p¦¹·|¹ï©Ò¦³ portupgrade ©Ò¬Û¨Ì¿àªº ports ³£¤@¨Ö¥´¥]¡A¤]¥]¬A¦Û¤v¥»¨¡C
¦pªG¦w¸Ë¦n¤@Ó®M¥ó¡A¨Æ«e¨Ã¥¼¥´¥]¡A¨Æ«á·Q¥´¥]ªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G ¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G
# cd /var/db/pkg
# pkg_create -b joe-{ª©¥»¸¹}
·|±N¤w¦w¸Ëªº port ¥´¥]°_¨Ó¡A©ñ¦b /var/db/pkg ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C
¦b¦w¸Ë port ªº®ÉÔ¡A·|¦³½sĶ´Á¶¡©Ò»Ýnªº¤u§@¥Ø¿ý(work)¡A¦]¦¹³q±`¦w¸Ë¦n¤@Ó®M¥ó«á¡A·|²M°£¦¹¼È¦s¥Ø¿ý¡A¥H¸`¬ÙµwºÐªÅ¶¡¡C ¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe
# make clean
¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ²M°£©Ò¦³ ports ªº¼È¦s¥Ø¿ý¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports
# make clean
¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ²M°£©Ò¦³ ftp ¤ÀÃþªº¼È¦s¥Ø¿ý¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports/ftp
# make clean
¦b make clean ¶È¥u¬O²M°£½s¿è´Á¶¡©Ò»Ýnªº¤u§@¥Ø¿ý(work)¡A¨Ã¨S¦³±N½sĶ ports ®É¤@¨Ö¤U¸üªº tarball §R°£(¬Û¹ïÀ³¤§ tarball ¹w³]·|¦s©ñ¦b /usr/ports/distfiles) ¦pªG·Q§â tarball ¤@¨Ö²M°£ªº¸Ü¡A¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe
# make distclean
make distclean ªº¨BÆJ¥]§t¤F make clean ªº¥\¯à¡A¤]´N¬O»¡°£¤F·|§R°£ tarball ¥~¡AÁÙ·|¤@¨Ö²M°£½sĶ®Éªº¼È¦s work ¥Ø¿ý¡C
¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ²M°£©Ò¦³ ports ªº¼È¦s work ¥Ø¿ý¤Î tarball¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports
# make distclean
¦Ó¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ²M°£©Ò¦³ ftp ¤ÀÃþªº work ¥Ø¿ý¤Î tarball¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports/ftp
# make distclean
¦b¦w¸Ë ports «e¡A¥i¥H¬d¸ß©Ò¨Ì¿àªº¬ÛÃö®M¥ó¡C ¥H mail/p5-Mail-SpamAssassin ¬°¨Ò¡G
# cd /usr/ports/mail/p5-Mail-SpamAssassin
# make all-depends-list
make all-depends-list Åã¥Ü¦¹®M¥ó©Ò¦³¬Û¨Ìªº®M¥ó¡C
# cd /usr/ports/mail/p5-Mail-SpamAssassin
# make pretty-print-build-depends-list
make all-depends-list Åã¥Ü¦¹®M¥ó¦b½sĶ´Á¶¡©Ò»Ýnªº®M¥ó¡C
# cd /usr/ports/mail/p5-Mail-SpamAssassin
# make pretty-print-run-depends-list
make all-depends-list Åã¥Ü¦¹®M¥ón°õ¦æ®É©Ò»Ýnªº®M¥ó¡C
¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe
# make deinstall
©Î¬O¨Ï¥Î pkg_delete¡G
# pkg_delete joe-{version}
¦³®ÉÔ®M¥ó¤§¶¡ªº¬Û¨Ì©Ê·|¾ÉPµLªkª½±µ²¾°£¡A¦pªGn±j¨î²¾°£ªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G
# pkg_delete -f joe-{version}
¦ý½Ðª`·N¡G«Ü¦³¥i¯à·|¾ÉP¨ä¥¦¬Û¨Ì¨ì³o³nÅ骺®M¥ó°õ¦æ°_¨Ó¥X²{°ÝÃD¡C
¦Ü©ó¤GªÌªº®t§O¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò make deinstall »P pkg_delete ¦³¤°»ò¤£¦P
¥H sysutils/portupgrade ¬°¨Ò¡G
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade
# make deinstall-depends
°õ¦æ¦¹¨BÆJ«e¡A½Ðª`·N¬O§_·|²¾°£¨ä¥L®M¥ó¤]¦³¦@¦P¬Û¨Ìªº³¡¤À¡C«ØÄ³¥ý°Ñ¦Ò make-depends-list ªº¤èªk¨ÓÀˬd¡C
©Î¬O¨Ï¥Î
pkg_delete
³o¼ËY¤´¦³¬Û¨Ì¸Ó®M¥óªº¸Ü¡A·|¥ýĵ§i¦Ó¤£·|²¾°£¡C°£«D¦³¥t¥~¥[¤F -f °Ñ¼Æ¨Ó±j¨î²¾°£¡C
# pkg_delete -r portupgrade-{version}
¦Ü©ó¤GªÌªº®t§O¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò make deinstall »P pkg_delete ¦³¤°»ò¤£¦P
«·s¦w¸Ëªº«e´£¬O¡G¤§«e¦³¦w¸Ë¹L©Î¥Ø«e¤w¦w¸Ë¡C¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe
# make deinstall clean install
©Î¬O
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe
# make reinstall
¦pªGn±q¥þ³¡ªº ports collection ¤¤§ä´M»PÃöÁä¦r "ldap" ¦³Ãöªº ports¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports
# make search key=ldap
¦pªG¥un±q»P ftp ¬ÛÃöªº ports ¤U§ä´M»PÃöÁä¦r "ldap" ¦³Ãöªº ports¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports/ftp
# make search key=ldap
ÁÙ¦³¥t¤@ӥΪk¡A¤èªk¥u¬O±N key ´«¦¨ name¡C¦pªG¤w¸gª¾¹Dn·j´M ports ªº¦WºÙ¡A©Î¥u·Q§ä¦WºÙ¬ÛÃöªºÃöÁä¦r "ldap"¡A «h¡G
# cd /usr/ports
# make search name=ldap
¦pªG¤w¸g¦w¸Ë®M¥ó¡A¨Æ«á±ý¤É¯Åªº¸Ü¡A¥²¶·¥ý²¾°£Âª©ªº port¡C¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe
# make clean reinstall
°²³]n§äªºÃöÁä¦r¬O joe ªº¸Ü¡G
# pkg_info | grep joe
¦pªG·Q¬d¸ß /usr/local/bin/joe ¬OÄÝ©óþÓ®M¥óªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G
# pkg_info -W /usr/local/bin/joe
¦pªG¨S¦³¦^¶Ç¥ô¦ó¸ê°Tªº¸Ü¡A¥NªíµÛ³oÓÀɮ׬O¥Ñ FreeBSD ¤º«Øªº¡C
¦pªG·Q¬d¸ß¥Ø«e¨t²Î©Ò¦w¸Ëªº joe ¥]§t¤Fþ¨ÇÀɮסA«h¡G
# pkg_info -L /var/db/pkg/joe-{version}
¦³®ÉÔ·|¦]¬°¬Û¨Ì©Ê¡A©Î¬O·sª©¦³°ÝÃD¡A¦Ó·|·Q¸Ëª©¥»ªº®M¥ó¡C ³o¸Ì¤¶²Ðªº¤èªk¬O§Q¥Î CVS ªº¦n³B¡A¦^Âk¨ì¥H«eª©¥»¦s¦bªº¤é¤l¡A¥H¦w¸Ëª©¥»ªº®M¥ó¡C
º¥ý¡AY§ÚÌn¦^´_¨ì¬Y¤@Ó®M¥óªºª©¥»®É¡A»Ýn¥h¬d¸ß FreeBSD ports CVS repository¡C ³Ì±`¨£ªº´N¬O Freshports ºô¯¸¡B FreeBSD ªº Mailing FreeBSD cvs ©Î¬O FreeBSD ports cvsweb¡C
¬d¨ì¸Ó®M¥óª©¥»©Ò¨Ì¦sªº¤é¤l«á¡A´N×§ï CVS tag¡C¤@¯ë¹w³] ports ªº CVS tag ·|¼g¦b /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile ¡A¦pn¦^·¹¨ì 2002/10/05 ¸¹ªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G
# vi /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile
*default date=2002.10.05.00.00.00 #±N date §ï¦¨·í¤é
µM«á«ö·Ó¤@¯ë CVSup ©Î csup ªº®ÉÔ¤@¼Ë¡A°õ¦æ CVSup ©Î csup (make update)¡A¦¹®Éªº ports collections ´N·|¦^¨ì·í®Éªº±¡§Î¡A¨º»ò¸Ó®M¥óªºÂª©¤]·|¥X²{¦b ports collections ¤¤¡A¥un¦w¸Ë§Y¥i¡C
¦pªG¶È¬O·Q¦^·¹¬Y³¡¥÷ªº ports¡A«h¥²¶·¥[¤WÃB¥~ªº¸ê°T¡A¦p¶È§Æ±æ§â lang/perl5.8 ¦^·¹¡A ¦Ó§Ú̱oª¾¦¹ÄÝ©ó lang ¤¤ªº¤@¤ä¡A«h¡G
# vi /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile
#ports-all #±N ports-all ¼Ð¥Ü°_¨Ó
ports-lang #¥[¤J³o¦æ
³Ì«á¡A°õ¦æ CVSup ©Î csup ¡A¨Ã¦w¸Ë§Y¥i¡C¥Ø«eY§Æ±æ³æ¿W¦^·¹³æ¤@ªº port¡A«h¤ñ¸û³Â·Ð¡C
Mk (/usr/ports/Mk) ¬O½sĶ ports ®É©Ò°Ñ¦Òªº³]©w¡A¦³®ÉYµo¥Í ports collections ¤Ó·s¡A¦Ó¾ÉP Mk ªº¤º®e¤£²Å¡A¦¹®É´N¬OÀ³¸Ó§ó·s Mk ªº®ÉÔ¤F¡C
# cd /usr/src
# make update
# cd /usr/src/share/mk
# make install
¦]¬° BSD style ªº sed ¡A¤]´N¬O BSD ¥»¨¦Û¦³ªº sed ¡A»P¤@¨Ç ports ½sĶ´Á¶¡©Ò°õ¦æªº sed ¤£¤@P¡A©Ò¥H·|¾ÉP¤@¨Ç»yªk¿ù»~¡C¦¹®É¥ý¦w¸Ë sed_inplace (textproc/sed_inplace)¡AµM«á¦A¦w¸Ë쥻µLªk¦w¸Ëªº ports¡G
# make -DUSE_REINPLACE install
ports collection ªº§ó·s³t«×«Ü§Ö¡A¦b¨C¦¸§ó·s ports collections «á¡A©¹©¹·|¥X²{¤ñ¥Ø«e²{ ¦b¦w¸Ëªº®M¥óÁÙ·sªºª©¥»¡A¥i¥H¥O¨t²Î¦Û¦æ¾ã²z¨Ã´£¨Ñ¥i¤É¯Å®M¥óªº¦Cªí¡G
# pkg_version -c
©Ò¦³ªº ports collections ¤¤©Ò´£¨Ñªº½sĶ°Ñ¼Æ³£·|¦b¹ïÀ³ªº Makefile Àɮפº¸Ôz¡A ¦p sysutils/portupgrade ªº¸Ü¡A«h¬O¦ì¦b /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade/Makefile ÀɮפU¡C
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade
# make -DNOPORTDOCS install
¨º»ò¦w¸Ë¦¹ ports ®É¡A·|±N NOPORTDOCS ©Ò¹ïÀ³ªº¬ÛÃö°Ñ¼Æ«ü©w¶i¥h¡C
¦³®ÉÔ³]©w¸û¤H©Ê¤Æªº ports ·|¦b¦w¸Ë«e´£¨Ñ°Ñ¼Æ¨Ñ¿ï¾Ü¡A¦ý¬O¨ä¹ê¤j³¡¥÷ªº ports ³£¨S¦³´£ ¨Ñ¡A¦]¦¹¥²¶·¦Û¦æ¥h·j´M¥i½sĶªº°Ñ¼Æ¡A¦b¦¹§Ú´£¨Ñªº¤è¦¡¦p¤U¡G
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade
# grep defined Makefile
¦p¦¹´X¥G¥i¥Hª¾¹D©Ò¦³´£¨Ñªº¥i½sĶ°Ñ¼Æ¡AÁöµM¦³®É·|¦h¥X¨ä¥¦ªº¸ê®Æ¡A¤£·|³oÓ½T¹ê¬O¤@Ó¤£ ¿ù¥i°Ñ¦Òªº¤è¦¡¡C
¦b «e±©Òz ªº¤èªk¡A¬O ports collections ¦³´£¨Ñªº«e´£¤§¤U¡A¦³®ÉԨ䣬O©Ò¦³¸Ó³nÅé©Ò¤ä´©ªº°Ñ¼Æ³£·|¦¬¯Ç¦b ports collections ¤¤¡A¦]¦¹¦³®ÉÔ·|»Ýn¤â°Ê¥[¤J½sĶªº°Ñ¼Æ¡C
¦p ftp/pure-ftpd ¤¤¡A¦pªG¤£·Q§â inetd ªº¤ä´©½s¤Jªº¿ï¶µ¡A¨Ã¨S¦³³Q ports collections ©Ò¯Ç¤J¡A¦]¦¹¥²¶·¤â°Ê¥[¤W³oÓ½sĶ°Ñ¼Æ¡A¦p¤U¡G
# cd /usr/ports/ftp/pure-ftpd
# make CONFIGURE_ARGS+="--without-inetd" install
¹w³] ports collecions ¤w¦w±Æ¦w¸Ëªº¸ô®| (/usr/local/)¡A¦pªG¤£·Q±N®M¥ó¦w¸Ë¦b¹w³]¸ô®|ªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H¤â°Ê«ü©w¦w¸Ë¸ô®|¡C¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports/editors/joe
# make PREFIX=/usr install
¨º»ò joe ´N·|±NÀÉ®×¹ïÀ³¦b /usr ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¹w³]ªº /usr/local ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C
½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Ohaha ªº FAQ¡C
½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Ohaha ªº FAQ¡C
¥Ø«e FreeBSD ªº packages ¬O¥Ñ .tgz ©Ò¥´¥]¡C¦pªG·Q¦w¸Ë¤@Ó packages ¡A¥i¨Ï¥Î pkg_add¡A¦p¦w¸Ë¤@Ó joe ªº tgz¡G
# pkg_add joe-{version}.tgz
¥Ñ©ó¦³¨Ç packages ·|¦³»P¨ä¥L packages ¬Û¨Ì©ÊªºÃö«Y¡A©Ò¥H¥²¶·¥ý¦æ¦w¸Ë¨º¨Ç packages ¤~ ¯à¥¿±`¦w¸Ë¡C
¦pªG¶·n±j¨î¦w¸Ë packages ¡A¥i¥H¤£¶·¦w¸Ë¨º¨Ç¦³¬Û¨Ì©Ê packages ¡A¦ýnª`·Nªº¬O±j¨î¦w¸Ë ªºµ²ªG¥i¯à·|¾ÉP°õ¦æ©Î¹B§@ªº¤£¥¿±`¡C±j¨î¦w¸Ë packages ªº«ü¥O¦p¤U¡A¦p±j¨î¦w¸Ë¤@Ó joe ªº tgz¡G
# pkg_add -f joe-{version}.tgz
¥Ñ©ó¦³¨Ç packages ·|¦³»P¨ä¥L packages ¬Û¨Ì©ÊªºÃö«Y¡A©Ò¥H¥²¶·¥ý¦æ¦w¸Ë¨º¨Ç packages ¤~ ¯à¥¿±`¦w¸Ë¡C
¬d¸ß packages »P¨ä¥L packages ¤§¶¡ªº¬Û¨Ì©Êªº«ü¥O¦p¤U¡A¦p¬d¸ß»P portupgrade ¬Û¨Ìªº¨ä¥L packages¡G
# pkg_info -r portupgrade-{version}.tgz
¦³¨âºØ³]©w¤è¦¡¡Aº¥ý¬O PACKAGEROOT¡A¦p¡G
# setenv PACKAGEROOT ftp://ftp.tw.freebsd.org
¥t¤@ºØ¤è¦¡¬O³]©w PACKAGESITE¡A¦n³B¬OY¸Ó¯¸¥xªº packages ÜÀx¨Ã¤£¬O²Å¦X©x¤èªº³]©w©Î§A ·Q¦Û¤v«ü©w¤@Ó¸ô®|¡C
¥H ftp.tw.freebsd.org i386 ªº current pakcages ¬°¨Ò¡G
# setenv PACKAGESITE ftp://ftp.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-current/Latest/
¨âºØ¤è¦¡¿ï¾Ü¨ä¤¤¤@ºØ¬Ò¥i¡A±µ¤U¨Óªº¨BÆJ³£¤@¼Ë¡C
©¹«án¦w¸Ë packages ªº®ÉÔ¡A¦p portupgrade ªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G
# pkg_add -r portupgrade
«h¨t²Î·|¦Û°Ê©ó ftp.tw.freebsd.org §ì¨ú©Ò¦³»P portupgrade ¬Û¨Ìªº packages ¨Ã¦w¸Ë¡C
4.x ªº INDEX ¦ì©ó /usr/ports/INDEX¡A5.x ¦ì©ó /usr/ports/INDEX-5¡A¥H¦¹Ãþ±À¡C
INDEX ¬O¹ï·Ó ports ©Ò¦³¬Û¨Ìµ¥¸ê°Tªº¹ï·Óªí¡AYªø´Á¥¼§ó·sªº¸Ü¡A·|¾ÉP ports ¹ï·Ó¥¢±Ñ¡C ©x¤è¦³©w´Á§ó·s INDEX¡A¦pªG·Q¦Û¦æ§ó·sªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports
# make index
¦pªG·Qª½±µ¤U¸ü©x¤è³Ì·sªº INDEX¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports
# make fetchindex
FreeBSD ´£¨Ñ¤F¥Îºô¶ªº¤è¦¡¨ÓÆ[¬Ý ports collection¡A§Y¥i¨Ï¥Î lynx, w3m, links ©Î¨ä¥¦¥iÂsÄýºô¶ªºµ{¦¡¨Ó¬d¾\¡C»s§@¥þ³¡ ports collection ªº¤è¦¡¦p¤U¡G
# cd /usr/ports
# make readmes
¦pªG¬O¶È¶·n°µ¥Ø«e¥Ø¿ý¤Uªº¸ê°T¡A©Î³æ¤@§ó·s¬Y¤@¤ÀÃþ¤Uªº¸ê°T¡A¦p /usr/ports/ftp ªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G
# cd /usr/ports/ftp
# make readme
«h¶È·|§ó·s /usr/ports/ftp ³oӥؿýªº¸ê°T¡A¨ä¤W»P¨ä¤Uªº¥Ø¿ý¬Ò¤£·|§ó°Ê¨ì¡C°õ¦æ¦¨¥\«á¡A·|¦b¬Û¹ïÀ³ªº¥Ø¿ý¤U²£¥Í README.html ªºÀɮסC
Y ports ©³¤Uªº¬Y¨Ç¤ÀÃþ§¹¥þ¥Î¤£¨ì¡A«h¥i¥H¦b ports update ®É¡A¤£°µ§ó·s¡A¥H¸`¬Ùºô¸ôÀW¼e»P®É¶¡¡C¥un×§ï /usr/sup/refuse ³oÓÀÉ¡C
# ports/french
# ports/german
# ports/lang/perl5.8
«h¤W¦C¥Ø¿ý±N¤£·|§ó·s¡C
²³æ¨Ó»¡¡Amake deinstall ·|²¾°£¸Ó port¡A¨Ã¥B¤£·|°Ñ·Ó¨ä¬Û¨Ìªº¬ÛÃö®M¥ó¡C
pkg_delete ¦b²¾°£¸Ó port «e¡A·|°Ñ·Ó¨ä¬Û¨Ìªº¬ÛÃö®M¥ó¡A¨Ã¥B pkg_delete ¦³¤ä´© wild card ¡A¦pn²¾°£©Ò¦³ p ¶}ÀYªº ports¡A«h¡G
# cd /var/db/pkg
# pkg_delete p*
nª`·Nªº¬O¡A¦pªG¨Ï¥Î make deinstall¡A«h³Ì¦n½T©w¨t²Î¥Ø«e©Ò¦w¸Ëªºª©¥»¡A»P ports collection ¤¤Åã¥Üªºª©¥»²Å¦X¡A§_«h¦³¥i¯à·|¥X²{«D¹w´Á©Ê¿ù»~¡F¦Ó pkg_delete ¬O¦]¬°ª½±µ §R°£¨t²Î¤¤©Ò¦w¸Ëªºª©¥»¡A©Ò¥H¨S¦³¦¹°ÝÃD¡C
¦]¦¹¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A·í¨t²Î©Ò¦w¸Ëªºª©¥»²Å¦X ports collections ¤¤ªºª©¥»¡A«h¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î make deinstall ©Î pkg_delete¡A§_«hªº¸Ü³Ì¦n¥Î pkg_delete¡C
FreeBSD Unleashed, Michael Urban and Brian Tiemann, Sams, 1st edition, 992 pages, October 2001, ISBN 0-67232-206-4.
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[1] |
¤@«Ê¨Ó¦Û Keith Frechette ªº e-mail |
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