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Title: A Ride on Horseback to Florence Through France and Switzerland. Vol. 1 of 2
       Described in a Series of Letters by a Lady

Author: Augusta Macgregor Holmes

Release Date: August 25, 2014 [EBook #46685]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

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                                   A

                           RIDE ON HORSEBACK

                                   TO

                                FLORENCE

                                THROUGH

                        FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND.

                    DESCRIBED IN A SERIES OF LETTERS

                                   BY

                                A LADY.

  "I will not change my horse for any that treads but on four pasterns:
he trots the air; the earth sings when he touches it; the basest horn
of his hoof is more musical than the pipe of Hermes; he is the prince
of palfreys; his neigh is like the bidding of a monarch, and his
countenance enforces homage: nay, the man hath no wit that cannot from
the rising of the lark to the lodging of the lamb vary deserved praise
on my palfrey."--SHAKSPEARE, _King Henry the Fifth_.

                           _IN TWO VOLUMES._
                                VOL. I.

                                LONDON:
                     JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
                                 1842.


                                LONDON:
                  Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES and SONS,
                            Stamford Street.

                    A ride on horseback to Florence


                                CONTENTS
                               OF VOL. I.


                  *       *       *       *       *

                               CHAPTER I.

                                                                  Page 1

LANDING at Calais--Meeting of a Custom-House Officer with
  Fanny--Historical remains--John's mode of Confession--The Hero malgré
  lui--The Courtgain--St. Omer's--The Abbey of St. Bertin and the
  Cathedral--St. Denis and the miraculous St. Hubert--The strength of
  the short Pepin--Lillers, and John's precautions--St. Pol--Doullens,
  the Citadel and the Corporal--The possession of Doullens by the
  Huguenots--The taking of Amiens caused by love for a fair
  Widow--Hernand Teillo's stratagem--His success chiefly owing to a
  body of Irishmen--Henry the Fourth's emotion and resolve--Death of
  Hernand Teillo--Amiens--The Sunstroke--The warlike show--A religious
  Picture strangely imagined--The Beffroi and its tragedy--The
  Cathedral and its Tombs--The travelling Crucifix--The Bishop who
  sheltered Philip of Valois after the battle of Crecy--The Pavement
  marked in fatal memorial--The Grave of Hernand Teillo--Characters and
  portraits of the Canons--The contrite Ass and presentation of an
  infant, Breteuil


                              CHAPTER II.

                                                                      34

Clermont--Château now a penitentiary--A Stronghold of the English in
  Charles the Sixth's time--Creil, where Peter the Hermit preached
  the first Crusade--Charles the Sixth's place of confinement during
  his Madness--Chantilly--Écouen--Henry last Duke of
  Montmorency--Presentiment of his Father--At eighteen created Lord
  High Admiral--His early love in Languedoc--His prudential Marriage
  at the Louvre--His Successes at Rochelle--Coldness of Louis the
  Thirteenth, and jealousy of Richelieu--His gallantry at
  Veillane--Restoration of Prisoners--Humanity during the plague at
  Rivoli--His anxiety to become High Constable of France--Richelieu's
  injustice--His retirement to Languedoc--Privileges of
  Languedoc--Prince Gaston's efforts to win over Montmorency--The
  Duke's arrest by Richelieu's orders, rendered impossible through
  the people's affection--Renewed efforts of Gaston--Persuasions of
  the Duchess--Montmorency's reluctant consent--Gaston's indecision
  and high words with the Duke--Battle of Castelnaudary--His
  emulation with the Comte de Moret to strike the first blow--The
  ditch leaped alone as at Veillane--The troops held back by Gaston
  in sight of his peril--Montmorency overpowered--Dragged from under
  his dead horse and carried before Schomberg--The female portrait on
  his arm discovered by a spy, and notice of his wearing it sent to
  incense the King by the Cardinal--The cries of the people beneath
  the Palace windows--His farewell to his wife, and legacy to
  Richelieu--The emotion of his Judges--His condemnation--Religious
  feeling of his last hours--His farewell to the statue of his
  Godfather--His calm death, and blood sought for as that of a
  martyr--His burial among the bones of the Sainted--The imprisonment
  of his widow--Her sad life--Her taking the veil--Louis the
  Thirteenth's visit to her mourning cell and her reply to the
  Cardinal's messengers--The King's remorse--The apparition in the
  Hall of Écouen--St. Denis--Foundation of the Cathedral by Dagobert,
  St. Denis having appeared to him in a dream--Miraculous
  consecration of the church and the leper's new skin--Tombs--The
  column to the memory of Francis, erected by Mary of
  Scotland--Breaking open of the monuments in 1793--Turenne in a
  glass case--A lock of Henry the Fourth's beard making a soldier's
  moustache--Plunder of a nose by an Englishman--The Caveau of the
  last Condé--Devotion of a Russian General to Henry the Fourth's
  memory--The Cathedral preserved during the Revolution by being
  converted into a Market-house--Paris


                              CHAPTER III.

                                                                      70

Departure under an unlucky star--Essonne--Petit Bourg--The Czar
  Peter--Fontainebleau--Palace--Apartments of the Emperor Charles the
  Fifth--Chamber where Pius the Seventh said mass daily--Chapel founded
  in the seventh century--Cypher of the Saviour and Virgin placed
  beside those of Henry the Second and Diana of Poitiers--Princess Mary
  of Orleans--Napoleon's apartments--Marie Antoinette's
  boudoir--Carving by Louis the Sixteenth's hand--Monaldeschi,
  favourite of Queen Christina--Gallery where he was murdered--Account
  of his murder by the Monk who confessed him, of his burial at dusk in
  the church of Avon--Window thrown open by Henry the Fourth, to
  announce Louis the Thirteenth's birth--Gallery of Henry the Second,
  called Galerie des Réformés--Petition in which they took the name
  presented here by Coligny--Open chamber above the Donjon--Arch where
  Louis the Thirteenth was publicly baptized--Biron's tower--His
  treason--His denial--His last interview with Henry the
  Fourth--Napoleon--The Forest--The Comte de Moret, last inhabitant of
  the Hermitage of Franchard--Fanny's sagacity--Croix du Grand
  Veneur--The spectre hunt--Apparition and warning to Henry the Fourth,
  corroborated by Sully--Avon--Monaldeschi, Christina's fickle
  lover--The old church--The fat porter--The grave beneath the
  Bénitier--The Englishmen's sacrilege--Monaldeschi their
  relative--Precautions against travellers


                              CHAPTER IV.

                                                                      97

Moret--The Nunnery--Louis the Fourteenth's black daughter--Two useful
  Saints--Villeneuve la Guyard---Descriptions deceitful--Strange cure
  for blood to the head--A River-god on terra-firma--Sens--St. Colombe,
  Thomas à Becket's refuge--Villeneuve le Roy--Place where the Vine was
  first cultivated--Auxerre--The Chapter's hundred years' Law-suit
  concerning fur trimmings--The Canons' games at ball--The Cathedral
  occupying the site of the first Christian Chapel--St. Germain--The
  Saint's refusal to get out of his Grave to reform England--Tombs of
  Dukes of Burgundy--Ill-treatment in a Church from a School at its
  devotions--Lucy le Bois--The Face in a Hole in the Wall--Taken for a
  beast--Arnay le Duc--La Rochepot--A danger avoided through Grizzle's
  affection--An unamiable Carter--Chalons, Cæsar's head-quarters--Cross
  seen by Constantine--Punishment of past times for unskilful
  Physicians--A Prince of Portugal, Monk at St. Laurents--Cathedral


                               CHAPTER V.

                                                                     120

Tournus--Greuze's grave--Mâcon--The walking Wedding--Retirement of
  a Count of Mâcon, with thirty Knights, to the Abbey of
  Cluny--Dealings of his Successor with evil spirits--His exit from
  Earth in the Car of a black Visitor--His son turning Monk through
  fear--The County sold by his Daughter Alice to France--Bloodless
  occupation of Mâcon by the Huguenots--Mâcon retaken through
  bribery by the Marshal of Tavannes--Madame de Tavannes' mode of
  increasing her Revenues--Sauteries de Mâcon--Farce of St.
  Poinct--Assassination of Huguenot Prisoners--Sang froid of
  Catholic Dames--A Russian noble--Villefranche--Privilege granted
  to its married men--Descent into Lyons--Monastère des deux Amans,
  supposed Herod and Herodias--Fortress of Pierre Encise--The
  Prison of Cinq Mars--Fort commanding the Croix Rousse--Homage
  paid to the wooden Statue of 1550--Hôtel de l'Europe--View of
  Fourvières--Its Church escaping violation throughout the
  Revolution--The Antiquaille on the site of the Palace where
  Germanicus was born--Traces of fire in Nero's time--Recollections
  of Princess Mary of Württemberg--Her love of Art to the
  last--Nourrit's Funeral--A Racer's determination to trot--Going
  to races--Mistaken for a Candidate--Perrache--Horses, riders, and
  accoutrements--Triumph of the King's Fête--A Boat upset--The
  Tower of the fair German--Croix Rousse--Wretchedness of the
  Operatives--Causes of Insurrection in 1831--The most ancient
  Monastery in Gaul--Church of Aisnay


                              CHAPTER VI.

                                                                     152

Heights of Fourvières--Difficult descent--Trade in relics--Our Lady
  of Fourvières--Saving Lyons from Cholera--Lunatic
  patients--Dungeon where the first Christian Bishop was
  murdered--Roman Ruins--The Christians' early place of
  assembly--St. Irénée--A coffin--Subterranean chapels--Bones of
  the Nine Thousand--The Headsman's block, and the murmur from the
  well--Bleeding to death--Marguerite Labarge--Her abode for nine
  years--Her return to upper air cause of her death--Her family
  rich residents in Lyons--Mode of saving the soul--Body dispensed
  with--The Pope's Bull good for ever--A friend's arrival--Jardin
  des Plantes--Riots of November, 1831--The Préfet's mistake--Capt.
  de ----.--Defence of the Arsenal with unloaded cannon--The
  murdered Chef de Bataillon--His assassin's death--The grief of
  his opponents--Their usual cruelty and their wild justice--Their
  eight days' occupation of Lyons--Capt. de ----'s defence of
  Arsenal--Bearer of proclamation--Danger--Saved by a former
  comrade--Interview--Threats--Empty cannon effective--Invitation
  to dinner--Retreat--The Hôtel de l'Europe closed against its
  master by a National Guard--Three hundred killed in St.
  Nizier--The Cathedral--Second Council General--Jaw of St.
  John--The ivory horn of Roland--Privilege of the Seigneur of Mont
  d'Or--The first Villeroy Archbishop--Refusal to accept him by the
  Counts of Lyons--His text and the Dean's reply--Lyons refuge for
  the Pazzi--Their monument destroyed in anger by Marie de
  Médicis--The last Prince of Dauphiné becoming prior of the
  Jacobin Convention, Paris--Procession in St. Nizier--Chapel of
  Ste. Philomène--Place des Terreaux


                              CHAPTER VII.

                                                                     184

Place Bellecour--Louise Labé--Clémence de Bourges--Her desertion
  by her lover--His death--Her own--Rue de la Belle
  Cordière--Abd-el-Kader--The fat Cantinière captive--Presented
  to the Emperor of Morocco--The Emperor's love--Her
  obstinacy--Application made to the Consul--Her oaths and
  blows--Her return--The Savoyard Regiment's fidelity--Marquis of
  ---- and dogs--Cat massacre--Indignant landlady--Pont de la
  Guillotière--Bridge at the same spot broken beneath Philip
  Augustus and Richard Coeur de Lion--Leaving Lyons--Mont
  Blanc--La Verpelière--Its accommodation--La Tour du Pin--A
  lovely Country--An auberge--Destructive storms--Pont du
  Beauvoisin--Curious landlady--Leeches en poste--A smiling
  country--A wild pass--La Chartreuse--Valley des
  Échelles--Grotto--Cascade of Cours--Chambéry


                             CHAPTER VIII.

                                                                     209

Chambéry--The Cathedral--The Château--The Chapel--The holy shroud
  distilling blood--Mules' refusal to carry the relic away--Respected
  by the flames--St. Charles of Borromeo's pilgrimage to its shrine at
  Turin--Its authenticity denied by Calvin--Drawing made of the Saint
  Suaire by desire of Philip the Fifth of Spain--Artist on his
  knees--Savoy--Peter of Savoy favourite of Henry the Third of
  England--Savoy Palace, his residence--The Green Count Amedée--His
  tournament--The Emperor Charles the Fourth's passage--Homage done to
  the Emperor--The Banquet served by Horsemen--The Carmelites'
  whitewash--The Crusade--The Green Count's embarkation--The Red Count
  Amedée--His Death-wound in the forest of Lornes--Poison--Physician
  beheaded--Duel between Estavayer and Grandson--Its real cause--Place
  of combat--Bourg en Bresse--Otho conquered--His tomb at
  Lausanne--Duke Amedée's retreat to Ripaille--His authority delegated
  to his Son--Six Knights his Companions in the Monastery--Astrologers'
  prediction--Author of Peace of Arras--Elected Pope--His renouncement
  of the Tiara--His return to Ripaille, and death--His tower and those
  of four of his knights still standing--Fête Dieu--The priest
  commander of the forces--Les Charmettes--The young Abbé--The old
  Governor--Censure--Severe laws for small
  offences--Rejoicings--Montmeillan--Abymes de Myans--The Black
  Virgin's power--Chignin--Iron collars--Fortress of Montmeillan--Its
  resistance--Sully's stratagem--Proof of the King's
  Catholicity--Treason of the Governor--Christina of Savoy's confessor
  a captive--His vain intrigues against Richelieu--Richelieu's anger
  chiefly excited by a satire written by Père Monod--Monod's
  death--Bourget--Amedée the Fifth--Hautecombe--Sepulchre of Counts of
  Savoy--Tomb of Amedée, who defied to single combat three English
  Earls--Abbey changed to a manufactory--Spectres of the sovereigns of
  Savoy--Its restoration


                              CHAPTER IX.

                                                                     245

Well merited attentions to St. Anthony--The young Countess de
  S----.--Leeches paying postilions better than the English--General
  de Boigne--Lemenc and its antiquities--Droit de dépouille of the
  Bénédictines--Their agreement with the nobles of Chambéry--Ancient
  vaults beneath the church--Colossal statues feared by the good
  people of Chambéry--Tomb of an Irish Primate--Calvary--Monument of
  General de Boigne--His low birth--His struggles--His success in
  India--The death of his benefactor Sindiah--His gratitude shown
  towards his heir--The story of his betrayal of Tippoo Saib
  unfounded--His arrival in England--His marriage with the Marquis of
  Osmond's daughter an unhappy one--His return to Chambéry--His
  benefactions--Created Count--His death--Aix--Its antiquities--Tower
  and Cascade of Grésy--The friend of Queen Hortense--Her fate--Her
  monument--Rumilly--Its convent--Siege by Louis the Thirteenth--The
  courage of a nun--The three privileged houses and discipline of a
  French soldiery--Frangy, an impertinent innkeeper--Fanny's
  wisdom--L'Éluiset--A sweet evening--A bad night--A welcome
  dawning--Geneva--The fusillades of 94--The Secheron


                               CHAPTER X.

                                                                     272

Early history of Geneva--Constitution--Duke Amedée the Eighth--Attempt
  to become master of Geneva--The Bishop inclined to cede his
  rights--The opposition of the citizens--Charles the
  Third--Berthelier--Alliance with Fribourg--His courage--Geneva
  taken--His refusal to fly--His arrest--A tooth-drawer named his
  judge--His execution--The news of his death causing the impression he
  had hoped for--Treaty--The Mamelukes--The Confrères de la
  Cuiller--Advance of Berne and Fribourg--Charles the Third's forced
  concessions--Want of generosity in the Bernese--Noble conduct of
  Geneva--Protestant religion gaining strength--Bonnivard--Seized on
  the Jura--Cast into the dungeons of Chillon--Disputes in Geneva--The
  Grand Council decides that mass be abolished--Francis the
  First--Berne declares war against Savoy--Her alliance with
  Francis--The Duke of Savoy's losses--Berne's renewed
  misconduct--Proud reply of the Genevese--Bonnivard
  delivered--Calvin--His early life--His flight from Paris--His
  reception by Marguerite of Navarre--Persecution of Francis--Calvin's
  reception by Louis the Twelfth's Daughter--Geneva--His over
  severity--His expulsion--His return--His iron rule--Michael
  Servet--His irritating conduct towards Calvin--Calvin's vow to be
  revenged--Servet's arrest--His escape--Tracked by Calvin--Taken
  prisoner on his passage through Geneva--He is accused--Calvin's
  valet--Burned at the stake outside the walls of Geneva


                              CHAPTER XI.

                                                                     296

A vain Stork--A German coachmaker--Coppet--Ferney--Voltaire's
  Church--His habitation--Crockery Cenotaph--Shoe-blacking in his
  study--The old Gardener--The morning rehearsals in tragic
  costume--The story of Gibbon--Voltaire catching his pet
  mare--Gibbon's opinion of Voltaire's beauty--Their
  reconciliation--The tree which shaded Franklin--The increase of his
  village--The marble pyramid broken--The gardener's petites antiquités
  and cross wife--Voltaire's opinions of his correspondents--His
  remains the property of a maimed Englishman--Denial to a visitor--His
  heart in the larder--Genevese pride--Swiss troops--Swiss
  penitentiaries--Genevese smuggling--The Directeur Général des
  Douaness an unwilling accomplice--D'Aubigné interred in the
  cathedral--The Cardinal de Brogny--A swineherd--Shoes bestowed in
  charity--The boy become a cardinal--The poor shoemaker rewarded--His
  compassion for John Huss--Courageous death of the latter--De Brogny's
  charity--A modest genius and tolerant cardinal


                              CHAPTER XII.

                                                                     321

Arrival of friends--Excursion to Chamouny--The Voiron mountain--Its
  monastery--The Babes in the wood--Old castle of Faucigny--Its last
  possessor--Her rights over Dauphiny bequeathed to Savoy--Long war
  with France--Bonneville--Cluses--Wretched inhabitants--The baronial
  capital in the time of the old lords--Cavern of La Balme--The village
  of Arache, and Falquet--The Nant d'Arpenas--Sallenches--Mont
  Blanc--The lake of Chède filled up--Pont Pelissier--Les Motets--The
  Glacier des Bossons--Evening--A tranquil night--Morning cavalcade--My
  guide--The Montanvert--Fontaine du Caillet--Source of the
  Aveiron--The avalanche--Mer de Glace--Passage of cattle--Priory of
  Chamouny founded in eleventh century--The Grands Mulets on Mont
  Blanc--Character of the inhabitants of Chamouny--Return--Versoix
  destined by Louis the Fourteenth for Geneva's rival--Coppet--The
  monument--Old castle of Wufflens--Bertha--Morges--Lausanne--Cathedral
  containing tomb of Duke Amedée and Bernard de Menthon--The
  Faucon--The fat innkeeper abandoned--Vevay--Trois Couronnes




                               CHAPTER I.


Landing at Calais--Meeting of a Custom-House Officer with
  Fanny--Historical remains--John's mode of Confession--The Hero malgré
  lui--The Courtgain--St. Omer's--The Abbey of St. Bertin and the
  Cathedral--St. Denis and the miraculous St. Hubert--The Strength of
  the short Pepin--Lillers, and John's precautions--St. Pol--Doullens,
  the Citadel and the Corporal--The possession of Doullens by the
  Huguenots--The taking of Amiens caused by love for a fair
  Widow--Hernand Teillo's stratagem--His success chiefly owing to a
  body of Irishmen--Henry the Fourth's emotion and resolve--Death of
  Hernand Teillo--Amiens--The Sunstroke--The warlike show--A religious
  Picture strangely imagined--The Beffroi and its tragedy--The
  Cathedral and its Tombs--The travelling Crucifix--The Bishop who
  sheltered Philip of Valois after the battle of Crecy--The Pavement
  marked in fatal memorial--The Grave of Hernand Teillo--Characters and
  Portraits of the Canons--The contrite Ass and presentation of an
  infant, Breteuil.

                                       Wednesday, July the 5th 1838.

                                           Hotel de Meurice, à Calais.

MY DEAR WILLIAM,

When we called on you a few weeks since, on our ride from Liverpool to
Dover, you desired a journal of that which was to follow across France
and to Florence. We embarked, then, at seven in the morning of the 4th
of July, with no wind, but a heavy swell and drizzling rain: D---- and
myself, Fanny and the patient Grizzel in their horse boxes, with John
(from Cork!) beside them, combing tails and rubbing curb-chains--his
resource against ennui. Landed at ten: Fanny profiting by her first
free moment to bite a douanier who caressed her; and from his calling
obtained no more pity from the bystanders than from John, who was
grinning derision at his "big ear-ring." Worried by the Customhouse,
though we have nothing contraband. The signalement of the horses taken
with care and gravity: it would suit any grey mare and bay pony in the
world. The officers do not quite understand the shining of their coats,
and (supposing them cleaned after the fashion of spoons) asked John
"with what powder?" he has been rather awed by the ceremony of
receiving his passport, particularly when standing up to be measured
and described. We remain here three days, as the inn is exceedingly
comfortable, but there is very little to see; on the Grande Place, near
the lighthouse tower, stood, even in 1830, the ruins of the old Halle,
where John de Vienne the governor, and Sire Walter de Mauny
communicated the hard terms of surrender to Eustache St. Pierre: there
is no trace of it now. The site of St. Pierre's house is marked by a
neat marble slab, at the corner of the street which bears his name. The
building still called "Cour de Guise," though it has been turned to
various purposes, rebuilt and altered, was the wool staple originally
built by Edward the Third of England; and afterwards bestowed on Guise
the Balafré, in reward of his services when he retook Calais from the
English in 1577. The church has little worth notice excepting its
altar. The vessel, which in Louis the Thirteenth's time bore it from
Genoa, on its way to Antwerp, was wrecked on the Calais coast. With its
bassi-relievi and crowd of statues and marble columns, it wants
simplicity, and is too large for the place it occupies; for the roof
appears to crush the glory of the Saviour. The old Suisse who shows the
church is most proud of a Last Supper carved in relief, gilded and
coloured: he knocks on the head the little figure of Christ to prove
his assertion, "Monsieur c'est en bois!"

In the old revolution this church was unprofaned: a Club built before
it masked its entrance; and the then mayor of Calais warned Lebon that
he might enter if he would, but that he could not answer for the temper
of his townsmen.

The chief building in Calais is the Hôtel de Ville with its handsome
tower, and a clock which has a sweet clear chime; before it, each on
its pedestal, are the busts of Richelieu and Guise le Balafré: that of
Eustache St. Pierre holds the place of honour on the façade. To reward
for the trouble of walking up stairs, the old woman only exhibited two
rooms, "là où l'on marie" and "là où l'on reçoit," she called them: in
the latter, Louis Philip, whom the artist intended to smile, and who
sneers instead, occupies the wall opposite a Surrender of Calais. The
citadel is forbidden ground; we were turned back by the sentinel, as we
were proceeding to search for the ruins of the Chateau of Calais, in
which, by Richard the Second's order, the Duke of Gloucester was
imprisoned and murdered; they are built into a bastion, called that of
the "Vieux Chateau."

John has decided that eating a dinner in France is the most wonderful
thing which has happened to him yet. He describes the spreading a white
cloth over his knees preparatory to serving up soup, fish, made dishes
and dessert; he has made acquaintance with the "Garçon d'Ecurie," whose
thin tall figure is a contrast to his own, with its round head and
bowed legs. They keep up a conversation of signs and contortions; this
hot day they have passed seated in a wheelbarrow on the sunny side of
the court-yard: it was first Pierre's place of repose, but beginning by
sitting on the wheel, and encroaching by degrees, John made it so
uncomfortable to his comrade, that he gained sole possession, and is
now coiled up asleep. He told me this morning that he must go to
church, the Irish father by whom he was married a month ago not having
"quite done with him in the way of confession:" I represented that
these priests were Frenchmen; that he said was of no consequence,
"Clargy spaking all kinds of languages." He knew but one exception, and
that was the very father who married him and could not speak Irish; it
was he who (by John's account) gave him a blow when instead of the
fifteen shillings he demanded he offered him five.

The stout waiter François, known for four and twenty years at the
hotel, is as perfect a specimen of French nature in his class, as is
John of that of Ireland. He informed me he had lately crossed to
England; an ordinary intellect would have supposed it was to see the
country, or the coronation, but no, it was to see Lablache! and being
in London he also saw Taglioni!! and her dancing, he said, went to his
very soul. While we were at dinner, a fair girl, with a wrinkled old
woman on her arm, looked in at the window and touched a bad guitar: I
said we wanted no music, and François scolded her away, but as he
stooped down to arrange the fire, muttered in a low voice, "It was true
that she was troublesome, and had only one excuse, she supported her
old mother." We gave her something, and François, whose face had grown
radiant, told us his own story, and how he had worked from a boy with
the hope of assisting his father, and at last had purchased him an
annuity of 600 francs, which the old man had enjoyed thirteen years,
proud in the gift of a son, who, like Corporal Trim, thought that
"Honour thy father and thy mother" meant allowing them a part of his
earnings. "He had been looked on as the best son of the province;" and
his own child had promised well likewise but he died--he thought he
might have weathered the storm, but death, François said, was the
strongest and not to be battled with; and with a mixture of feeling and
philosophy, as he changed my soup-plate, he shook his head and added,
"que voulez-vous?"

D---- misses a Commissionaire, a civil fellow well known to all who
frequented the Hotel Meurice, his story being romantic from its
commencement; he has become a hero malgré lui; he was brought from
Portugal when a child by an officer of the 11th Regiment, and left here
when the army of occupation quitted France. He travelled to Paris in
the July of 1830 and was there surprised by the revolution. Being of a
peaceable temper he hid himself within doors; through some unlucky
window a ball came and grazed his arm, and, determined to profit by
events if possible, as soon as danger was passed he emerged, showing
his wounds and claiming cross and pension; he has obtained both as due
to his merit, and is now a "gros portier dans un hôtel de libéral." We
walked this lovely evening past the Courtgain to the Pier. The
Courtgain is the fishermen's quarter, being nothing more than a large
bastion ceded them, with permission to build, in 1622; it contains
seven very narrow streets. We watched the fishing-boats towed out
against wind and tide by their owners' wives and daughters; the men
look picturesque in their red caps and high boots, and they crawl
through the mud and up the sides of their craft, with two oars serving
for ladder, with the dexterity of cats. It blew fresh this evening; the
boats were out at sea a few moments after the women let go the ropes at
the pier head. They did not murmur at their hard work, nor did sign or
token offer them thanks for it. The skiffs sailed on and they just
glanced at them as they lessened in the distance, and returned dragging
along and scolding disobedient children; yet the sky was wild though
the sun shone; sufficiently stormy to make one wonder they looked no
longer.

                             St. Omer, July 8th, Grande St. Catherine.

One may certainly ride from Calais hither, and say "it is all barren."
The soil seems a deep sand, and we wondered that it could produce even
thin wheat and dry grass; crossed the "Pont Sans pareil," which is
thrown over the two canals, where they meet at right angles. Twenty-six
miles of broad straight road, only enlivened by a few pollarded trees,
a great many windmills, some melancholy red chateaux with great gates
and long avenues, and here and there villages of wretched cabins each
in its unwholesome enclosure; the green pond in front and the tall
trees around it: the group surmounted by a spire. Such as they are,
they give the dead flat a look of the living: but they are scantily
scattered. Left Ardres to the right: it has been a strong place, and is
going to decay. Guines is farther on, and the field of "Cloth of Gold,"
which still bears its name, lies between them, but not on the road: but
for D----'s recollection of 1815, and some interest in tracing his old
quarters, it would have been duller still.

Approached St. Omer at last: rode between rows of stripped elms with
deplorable heads; through a long suburb; along a fine avenue skirting
the fortifications, over bridges and drawbridges unending, and we were
in the town. This is a good inn. We walked after dinner to see the
Abbey of St. Bertin; our guide the "grosse fille d'auberge." Its
interior was burned in the old revolution, and the "Conseil Municipal,"
judging the safety of the townsmen endangered, has caused all to be
taken down, saving a side wall and its beautiful tower. English
visitors still ascend the latter for the sake of the view, but it must
be a work of danger; it is cracked to the very top, and bends awfully.
Over its porch was a fresco painting, whose outline and some faded
colours remain, and above it, sown there by some of the winds of
heaven, grows and flourishes a young pear tree.

We seated ourselves on some timber to look at the sunset and the
falling abbey, and the fille d'auberge sat down also. She said all the
small houses round were inhabited by English, who admire ruins
"furieusement." When she was tired of talking she remembered she was
wanted and left us. We returned ourselves through handsome desolate
streets, passing some hotels of Louis the Thirteenth's time, and many
Spanish houses, of I presume Queen Elizabeth's date, for they exhibit
the gable peaked or in-steps of stone, but have an ugly addition of
shell-like ornaments over doors and windows. The Place du Haut Pont,
which we crossed, is surrounded by these. The Place itself, with its
crooked canal crossed by a wooden bridge and disappearing under a dark
arch of some ancient building--the boats lying on the water ready to
depart for Dunkirk--a group of people collected on its edge round a
street singer--looked in the red indistinct light like a Dutch picture
or a fragment of opera scenery.

                                                             July 9th.

The cathedral is very fine, and we regretted that an exceedingly gruff
Suisse would not allow us to stay more than five minutes in the lovely
Gothic chapel behind the altar, which would be faultless, but that it
is over-painted and gilded. Above the altar is a Crucifixion in stone,
with a background of stained glass, through which the light comes on it
with great effect, but rather theatrically. At the foot of the altar
steps was a female figure in almost modern costume, seated on the
floor, looking like a great wooden doll. What she does there I cannot
say, and the Suisse left me no time to examine. We were obliged to rest
satisfied with a passing glimpse of this, and the "grilles de
chapelles," on either side, in fine Italian marble, and the tomb in the
nave of some monk or bishop who lies here in costly effigy. We went
thence to St. Denis. Its exterior in some degree resembles St. Bertin
and Nôtre Dame, as its square tower has the same character, but it has
been pieced and renewed within. It was "fête" in this church, an old
man said, and to do it honour the high altar was ornamented with
hundreds of roses, and myrtle and orange-trees in their tubs, ranged in
the choir beneath the church banners. On the right of the choir is the
altar of the "Sacré Coeur," on either side of which hang strings of
silver hearts as big as the palm of the hand, offerings of the faithful!

On the left, in a hole sunk in the wall, framed and lined with
room-paper, except on festivals screened from profane eyes by little
pink calico curtains, is a gilded bust of St. Bertin, adorned with
steel court buttons. Walking down the aisle on this side we arrived
before the chapel of St. Hubert; we looked through the grille, and saw
on the opposite wall a larger recess, its folding-doors thrown back for
the holiday. Within, the saint (a foot high) kneels in a flowing wig
and Roman toga! a tiny tin cor de chasse, such as you have seen on the
caps of the light infantry of the National Guard, tacked to his side!
The background, a piece of room-paper representing a great green tree;
on which (in relief of course) shines out a second and similar hunting
horn! The saint's dog, in an attitude of astonishment, gazes, as does
Hubert, on a small wooden stag, who stands on a rock; the Crucifix and
two Thieves springing from his forehead in place of antlers. Below is
written, "The Conversion of St. Hubert."

In a second recess of the same chapel, St. Hubert reappears, rewarded;
in gilded canonicals and holding a bunch of flowers, but still hangs at
his girdle, to prove his identity, the tin cor de chasse of the bonnet
de Voltigeurs.

I saw lower down a devout inscription praying that "St. Joseph's
presence in that spot might protect all carpenters," and near the
entrance an ancient basso relievo brought from the tomb of the Abbot of
St. Bertin.

We walked on to the college, and round its fine courts. Some of the
buildings bear the date of Francis the First, but the church and
college themselves were erected by the Jesuits in the time of their
power--1629. The former merely presents to the street a high ornamented
gable, and a vast space within not worth looking at. Its curiosities
(placed here temporarily) are some bassi relievi of Spanish
processions, dug up some miles from St. Omer, and a group representing
St. Pepin (who was the dwarf of his century) killing with his fist a
lion, who is gnawing a bull.

The fire-engines are also here till the Hôtel de Ville, which is in
progress, shall be ready to house them. I was surprised to see their
buckets are baskets saturated with pitch, and hempen vessels of the
same form, and to hear they answer perfectly. We walked on the ramparts
which command the view of the prodigiously strong fortifications, and
the flat, which can at pleasure be inundated a mile round; but like the
broad desolate streets, the prospect is surpassingly melancholy.

                                Lillers, Hotel de la Poste, July 10th.

A fine avenue, leaving St. Omer; and a rather more interesting country,
through which flows the little river. One hill in the distance (which
we took for Cassel) breaking the flat, and here and there, some rather
pretty looking hamlets--each cabin within its prairie; but between
these no sign of habitation. The light sandy soil is extremely
cultivated, and the unending plain less sad now than it will be later
in the season, as the corn is in ear, and the bean and poppy fields are
in blossom. From the seed of this purple and white poppy is expressed
salad oil. Aire, which we passed through, is a picturesque, fortified
town, its ramparts shaded with fine green trees. Beyond Aire, on each
side of the grand route, are numberless gardens, and it was gay and
sweet with flowers.

At every mile we pass a "petite chapelle," being usually a small wooden
case with a glass door, perched on a pole, planted at the road-side;
and within, a tiny figure of the virgin, attired in white muslin. I saw
Nôtre Dame de Grâce, Nôtre Dame de Guerison, and Nôtre Dame de Bonne
Fin; the last with no great pleasure, thinking she might be there
installed on account of the arrival of the black fever, which is in
Flanders. We fancied the villagers looked pale, and passed at a gallop.

John had arrived before us at Lillers; and fearing the diligence had
taken him too far, and unable to ask the name of the place in which he
was deposited, he locked up our baggage in a room of the inn, and, with
the great key in his hand, was contemplating a walk back to St. Omer.
This inn is a mere farm-house with bad accommodation; the landlord and
his friends sat smoking in the room where we dined; he regrets we will
not walk three quarters of a league to the fête, and the servant and
the landlady's daughter are now describing Dominique's dancing, and a
minute ago had nearly come to high words about Dominique.

                                                   St. Pol, July 11th.

Started in burning weather, having found no conveyance for John, who
trudged after cheerfully, though he says "it is these straight roads
what breaks the heart of a traveller." Stopped to rest whenever the
shade of a bush made it possible, for the fine trees which grew here as
well as on most of the grandes routes of France are all felled. Saw no
traveller, excepting a white haired bishop, in his purple robes, who
passed in his carriage. John said "he would have kneeled to ax a
blessing but he took him for an officer;" at last we came up with a
petite voiture, within which we deposited John, who directly commenced
a conversation no one was likely to sustain. Arrived here ourselves,
having suffered a good deal from the intense heat; and drank some beer
which a peasant sold at four sous a quart, and explained to her how I
sat on Fanny having no one behind to hold me on. Avoid this inn on pain
of bad meat, and bad beds, and mistakes in the bill. Strolled out, for
refreshment, in the heavy dew, and finding a rather pretty walk
compared to the frightful plain, hailed as if it had been Swiss scenery
the dry bed of a little stream with a bridge and broken bank, shaded by
young birch trees, and a path winding upwards from it through corn and
bean fields and a tiny copse to the town.

                                   Doullens, le Grand Turc, July 12th.

Left St. Pol at four in the afternoon, to avoid the heat, and found it
still so excessive that we sat under the shade of the first trees we
found, and let the horses feed until the sun declined. John was to
follow in the "Service des Dépêches," a heavy cab with a raw-boned
horse. The peasantry hereabouts are worse lodged and more filthy than
between Calais and St. Omer. Woe to whom penetrate within the prairie,
or step across the floor. The evening grew dark so suddenly that we had
some trouble in finding (not the road, for there are no cross-ways or
green lanes) but its least stony part, in the steep rough descent to
Doullens; took a poppy field for a lake; it struck ten as we arrived in
the bad air of the narrow street, where reigns the Grand Turk the moon
rising as our ride ended. John appeared in the mail a few minutes
after; it had changed horses on the road, but certainly not fatigued
either, for ours were not put out of a walk. The fille d'auberge
blinded me by holding her candle in my face to examine hat, habit, and
wearer, before she thought proper to lead the way to a room. The
atmosphere abominable, and the draught which, when I threw open the
windows, came in from the narrow street and dirty yard, worse than the
air it expelled. Nothing to be had but café au lait and cherries, but
the beds comfortable and the dark-eyed bonne good humoured. She swept
the room before breakfast this morning, and the floor bore witness to
its being a favour.

We walked to the citadel, which is just without the town, now occupied
by only twenty-five men; a pretty avenue leads to it up the glacis. We
were admitted without difficulty, though with some formality. The
soldier at the gate summoned the Corporal; the Corporal asked
permission of the Commandant, and returned to conduct us across the two
drawbridges. The form of the citadel is a square, flanked at each angle
by a bastion, and defended by outworks. From his manners and
conversation, the Corporal might have been a nobleman--for he had
perfect ease and no familiarity; he offered his hand to assist me in
climbing where it was rough and steep, but only when assistance was
necessary. On the side of the citadel furthest from the town is the
place where political offenders were confined some years back; it is a
fort within a fort, and has its own defences. The rampart commands it,
and its sentinel kept a constant look out, yet, in spite of all
precautions, some escaped. They were retaken, but unpunished, Louis
Philip having shortly after proclaimed his "general amnesty."
Subterranean passages opening from this citadel conduct to the town,
and completely mine it. The heat was so intense that we could not make
the entire tour, though it was only eleven o'clock; the Corporal
regretted being deprived of the pleasure of accompanying us further,
and accepted the silver put in his hand without looking at it, and with
seeming reluctance, as a physician does his first fee.

Doullens has belonged to many masters: to the Huguenots during the wars
of religion, then to their enemies, afterwards to the Spaniards, who
took it when Henry the Fourth was yet unsettled on his throne. It was
in 1595, and the surprise of Amiens, which took place two years after,
was accomplished by the governor of Doullens' love for a fair widow.
The governor was the famous Captain Hernand Teillo, and the lady the
Dame de Monchy, who was rich as well as noble and beautiful. "I was
born at Amiens," she replied proudly, when he besought her to accept
his hand: "I will espouse no man unless we obey the same royal master;
either abandon the King of Spain and become French as I am, or take
Amiens and make me a Spanish subject."

Adopting this last alternative, and having sworn to succeed, the
Spaniard Hernand Teillo marched with his troops towards Amiens; before
day broke a strong detachment lay concealed behind hedges near the
town, the chapel of St. Montain and la Madelaine were occupied, and the
cavalry concealed in a valley; at dawn, Hernand Teillo having made
choice of sixteen soldiers and four officers on whose resolution he
could rely, disguised the former as peasants and market women, and sent
them by different paths to the gate of Amiens, carrying on their backs
market baskets of walnuts and apples; the four officers, disguised in
like manner, walked beside a heavy cart laden with wood covered over
with straw; one acting as waggoner. The movement of troops, however
secretly made, could not be entirely concealed, and some peasants not
counterfeits apprized the governor of Amiens of what was passing; it
was said he had been bought over, at all events he treated it as an
idle report. At six o'clock, the gates of the town being opened, the
sixteen soldiers, preceded by their officers and waggon, boldly
presented themselves for admission at the gate called Montre Écu;
arrived under the entrance arch, the waggon stopped, and the waggoner
silently cut the traces that the portcullis might be arrested in its
fall; at the same moment, one of the pretended peasants undid, as if by
mistake, the cord which fastened the mouth of a sack of walnuts, and
its contents were scattered on the pavement. The guard was composed of
wretched mechanics (for Amiens, in her pride, had refused a royal
garrison); they abandoned their post to seize on the prize, and the
Spaniards, drawing their arms from beneath their clothes, in the course
of a few moments had massacred their unresisting enemies, and gained
possession of the guard house. The sentinel placed on the gate heard
the cries of the wounded, and cut the ropes which upheld the
portcullis, but the waggon was exactly beneath, and the portcullis fell
on it and fixed it there, leaving the way open to the foe. The citizens
roused, came in numbers to repulse the Spaniards who poured in, and to
a body of Irishmen under his command Hernand Teillo owed in a great
measure his success. In their gallant defence of the town, perished
numbers of its inhabitants: the Comte de St. Pol, governor of the
province, failed to imitate their noble example; for he fled, as soon
as from the tower of the royal chateau he inhabited he recognised the
red scarfs of the Spaniards. The townsmen were disarmed the same day;
the sack of Amiens permitted for eight more; and these past, the
already ruined citizens reduced to starvation by the exaction of heavy
sums of money. Married to the Lady of Monchy, Hernand Teillo was
rewarded for his success: and Henry the Fourth of France, after a night
passed at a ball, had just lain down to rest when the courier arrived
with news of the surprise of Amiens. Sully was summoned to his bedside,
and Henry, grasping his hand in strong emotion, said, "I have played
the part of king of France long enough; I must return to that of king
of Navarre."

All the nobility of France encamped before Amiens; the effective force
amounted to 18,000 men, and Hernand Teillo, reduced to extremity,
implored the assistance of the Archduke Albert, who was at Arras, and
who arrived at the head of 4,000 horse and 15,000 foot. It is told that
the day on which Henry was informed of their approach, he rode to a
height whence he could distinguish the Spanish army advancing in good
order; and leaning over his saddle bow, he prayed heaven, "If his sins
deserved heavy punishment to strike the guilty: but not to scatter the
flock for the fault of the shepherd."

Hernand Teillo never knew that relief was so near; he had already
fallen by a musket shot, near the Porte de Montre Écu--that very gate
by which he entered. Beside it canvass had been spread to conceal the
workmen while they repaired the breaches made in the rampart: a French
soldier fancied he saw a shade through, and fired--it was Hernand
Teillo. His successor Montenegro surrendered Amiens to King Henry on
the 25th of September.

We left Doullens at twelve, for I thought no sun could be so terrible
as the Grand Turk's air; but the heat proved more intense than I ever
felt it in France, and whenever we found shade, which was but three
times, we stopped exhausted. Overtook, travelling at this rate, John in
the diligence; woke a half-naked child which was blistering in the sun;
let the horses drink in a pool of abomination, and bought sour wine for
ourselves--though the greasy glass clasped in the black paw almost
conquered thirst. We began to feel the effect of the rays on our head;
I could not without consideration recollect where we were--and talking
became so painful, that we rode some hours in perfect silence, till we
came to a few yards of turf under half a dozen trees, the first for
miles; it was like a bit of paradise. We staid there, the horses
feeding till the sun was low; and even then the heat seemed
undiminished, and the remaining three leagues interminable, for
cathedral and town being built in a hollow, the former towers in sight
long before houses are visible. Just as we were reviving in expectation
of an inn we came to a windmill, slowly turning its sails in the light
air, and throwing long shadows, changing as they turned, on the road
before the horses' feet: it proved a foe to us as it did of yore to Don
Quixote; Fanny kicked, and the patient Grizzel plunged, and a half
hour's course of backing and beating was necessary to induce them to
pass. When we dismounted at the Hôtel d'Angleterre a fat old gentleman,
an "habitué," seated on the wicker-seat on the shady side of the Cour
under the Laurier-rose, asked the landlady, if we could be in our
senses who travelled in such weather, and in such a way? but D---- has
suffered no injury, and I, saving faintness and giddiness, have escaped
also.

                                                            13th July.

We are warned against repeating our folly, by the sight of a poor
fellow, who, as I crossed the court-yard, I found placed there in a
chair between two women, one of whom was sobbing violently; I asked
"what ailed her?" She said she was his sister, and the other his wife;
that he had quitted home to come on a journey here, and two days before
on the river had received a sunstroke. They were sent for, and came
instantly: he had not recognized them or spoken; the physician said his
tongue was paralyzed. He had always been a good husband, yet now when
his fits of fury came on, his violence was wholly directed against his
wife,--(I had not noticed before that he wore a strait waistcoat): the
poor wife said nothing; she leaned on his chair looking at him with red
eyes, which seemed to have no moisture left; and only shook her head,
when her sister added, that the Doctor rested a last hope on his being
taken home to his children. I inquired if they wanted money? She said,
"they had been comfortable while they depended on him, and would try to
aid him in turn;" she seemed too miserable to care about it, or even
glance at what was given her. The horses were put to a few minutes
after, and they led him to the coach; he walked like a man in his
sleep, and I think his sight is impaired, for tho' his face was
flushed, his eyes were like stone. While we were at the table d'hôte, a
very undaunted looking ballad-singer brought her harp to the door, and
reaped a good harvest: the landlord tried to get up a subscription for
the unfortunate peasant, but failed.

Here is the prettiest fair in the world: but held within the precincts
of an ancient church and monastery, whose outer wall, still standing,
exhibits the remains of fine tombs defaced and broken: part of the
cloister, its arches filled up with masonry, is there also; and these
make strange boundaries to ranges of shops forming streets between
avenues of lime-trees, shows and buffoons, feats of horsemanship and
rope-dancing. If the nuns who lie beneath the old monuments could look
forth, they would understand the meaning of revolution. We walked to
the fair after dinner, when it was brilliantly lighted, and the gay
standings and green branches showed to advantage. It is the resort of
the beau monde of Amiens, and its theatres and temporary cafés were
crowded. I asked the meaning of the frequent discharges of musketry we
heard--"Madame," said a grave shopman, "c'est la prise de Constantine!"

The exhibition of paintings by Amiens artists is held in the Hôtel de
Ville, and does them no great honour: the subject of one picture you
will think curious. I copy from the catalogue: "Christmas Eve: some
good children are employed in reverently gathering together miraculous
playthings, sent them by the _Enfant Jésus_ down the chimney"!!!

The Gaol joins the Hôtel de Ville. As we came out, we saw a crowd
collected round a large machine like an omnibus, except that it
received light and air from apertures in its roof: it was marked
"Service des Prisonniers," and is destined to convey some convicts to
Bicêtre to-night: a better mode of transport than dragging them along
the road in chains.

The Beffroi, a strange looking tower which rises alone on the Place de
l'Hôtel de Ville, now serves as a prison for minor offences: it
contains the great bell tolled on solemn occasions. It is said that
this tower was raised by Louis le Gros, but the town records make no
mention of it till the year 1244; it has been twice consumed by
fire--the first time in 1524, when it was the scene of an awful
tragedy. The keeper had ascended to the lantern at its top before the
flames broke forth: and when about to descend, found, to his horror,
that smoke and fire barred his passage. He attempted to force his way,
and they drove him back; he rushed to the top once more, and shrieked
for assistance to the terrified crowd: it was impossible to afford it;
and as the floor heated beneath his feet, he implored, in his agony,
that some one present would fire on him. His sad prayer was granted;
and having recommended his soul to God, he fell dead from a harquebuss
shot.

There is a fine "Établissement des Bains" near our hôtel, supplied by
the river, but before you go thither, do not, as I did, walk in view of
the filthy buildings which hang over the Somme, as the muddy water
causes disagreeable associations, particularly as it also washes the
walls of the church in the principal street, now converted into a
splendid hospital.

I have said nothing of the Cathedral, yet there we have passed the
greater portion of our time; and for its sake remain three days at
Amiens. Its foundations were laid in 1220, when Everard was Bishop of
Amiens, and Louis the Eighth King of France. Excepting its towers, it
was finished about 1288.

415 feet long within, 132 in height, its proportions are so perfect,
that its size fails to strike, except by comparison. I was made aware
of it only by looking at a human figure in the aisle. What a pity that
bad taste should have covered a great part of the carved stone work,
and several tombs in the chapels, with painted and gilt wainscotings!
Among the latter, one in black marble of the churchman who united
Isabella of Bavaria, of infamous memory, to Charles the Sixth, the
royal maniac. The gilding of the altar, railings, &c. was lately
renewed by the testamentary donation of an Englishman, who, together
with his wife and family, embraced the Catholic religion here. They
were converted, the landlady tells me, by the wife of the English
clergyman! who herself had abjured protestantism shortly before!! The
little angel, who beside the kneeling figure of a bishop weeps behind
the high altar, was so prized by the English, that it is said they
offered to purchase him for his weight in gold. He sits with his head
leaned on his hand, and his legs hung carelessly down--an image of
all-absorbing sorrow. The monument was an offering of gratitude from
its sculptor to the memory of the prelate who had been his patron; but
why an ill-executed figure of the Virgin is placed so close as to spoil
the effect, no one can tell.

The organ is voiceless still, notwithstanding the 40,000 francs spent
this year on its repair.

As we are to leave Amiens in the morning, we returned to the Cathedral
after dinner, as I wished, in company of its Suisse, to walk round it
once more--but that this man is straight, and has two eyes, he might be
the original of Quasimodo. We were too early, and staid outside to look
again at the three beautiful porches, deeply sunk in the noble façade,
among whose multitude of carved saints innumerable birds have built
their nests, in cavities made by decapitated heads, and limbs wanting;
they were flying about in quantities. As we entered, the priest was
about to conclude his evening sermon; we waited its close, and I
thought I had not seen the cathedral to advantage before. The weather
was burning and cloudless; and while the coloured rosace of the
transept opposite us looked deeper and richer, because, not fronting
the west, it admitted no sunbeams; they came through a side window, and
the whole cross aisle was a flood of light: roof, columns, and arches
illuminated in all their details; and the figure of Fenelon's friend,
half reclined on his tomb, seemed about to start up. Through the
stained glass of the large rose above the organ, and the smaller one on
each side, the glory from the west streamed in likewise, brightening
the gay dresses of the still congregation, and the bare head of the
energetic priest, and the pulpit, supported by the three Cardinal
Virtues, and surmounted by an angel whose foot seems hardly to rest on
its roof, and whose hand points upward. You would have moralized on the
Virtues cowering in shadow, and the winged form above them (like their
emanation) floating in splendour.

The Suisse came to conduct us: his pride seemed centered in the
cathedral, and in the study of its walls he says he has passed wakeful
nights. The two bronzed monuments, hardly raised from the floor to
right and left of the principal entrance, a human figure rudely
outlined on each, are those of the founder Everard and his successor
Godefroy.

Walking up the left-hand aisle, the Suisse pointed to the Crucifix
Miraculeux: it is of the seventh century, clad in long gilded robes,
wearing an expression, not of pain, but triumph; such being the mode of
representing the Saviour before the time of Charlemagne. The miracle on
which rests its fame consists in a change of lodging it one night
effected, for it was originally placed in a chapel on the right of the
nave. Why it preferred one opposite, the tradition does not tell.

Here, where the transept crosses the nave, is the tomb of the
ambassador who negotiated peace between Francis the First of France and
the Emperor Charles. The emblematical figures are those of Force
wresting a Salamander from the grasp of Peace--Francis paid tribute. An
altar opposite, erected during a plague, conceals the monument of a
bishop, who, holding the see of Amiens at the period of the battle of
Crecy, received and sheltered Philip of Valois. A pavement stone in the
transept marks the grave of Gresset. The chapel near contains, in a
superb reliquary, a piece of the skull of John the Baptist! and each
time we have visited the cathedral, we have seen the same old lady
kneeling before it, in immovable devotion. The curious stone screen
raised outside the choir represents the various events of John the
Baptist's life; the small figures, though rudely drawn, have great
expression; arches, canopies and pinnacles, carved above them in the
same stone, form a light and beautiful frame. Formerly this screen
surrounded the choir; the taste of Louis the Fifteenth's time
substituted the gilt bronze railing. The Suisse stopped a moment to
admire the weeping cherub and criticise (not unskilfully) a beautiful
Virgin, carved by the same hand, in the chapel, behind the high altar.
A few steps further, the pavement stones for a considerable space are
marked each with a deeply carved cross. It would seem that here, during
the religious wars, there once took place a conflict between Huguenots
and Catholics, in which many of the latter died. The pavement of the
transept has one grave-stone more near the side entrance to the right;
the initials it bears are H. T. (Hernand Teillo), for he was buried
here; and it was of him that Henry the Fourth, viewing his small
armour, said, "I had not believed so mighty a spirit could be lodged so
narrowly!"

The carving of the screen, the canons' seats, &c. of the choir, as they
are celebrated for their beauty, we wished to see nearer; but their
exhibition did not lie in our cicerone's department--he went in search
of a fat woman who has the key in charge. "Monsieur," he said, smiling
as he presented her, "c'est la dame du coeur!"

The sculptor of this fairy-work was by agreement bound to sacred
subjects; and only an oversight left to his own taste the adorning of
the wood-work which divides the canons' seats. The artist was
acquainted with their persons and histories; and when his task was
done, each found his elbow resting on an indiscreet allusion to his
life or himself. Some chafed over their own grotesque portraits; a meek
looking young ass dressed in canonicals gazed sympathetically in the
face of another; and the most unkindly treated of all beheld his own
figure in a contrite attitude, his own hands receiving an infant from
the hands of a lady! We staid in the cathedral till the daylight
failed; and the high roof looked loftier when we could barely
distinguish where it rested on the groups of slender columns. It will
be long ere we forget its beauty, and the beautiful changes of its
aspect; from the time its three portals thrown open after evening
service admitted the whole flood of sunset, which lit it up as for a
rejoicing, till the glow had faded; which it did so slowly, as if it
had been loth to leave it.

Went to bed at twelve; a violent thunder-storm; up again at three; off
at four; and but that the two hotel dogs followed us and we turned back
fearing to lose them, we were in a fair way for Rouen; as the roads
join and we had chosen the wrong one. A beautiful sunrise and
uninteresting country. Arrived at half-past eight this 17th of July at
Breteuil, and its Hôtel de l'Ange, a fallen one!

Doubtful meat, sulky servants, dirty floors; windows commanding the
view of a farrier's premises, admitting the scent of the smoking hoofs,
which since nine this morning have accommodated themselves to red-hot
shoes; nothing to be seen but "a belvedere," that is, a circular seat
at the top of a mound, which having climbed, we may look at the road we
have travelled. Starved with the semblance of a dinner, disgusted with
the stairs which act as fowl-house, and some of whose steps the bonne,
to prove her cleanliness, scraped with a dinner knife! Walked out,
weary of the farrier, the two comrades who assist, and the boy who
dusts the flies away, and were driven back by the still dirtier town.




                              CHAPTER II.


Clermont--Château now a Penitentiary--a Stronghold of the English in
  Charles the Sixth's time--Creil, where Peter the Hermit preached
  the first Crusade--Charles the Sixth's place of Confinement during
  his Madness--Chantilly--Écouen--Henry last Duke of
  Montmorency--Presentiment of his Father--at eighteen created Lord
  High Admiral--His early love in Languedoc--His prudential Marriage
  at the Louvre--His Successes at Rochelle--Coldness of Louis the
  Thirteenth, and jealousy of Richelieu--His gallantry at
  Veillane--Restoration of Prisoners--Humanity during the plague at
  Rivoli--His anxiety to become High Constable of France--Richelieu's
  injustice--His retirement to Languedoc--Privileges of
  Languedoc--Prince Gaston's efforts to win over Montmorency--The
  Duke's arrest by Richelieu's orders, rendered impossible through
  the people's affection--Renewed efforts of Gaston--Persuasions of
  the Duchess--Montmorency's reluctant consent--Gaston's indecision
  and high words with the Duke--Battle of Castlenaudary--His
  emulation with the Comte de Moret to strike the first blow--The
  ditch leaped alone as at Veillane--The troops held back by Gaston
  in sight of his peril--Montmorency overpowered--Dragged from under
  his dead horse and carried before Schomberg--The female portrait on
  his arm discovered by a spy, and notice of his wearing it sent to
  incense the King by the Cardinal--The cries of the people beneath
  the Palace windows--His farewell to his wife, and legacy to
  Richelieu--The emotion of his Judges--His condemnation--Religious
  feeling of his last hours--His farewell to the statue of his
  Godfather--His calm death, and blood sought for as that of a
  martyr--His burial among the bones of the Sainted--The imprisonment
  of his widow--Her sad life--Her taking the veil--Louis the
  Thirteenth's visit to her mourning cell and her reply to the
  Cardinal's messengers--The King's remorse--The apparition in the
  Hall of Écouen--St. Denis--Foundation of the Cathedral by Dagobert,
  St. Denis having appeared to him in a dream--Miraculous
  consecration of the church and the leper's new skin--Tombs--The
  column to the memory of Francis, erected by Mary of
  Scotland--Breaking open of the monuments in 1793--Turenne in a
  glass case--a lock of Henry the Fourth's beard making a soldier's
  moustache--Plunder of a nose by an Englishman--The Caveau of the
  last Condé--Devotion of a Russian General to Henry the Fourth's
  memory--The Cathedral preserved during the Revolution by being
  converted into a Market-house--Paris.

                                                            18th July.

One of the pleasures of travelling consists in leaving obnoxious
places. Quitted Breteuil at four, in a fog cold as December; passing
the Abbey, an old building with turrets and Gothic windows, and a grove
whose alleys might have proved a resource, had we known they were so
near yesterday. Long hills, but no view; till a short distance from
Clermont, below the road to the right, we looked down on a wooded
country, and the town, built on its bold hill, appeared before us; and
we continued to skirt a pretty valley, passing chateaux and pleasure
grounds, till, by a gentle ascent, we arrived at the Croissant, really
a very good inn, and after Breteuil, a paradise. Fed a puppy, and Fanny
showed symptoms of a jealous disposition. D---- arrived just in time to
save his life, as she had taken him in her mouth, and was shaking him
by the skin of his back. The heat kept us within doors till evening,
when we climbed the remainder of the hill. Passed the place and the
church to the chateau, which is now a penitentiary, containing 1500
women, and was in early days a fortress of the Franks, to protect them
from Norman invasion; and in Charles the Sixth's time a stronghold of
the English. French guide-books still call it a Gothic castle, though I
could see no trace of Gothic architecture remaining, except in the
building on the place now the Hôtel de Ville, which has still the
vestiges of battlements, and one old tower. The road leads, beneath an
ancient arch, to the public promenade which surrounds the chateau which
crowns it, like a verdant belt, its fine trees making, in French taste,
stars and circles. The view it commands, as it juts over the valley, is
very lovely; as the river shines below, and seems to lose itself
winding among wooded hills, which succeed each other far to the right.
The townspeople were assembled on the terrace, playing rackets with
much noise and small skill; we sat on one of the stone benches watching
the game, and the sun set--decidedly we prefer setting to rising suns;
D----, in particular, has no taste for the beauties of nature at
half-past four.

Left at five: passing on our way Creil on the Oise, looking from the
bridge towards the west, you see built, in a rather elevated situation,
the village of Montataire. It is said that here Peter the Hermit first
preached the crusade. The ruined castle on the island of Creil was
built in Charles the Fifth of France's time, and a kind of balcony with
iron gates, which belonged to Charles the Sixth's apartment, was
formerly shown. He was confined here during his madness, and the well
built in the centre of the floor for heating the rooms with charcoal
(for chimneys were not yet in use) remained also. I do not know whether
they exist now.

It is a romantically situated town, and the view back to it, from the
hill beyond, very interesting. Thence a straight road leads to
Chantilly, and is wearisome enough, though a great part of it skirts
the forest; but the trees here are young, and mostly oak, and yet
without shade or beauty. A long descent conducts to the miserable town,
and we stopped at the Hôtel de Bourbon Condé, the best and very bad, to
breakfast and dine, intending to go on at sunset. I came here long ago
to see the over ornamented park, and the stables for 240 horses; but
to-day, instead of braving the burning sun, I lay down tired at last
with early hours, and read a savage selection from discoveries in
savage islands. John arrived, brought by the pity of the conductor,
joined to the price of his place, of course. There being no room, he
had constructed a pyramid of baggage on his back, preparatory to
walking, when the conductor perched him in some unknown corner. He is
growing troublesome; complaining yesterday of dining on bones, which on
inquiry proved two fricasseed fowls! and anxious to know the punishment
when a foreigner fights a Frenchman. We started after a dear dinner of
bad meat, at the same time with the diligence, whose passengers we
astonished, because, having taken the horses along a pathway and off
the high road, our only way to return was over a ditch, which was
narrow, but excited great shouting notwithstanding. The road through
the forest pretty, but after quitting it, shorn of all its fine
trees--got to Écouen very warm and thirsty--drank some beer in the
street, and looked as we passed at the old chateau, 400 years the
property of the Montmorency. Henry, marshal of Montmorency, was its
last owner of the name. His history is so interesting, that I am
tempted to write some of its circumstances here.

The war-cry of the Montmorency was "Dieu aide au premier baron
Chrétien," for the first baron was (tradition tells) baptized at the
same time with Clovis, the first Christian king. The last, who was
beheaded in 1632 and left no heir, was born in 1595. An astrologer drew
his horoscope, and predicted that he would outshine his ancestors in
glory, if he could avoid a danger which threatened his thirty-eighth
year. He is described as being from his childhood mild, brave, and
beautiful; possessing those graces of exterior which set off noble
qualities. Henry the Fourth loved him as his own son; and taking
pleasure in talking with the boy, he one day asked, "What is the virtue
best fitted to a monarch?" "Clemency," said the child; "since only
kings have privilege to pardon." He was thirteen when Henry bestowed on
him the survivance of the governorship of Languedoc possessed by his
father, who conducted him there, and himself installed him in his
dignities; but when he had placed him in the seat the governor occupied
in the parliament of Toulouse, a sudden presentiment of evil came over
him, and he burst into tears. The king was sad without the boy, and
soon recalled him to court, and proposed his marriage with his own
daughter by Henriette d'Entragues. The constable of Montmorency had
fixed his wishes on his son's union with Mademoiselle de Beaufort,
Henry's daughter also, but by Gabrielle d'Estrées, and more beloved by
him, as well as more beautiful; and the King, irritated by opposition,
exiled him to Chantilly. He was there and in disgrace, when a marriage
with the rich demoiselle de Chemilly was proposed to him for his heir.
Thinking the King might disapprove, he desired his brother would
conduct the youth to one of his own mansions, that he might there meet
his destined bride; but Henry the Fourth, apprized of what was passing,
sent an order to Duplessis, the commandant at Saumur, to arrest there,
on their way, the Duke d'Amville and the young governor. Duplessis in
consequence called upon them, and the Duke, suspecting his errand,
invited him to dine. The officer refused, yet, wishing to do his duty
civilly, put off the arrest till after dinner, merely placing a
sentinel at the gates, intending to return in an hour or two. D'Amville
and his nephew, instead of repairing to the eating-hall, walked
straight to the stables, and riding out a private way, joined an escort
of fifty gentlemen. When the King knew he had been outwitted, he sent
the Duke of Soubise, with two companies of the guards, to the house
where the marriage was to take place, with orders (if necessary) to
force an entrance, and bring away Mademoiselle de Chemilly, but
Soubise, on arriving, found them united. Some time after, the
Constable, finding his daughter-in-law less rich than he expected,
determined on dissolving this very marriage. The King gave his assent,
and Montmorency was neither old enough nor sufficiently in love to
resist him. Many thought that this violation of his vow brought on him
the disasters of his after-life. Henry, rather than disoblige his
favourite, broke a former engagement made for Mademoiselle de Beaufort,
and her marriage with Montmorency was about to take place in 1610, when
the King was murdered. The Duke was yet only fifteen. Three years after
he was created Lord High Admiral, and the queen-mother proposed his
union with the Princess Orsini, her relation, for Mademoiselle de
Beaufort's consequence had died with her father. The young Duke was
disinclined to this marriage, for in his own Languedoc he had fallen in
love with a lady so surpassingly lovely, that for her sake he was ready
to forget ambition and make her his wife. She had been married to an
old man, who, shortly after Montmorency first saw her, slipped as he
feebly descended some steps, and died of the blow received on his head.
The Duke, who witnessed this awful death, first consoled and then loved
the widow: but overruled by his father, and perhaps influenced by all
this high alliance promised him, he quitted Languedoc for Paris,
accompanied by a hundred gentlemen and nobles of his province. He was
lodged in the Louvre, and married there with all the ceremonial which
accompanies the wedding of a prince; but either because his heart was
far away with the fair lady of Montroux, or because something whispered
that out of this ill-starred union would grow all his future
misfortune, his joy was ill feigned. There was even an unwonted
bitterness in his manner which brought on him a foolish quarrel; for,
presenting to the Duke of Retz (who had espoused his deserted bride,
Madlle. de Chemilly) a bowl of sweetmeats, which he had himself tasted,
he said, "Take these, Sir; it is not the first time you have accepted
what I have left;" they fought in consequence, but Montmorency disarmed
him. The Duchess Mary of Orsini was gentle and of a fine figure, but by
no means handsome. In spite of his infidelity, which she knew and
deplored the more, seeing its object so beautiful, she was fondly
attached to her husband and gained his esteem and affection by her
uncomplaining gentleness. Once he remarked with sorrow, that she looked
pale and changed. "It is true that my countenance is so," she replied
mildly, "it must suffice you that my heart is not." His history would
occupy too much space if told in detail. For many years almost
constantly successful in the civil wars which desolated France; a
faithful as well as brave subject; notwithstanding that the Cardinal
Richelieu and the Duke of Luynes were his enemies, he refused to join
the queen-mother against the King when they parted in anger. He was
called the "King of Men" by his soldiers, who adored him. Sent to
command the naval attack of La Rochelle, he was denied the needful
supplies through the influence of Richelieu, and spent, to procure
them, a part of his private fortune. He found the Dutch Admiral
Houstain had lost a vessel, and wanted munition, and furnished him with
both; yet when, having succeeded gloriously, he returned to court, he
was coldly received by Louis the Thirteenth, and the jealous Cardinal
soon after caused the suppression of the post of Lord High Admiral.

The religious wars ended, the King sent an army into Italy to support
the Duke of Mantua against the Austrians. Richelieu had the command,
and rather than not serve, Montmorency went as volunteer. The King
bestowed on him, shortly after, the command of his army at Pignerol;
then sent him to head the troops which entered Piedmont, where he
obtained a signal victory. His army had received orders to join that of
Marshal Laforce, but the Duke of Savoy lay between. The latter
commenced the attack in an unexpected quarter, and the Marquis of
Effiat and others advised rather to sacrifice the one regiment in peril
than to risk the army. Montmorency exclaimed, "Who love me, follow!"
and rushed forward at the head of the King's gens-d'armes. Prince Doria
was approaching; and the duke, to meet him with less delay, and well
mounted, leaped a broad ditch which lay between them, and, though
unfollowed, forced his way before a regiment of infantry, whose fire
did not stop him, and through the ranks of a squadron commanded by
Prince Doria, whom he wounded; and had arrived fighting and unharmed in
the sixth rank of these horsemen before he was joined by any of those
who had made a detour instead of leaping after him, and who, having
believed him dead, found that he alone had half routed a squadron. By
this and other exploits, continued throughout the day, the battle of
Veillane was won; and the generous duke, who among his prisoners had
taken almost all the officers of the Piedmontese army, sent them back
to the Duchess of Savoy, who was King Louis's sister. He had received
no wound, but came from the field, the gold ornaments hacked from his
splendid armour, and himself so bruised that he was hardly to be
recognised. His horse, which was called "Le Remberge," was wounded in
twenty places, though slightly; and as it was a strong and beautiful
animal, one of Montmorency's officers wished for and received him from
his general.

His troops were attacked at Rivoli by the plague, and to aid sick
friends and soldiers he sold luxuries and comforts, and his
head-quarters, far from being kept free from infection, rather
resembled an hospital. Spite of his successes and the love of his army,
or rather on account of them (for Richelieu envied his popularity, and
already meditated his ruin), he was recalled. The soldiers mourned over
him. "Who," they said, "will lead us to victory when we lose
Montmorency?" And yet, when the duke arrived at Lyons, and found there
the King to all appearance dying, and Richelieu torn by anxiety, he
took pity on the latter and frankly offered him protection in the
province he commanded: relays were held in readiness to bear the
Cardinal thither in case of the fatal termination of Louis's malady; he
vowed eternal gratitude, but forgot it as the King recovered.
Montmorency had yielded his assent to the suppression of the States of
Languedoc,--a loss of privilege which the province deplored, and he too
repented. The King at his request promised their re-establishment, but
avoided keeping his word; and the duke, whose ambition was to hold,
like so many of his ancestors, the office of constable of France, being
only created marshal, and otherwise coldly treated at court, retired to
Languedoc. The Duke of Angoulême, his brother-in-law, said, when he
bade him farewell, "that the king could never forget his services, and
that his friends would always have sufficient influence to efface the
false impressions made by the Cardinal;" but the duke shook his head
sadly. "I do not flatter myself," he said; "I shall not return to
court, if affairs there continue as at present; my welfare is in the
hands of God."

Retired to the seat of his government, the duke's heart was set on
recovering the privileges of the province. By the King's command the
subject occupied the states-general assembled at Pézenas, but the
King's commissaries, Miron and Hemery, had the Cardinal's private
instructions to yield in nothing, for he hoped to wear out the patience
of the governor by oppression of the province. He knew by his spies
that the King's brother Gaston intended striving to win over
Montmorency; and as it was his maxim to treat as guilty those who
possibly might become so, he dispatched an order to Hemery to arrest
the duke. The latter just then making a journey to Montpellier, Hemery
and the Marquis des Fossés followed, intending to make him prisoner
there; but they judged the people's love for him would render it
impossible. Des Fossés altered his opinion when he found he was to
attend the representation of a drama acted in his honour by the
Jesuits' pupils. He placed soldiers at the college gates to seize him,
and issued an order to the garrison of the citadel, which joined it, to
remain under arms. The duke, warned of what was passing, at first would
not believe it possible, but the report spreading, persons of rank and
condition flocked round him, offering to seize Hemery and Des Fossés,
and to take possession of the citadel, which would have been easy, as
it was feebly garrisoned, but the duke refused; a proof he did not then
contemplate the treason to which Richelieu's injustice was urging him.
He went, contrary to advice, to the college, and returned, none having
dared molest him, and two days after returned to Pézenas, where he told
what had happened to the duchess, and his uncle, and other private
counsellors there; they were loud in their cry for vengeance. The
bishop of Alby, who was with Montmorency, had a nephew, partizan of
Gaston and the queen-mother, with whom he corresponded. Just about this
time a new commission arrived from court empowered to tax the province,
and Alby and his nephew, who had come in disguise to treat with the
governor, took advantage of it to influence him. They reminded him of
reward denied and services forgotten; of the death of his cousin De
Bouteville; the refusal to restore the privileges of Languedoc; the
execution of the innocent Marshal of Marillac; yet all would have
failed, had not the duchess joined to persuade, for she was niece of
the queen-mother. A young girl who served her overheard a conversation
between them. The duchess spoke low, in sentences broken by sobs; and
the duke at last answered: "I will do so; you need persuade me no
longer, your ambition shall be satisfied: but remember it will cost me
my life." Soud'heilles, the captain of his guard, was then in Paris;
and the cardinal, alarmed when the duke had declared himself,
dispatched him to Languedoc to try his influence with his master.
Montmorency wavered, but the duchess and his confidants persuaded him,
that to desert Gaston would be dishonour. He had a final conference
with them, and returned from it straight to Soud'heilles. "My dear
friend," he said, "the stone is thrown, I cannot call it back again."

The weak Gaston, then, as afterwards, incapable of opposing a foe as of
protecting a friend long, was ill advised at this juncture, and arrived
before the time agreed on with Montmorency, and before his measures
could be taken. He had fifteen hundred half-armed men, the sympathy of
the people, but neither Narbonne nor Montpellier. Lodeve received him,
and from thence he sent a messenger to the duke.

"He has advisers who betray him," he said, "and his over haste impairs
his cause: but be it so, we must face the storm; and I feel it will
fall on me."

On the way to Beaucaire, which opposed Gaston, the duke passed
Montpellier, and the people came out, weeping as they understood his
danger. Beaucaire would have been taken; but when the army was before
it, the Duke of Elbeuf claimed the chief command, which had been
promised Montmorency; and Gaston being undecided, as usual, the delay
of the attack gave time for the king's troops to come up. He soon
after, through the treason of some of his advisers, lost St. Felix de
Carmain, and when the news of its surrender reached the prince, there
came with it that of the advance of the royal troops to take
Castelnaudary; near which lay his forces. The duke disposed his army in
order of battle, near a brick bridge, which crossed the road, half a
league from the town. "The time of your triumph is come," he said to
Gaston; "but this sword," touching his own, "must be red to the hilt
first." The prince coldly answered, "Your rodomontades are never
ending, Monsieur de Montmorency, but as yet, when you have promised me
success, I have only been indebted to you for hope." "I am not sorry to
say to you now, that it will always be easy for me to make my peace
with the King, and with two or three more to retire." In consequence of
this, high words ensued between the duke and Gaston, and they parted
hardly reconciled.

It was a subject of emulation between the Comte de Moret and
Montmorency to strike the first blow in the battle; and the latter, to
make sure of himself doing so, asserted, as he advanced precipitately,
that he went only to reconnoitre a post, and with some impatience
commanded the noblemen who followed him to keep back! The Comte de
Rieux, who rode close, reminded him, that it was his duty to be
prudent, as on the general's fate hung the army's. Montmorency knew him
for a brave man, yet he said what was far from his thoughts, "It would
seem you are afraid;" and to shorten remonstrance as well as distance,
he leaped his horse, as at Viellane, across a broad fence, and found
himself at the other side with the Comte de la Feuillade, the Vicomte
du Pujol Villeneuve, and a few more, in the midst of the enemy's
infantry. At the first fire, all with him fell, except Pujol, who
fought by his side till a shot in the leg disabled him. His company of
gens-d'armes came up, but the infantry, posted to advantage, kept up a
fire which few escaped; yet the duke was unshaken; he opened a way
wherever he turned, and might have retired with ease, and gloriously,
to bring up the army; but being within their sight, he believed the
troops would advance to support him; and a corps of cavalry, commanded
by Baron de Laurières, coming up, he spurred so impetuously to meet
him, that horse and man, as he encountered them, went down; and
discharged on the head-piece of the leader's son, Baron de Bourdet, so
violent a blow, that the casque, examined after the battle, seemed
indented by a battle-axe rather than a sword. His father rose from the
ground at the moment, and seeing his son stagger, he wounded mortally
the duke's charger, and Montmorency fell with and under his dying
horse. If Gaston had then brought up the army, this misfortune might
have been repaired. The Duke of Elbeuf and Puy Laurens, and La Ferté
Imbaut, (the two last suspected of having been bought over,) persuaded
him to hold back, though his peril was visible from where they stood. A
report next reached the prince, that his general had fallen, whereupon,
flinging down his arms, and panic-struck, he exclaimed, "Sound the
retreat, I will play this game no further."

During this time Guiltaut and St. Preuil, captains of the royal guard,
had come up with the duke, and mourned over him as he was drawn with
difficulty from under his dead horse, covered with its gore and his
own, for he was desperately wounded; and the blood which gushed from
his mouth, as he lay with the weight pressing on him, had almost
stifled him. "I sacrificed myself to ungrateful cowards," he said, as
soon as he could speak, "though it was told me, even before Beaucaire,
that I was betrayed in the prince's army." Four soldiers raised him
gently, and carried him to Marshal Schomberg, who received him with the
esteem and tenderness which were his due. It is told that he wore on
his arm, when taken prisoner, a portrait enriched with diamonds; this
was perceived by his friend, De Bellièvre, who was afterwards President
of the Parliament. Recognizing the female head, he pretended to
question the duke, and taking his arm as he spoke to him, adroitly drew
forth the miniature; but dexterously as it was done, it could not be
hidden from a spy of the cardinal, present at the scene, and it was
reported to Richelieu, who made use of it as a means to render Louis
the Thirteenth implacable, as the picture was that of his queen, Anne
of Austria!

The Count de Moret, natural son of Henry the Fourth, received his
death-wound not thirty paces from his companion in arms. The latter, in
consequence of the refinement on cruelty practised by the cardinal, and
while all the people, loud as they dared, murmured shame, was borne in
a litter to Toulouse, notwithstanding the insupportable heat and his
uncured wounds. The inhabitants of Toulouse vowed to save him at any
cost, but the cardinal received intimation of their resolves, and the
prisoner was carried through without stopping to Leitoure. Arrived, he
was conducted to the castle, and here a chance of escape presented
itself again, for the Marchioness of Castelnaud bribed one of the
guards, and provided him with ropes, by which the duke might be lowered
to a place whence a passage led out into the country; and the
marchioness, who was a determined woman, advanced with twenty horsemen
as near to the citadel as they dared; but the guard was discovered with
the ropes in his possession, by the lieutenant of the citadel, and
killed by him on the spot, in the first burst of passion.

Notwithstanding the prayers of the army and the people, those of his
brothers-in-law, the Prince of Condé and Duke of Angoulême, the agony
of the duchess--the proceedings against Montmorency went on, and to a
fatal termination. He expressed penitence for his conduct, and showed
as much firmness as in his best days. He was persuaded by De Launay and
his confessor to ask his pardon of the king: "Tell the cardinal," he
added to Launay, charged with the message, "that if he saves my life,
he will have no reason to repent of it: but also that I do not ask the
king's council to act against conviction, if they believe my death more
useful to the state than might be the rest of the years I have to live."

Anne of Austria, the queen consort, solicited by the Duke of Épernon
and the principal nobility of the court, to intercede with the king,
feared the cardinal's misinterpretation, and applied to him in the
first instance. He answered that he did not doubt the king's granting
any favour she desired, but that she herself should also consider, that
the annoyance she was about to cause him would injure his health,
which, since his malady at Lyons, he had never recovered; and Anne,
seeing by the cardinal's manner, that, by saving the captive she risked
his anger, determined rather to let him die. The people assembled under
the king's windows, and their cry reached his ears: he asked its
import, it was "Mercy for Montmorency!" The king merely permitted him
to dispose of his property, notwithstanding the confiscation about to
be pronounced, and the duke occupied himself with the payment of his
debts and the care of his vassals. He wrote an affectionate farewell to
his unhappy wife, who was not in a state to read it, and sent to
Richelieu, who had once wished to possess it, a fine picture of St.
Sebastian, as his dying gift.

The last night of his existence he slept during six hours, tranquilly,
as if the coming events of the next day were unknown to him, and prayed
fervently when he woke. The hour arrived for his being conducted to the
palace, he received the Count of Charlus, who came to seek him,
cheerfully as ever, but refused to allow his surgeon to dress his
wounds, saying they would soon be cured. He asked for something to eat,
and then got into the carriage, which was open. The Counts of Charlus
and Launay followed, and four companies of soldiers escorted him; the
rest of the army lined the streets he passed through, or filled the
squares of the town. As he stood with mild demeanour and bareheaded
before his judges, his noble presence was that of the governor, not the
criminal. The judges seeing him they loved, and were perforce about to
doom, looked down to hide the tears which rose in spite of them, or
buried their faces in their handkerchiefs. He was desired to sit on the
criminal's stool, which however, contrary to custom, had been raised to
the level of the judges' seats, and, contrary to custom also, he was
left unbound. He was painfully affected while replying to the question,
"Whether he had children by his marriage," for he mourned the want of
an heir.

The trial over, he was conducted from the Palace of Justice back to the
Hôtel de Ville, where he recommenced his devotions, and these ended,
conversed with his friends and wrote some private instructions for his
family; and the Count de Charlus, his face covered with tears, asking
in the king's name for his order of the Holy Ghost and bâton of
marshal, he delivered them calmly, saying, "it was true that one crime
had cancelled the services which obtained them;" and then took some
slight refreshment. He next repaired to the chapel. The commissaries of
the court arrived to read his sentence to him, he listened with perfect
tranquillity, kneeling before the altar, and rising when they
concluded, and sobbed with their emotion, he spoke to them with great
kindness. He was informed that the royal favour (though indeed it was
the cardinal's fear) allowed his being executed within the courts of
the Hôtel de Ville instead of on the public square. De Launay was at
this time with the king, who had sent for him, and the duke's friends
felt hope revive; but Louis merely desired "that he should die
unbound," and this he declined, saying, "he would end life as he
deserved, like a criminal." He cut off his own hair, and changed his
rich attire for the poor clothes of a soldier; he had bowed, as he came
along, to the troops who guarded him, and bade them farewell. There was
some delay, (perhaps in consequence of changing the place of
execution,) and during this time the duke remained seated on a bench
adjoining the chapel balustrade, and conversed with his confessor, too
low for others to overhear. He asked for water to wash his mouth, for
he suffered from sore throat: "Father," he said, "can you explain to me
my feelings? Before heaven I assure you that I go to death with
satisfaction, without regret or dread; and if I had never believed in
God until now, this firmness vouchsafed to my weak nature would make me
adore him." Efforts, even in this last hour, were made to save him, but
in vain, though the Pope's nuncio was one who pleaded. He calmly
presented his arms to be bound by the executioner, and desired Father
Arnoux to take from his hand the crucifix, since "the just might not be
bound with the guilty." He was led into the court where was the
scaffold, and his surgeon cut his hair which he had left too long, and
fainted when he had done; even the executioner wept. The marble statue
of Henry the Fourth stood above one of the entrances, and he gazed at
it earnestly. The confessor noticing it, he said, "Father, he was a
good and generous prince." Continuing to advance, he ascended the steps
of the scaffold as firmly as if they had led to glory. He spoke to a
jesuit who stood beneath: "I pray you," he said, "prevent, if you may,
my head from falling to the earth; receive it, if possible." He kneeled
and prayed once more, and adjusted himself on the block, which gave him
great pain, as it was too low; a single stroke severed his head from
his body. The gates were thrown open; people and troops thronged in
with cries of grief, crowding round and on the scaffold, reverently
dipping kerchiefs in his blood, which they held to be that of a martyr.
That day, a soldier drew on the executioner to kill the wretch by whose
vile hand the best and bravest of men had died. The people withheld and
concealed him, for the cardinal caused search to be made that he might
be put to death. His hatred was not quenched in Montmorency's blood,
for he persecuted his friends and relatives.

After the execution, the duke's body was folded in a black silk velvet
pall, and conveyed in a carriage to the abbey of St. Sernin, where it
was buried in a chapel in which only the bones of saints had been laid,
and the counts of Toulouse had been refused a sepulchre. Masses for the
repose of his soul were said in every part of France, as well as by the
command of the empress at Vienna, and the arch-duchess in the Low
Countries. The king imprisoned the unhappy widow in the castle of
Moulins, where she remained eight months reproaching herself with her
husband's untimely death; but feeling that time elapsed, that there
could be no reason for doubting her, and ashamed of his rigour, he
desired her to choose her place of residence, either within or without
his kingdom; she staid at Moulins. Having purchased a house adjoining
the convent of La Visitation, she there lived an exemplary life during
ten years, her only consolation a portrait of the duke, gazing on which
she spent whole days. Before her marriage she had wished to become a
nun, and the desire now reviving, in her mistaken fervour, she believed
it a duty to part with this which she looked on as a last tie to the
world, and ere she entered the convent she wept over it once more and
then parted from it.

Some time after, the king passing through Moulins, did her the honour
of a visit, and the next day the cardinal sent to offer her his
compliments. In her cell hung with black, the shadow of what she had
been, the duchess received his officer: "Tell your master," she said,
"that I thank him, but that my tears are still undried!" After his
general's death, the king's remorse was awakened; and he confessed that
he repented of many things which had been done during his inauspicious
journey to Languedoc. He once arrived late at Écouen, intending to pass
the night there. It was evening, and the monarch passed slowly along
one of the vast halls on his way to the apartment prepared for him. His
suite followed at a little distance, but rushed to his side when he
uttered a faint cry, and stretched his arm forth in the gloom as if to
put back some one advancing on him.

"What ails you, sire," they exclaimed as he stood still, and in an
attitude of defence against what appeared to them empty space. "He was
there! I saw Montmorency there," said the king; "I cannot sleep in this
castle;" and turning precipitately, Louis the Thirteenth left the hall.
Écouen now again, as during the empire, belongs to the Legion of
Honour. As we rode down the hill, the fine view of Paris once more
stretched below us in the sunshine. I had not seen it for some years,
and looked at it now with a strange sensation, pleasant and painful,
for it seemed like home, because so much of early association is
connected with it, and I felt it was not home, because death and
marriage, time and revolution have so severed and scattered all the
links which held me here, that I shall scarcely find a trace of where
they were once riveted.

From Écouen to St. Denis the way seemed wearisome, for we had ridden
fifteen leagues since morning, yet Fanny went prancing into the inn
yard gay as at starting. A disagreeable hotel from its unconquerable
bad air. To-day, 19th July, D---- is gone to Paris in search of
apartments; and I, followed by John, have passed an hour in the
cathedral. The Suisse, I believe, thought his countenance suspicious,
for he was unwilling to lead the way. Near the principal entrance, on
the left hand, is a strange monument, erected by St. Louis to Dagobert.
This church (my authority is the Benedictine who wrote its history) was
founded under singular circumstances. When Clotaire the Second was king
its place was occupied by a small chapel, which had already miraculous
properties, being built over St. Denis's tomb. A stag, hard pressed,
had one day taken refuge within, and the hounds were unable to follow.
Prince Dagobert witnessed this fact. He soon after incurred his
father's anger by barbarously ill-treating his governor, and he
repaired to the sanctuary. The royal guards sent to seize him were
invisibly withheld, and the prince fell asleep while they rushed to and
fro, vainly attempting to come nearer. St. Denis appeared to him in a
dream, and desired that he would erect a building in his honour. Become
king he obeyed the saint's mandate; and when the day for the
consecration of the church came (the 24th February, 636), and a great
crowd assembled to witness it, the people were all forced to retire,
excepting one poor leper, who hid himself in a corner of the chapel.
Night closed in, and of a sudden he beheld a great light shining
through one of the windows, filling the whole church; and continuing to
fix his eyes on the same window, he saw the Saviour enter at it,
followed by St. Peter and St. Paul, St. Rustique and St. Éleuthère, and
also by a great multitude of saints and angels. He consecrated the
church, walked round it, heading the procession, scattered holy water
on the pavement, poured celestial oil on the walls, and at last
perceived the leper: he commanded him to tell faithfully what he had
seen to king and prelate. "Alas!" said the leper, "I cannot approach
them for my rags and my leprosy."

He had no sooner said this, than he felt the skin of his face gently
lifted, and being cast against the wall it stuck there, and that which
remained in its place was pure as a child's; and looking at his clothes
he saw he was richly habited: this miracle performed, he watched the
Saviour and the celestial procession issue forth by the same window,
and went and told the king.[1]

More interesting than Dagobert's tomb, or those of Louis the Twelfth,
and Anne of Brittany, and Henry the Second, and Catherine de Médicis,
with her countenance telling of a life of intrigue, public massacre and
private murder, is the slight marble column, at whose foot are three
weeping angels,--for it was raised by Mary of Scotland to the memory of
her young husband, who died when she had been a wife and queen of
France but one short year. The monument of Francis the First is in the
opposite aisle; the figures of himself and his wife Anne, kneeling on
the top of the stone canopy, under which they are again represented
dead. The alto relievo of the battle of Marignan, which surrounds the
tomb, is very beautiful. On each side of the choir steps lead down to
the crypt, and the Suisse unlocked the iron gate, though still I saw
against his will, and we walked through the avenue of royal tombstones,
wherein kings and queens do not sleep now; since a municipal decree,
proceeding from St. Denis itself, in conformity with the decree of the
Convention, ordered on the 12th of October, 1793, the breaking open of
the monuments for the sake of the lead they might contain, and the
scattering of bones, some of which had lain there near 1500 years.
Curiosity induced the workmen to commence by the grave of Turenne. He
was found in an extraordinary state of preservation, perfectly
resembling the portraits and medals which we possess of him, only that
the skin had darkened. The distortion of feature, caused by his violent
death (by a cannon ball), remained, as the mouth was very wide open. He
was, at the suggestion of some present, confided to one "Host," keeper
of the cathedral, and by him placed in an oaken case with a glass
cover, and for eight months exhibited in the vestry. The vault of the
Bourbons and the tomb of Henry the Fourth were next opened, and the
body found so perfect, that the features had undergone no change. He
also was exhibited during the two following days, and then borne to the
churchyard, called De Valois, where he was buried in a grave dug at its
extremity, on the right hand and north side. A soldier present at the
time rushed towards the corpse, and with his sabre cut from it a lock
of the long beard, exclaiming, that "He too was a Frenchman," and
henceforth would wear no other mustachio; and holding the lock on his
upper lip, and saying he was sure of conquering any enemy of France,
went away.

The remainder of the bodies, some in a state of putrefaction, which
during this unnatural work produced malignant fever, others, reduced to
skeletons or ashes, were dragged from their coffins, and flung by
torchlight into one wide grave. The Suisse pointed out the side door
near Mary Stuart's funeral column, as that through which they were
carried. The monuments in the crypt are ranged in chronological order:
among the most ancient, those of the royal fury Frédégonde and her
daughter-in-law Brunehaude, who died torn by wild horses. The vaults
are but half under ground, and a dreary daylight enters, falling on the
figures stretched on the tombs, for those only of the earliest period
are mere outlines. The rest are dressed in the costume of their time,
with hands crossed and raised, and the dog or lion couched at the feet.
"Here," said the Suisse, stopping before one of the Capetian race, and
pointing to the very prominent nose which had been broken from his face
and lay there yet uncemented, "is the token of the last English visit.
A gentleman came, conversed with me, walked by my side, and when he
thought me not attending to his movements, wrenched off this nose. I
seized it in his hand in his coat pocket; he said he had broken it by
mistake, and pocketed it in absence of mind. "Mon pauvre nez, que je
n'ai pas encore restitué," said the Suisse in indignation. I understood
at last why he had an objection to showing the church, and
tranquillized him by making John walk on before. Here were laid Clovis,
the first Christian king, and his wife, Bertha, who converted him; King
John after his ill-fortune at Poitiers; his excursion on his white
horse through the streets of London, beside his conqueror, on his pony;
his visit to his own kingdom, and voluntary return to captivity to die.

We wished to enter the vault where the Bourbons are interred, but this
the Suisse said was impossible, as he had not the keys, and even Mons.
Thiers had been denied admittance some days before. The last buried was
Louis the Eighteenth, whose chapelle ardente I saw here when I was a
child, and with its splendid sarcophagus, purple velvet hangings, and
thousand lights, and the silent crowd pressing to see, was a scene of
melancholy brilliancy. The "chapelle ardente" occupied the whole of the
nave, inclosed by the hangings, and terminated by a burning cross.

The "caveau," which holds the last Condé, is totally dark, excepting
where the lamp, which burns so feebly in its bad air, just shows the
damp-decaying pall hanging in ribands. The lapse of centuries robs in
some measure of its sadness the long range of monuments we passed
before; but it is not so as we look through the iron gate at these
dimly-seen coffins.

We think of the ditch of Vincennes and the bed-room of St. Leu!

It was in the now-closed vault of the Bourbons that Henry the Fourth
lay. One anecdote more I must tell you, as it proves the respect
entertained for his memory. It is told by Le Noir, the antiquarian:--

"The day following that of the allied armies' entrance into Paris, a
Russian general, accompanied by a detachment of cavalry, presented
himself at eight in the morning at the museum of the Petits Augustins.
He said he had heard in Russia of the collection I had formed, and as a
lover of the arts it was the first place he desired to visit in Paris.
I opened the gates to him, and he and his soldiers dismounted. Arrived
in the hall of the sixteenth century, a statue in white marble absorbed
his attention. I said to him, 'It is the statue of Henry the Fourth.'
He repeated my words in Russian to his companions, and all, uncovering
their heads, kneeled on one knee to do homage to the dead king of
France."

In January, 1815, the remains of Louis the Sixteenth and Marie
Antoinette were transferred to the vault of the Bourbons. In 1817, all
the noble or royal remains cast forth from the violated tombs were once
more deposited within them in presence of the chancellor, the necessary
authorities and witnesses, a company of the gardes du corps and the
clergy of St. Denis. Immense crowds flocked thither, by a bright
moonlight which shone on the old towers, making the numberless torches
which flashed on the walls almost useless; the broken and mingled bones
were returned to their first place of repose, after a twenty-four
years' exile.

The Cathedral of St. Denis will shortly be in complete repair, though
it was ravaged in the revolution, and roofless during twelve years;
though it was several times offered for sale without finding a
purchaser; and its destruction had been commanded, when Petit Radel,
architecte des domaines, proposed, with a view to preserve it, that it
should be left as it stood then, with uncovered walls, and rain, or
snow, falling in its aisles, and serve as a kind of market-house in the
fairs which occur frequently during the year!

                        Paris, and in our old apartment, 20th of July.

Unforeseen circumstances have postponed till next spring our ride to
Italy, when I will continue these notes for you, and we shall go as
heretofore, except that John will no longer be of the party; his
disposition has become so warlike that we intend sending him back to
Ireland.

-----

Footnote 1:

  History of the Abbey of St. Denis, by Doublet.




                              CHAPTER III.


Departure under an unlucky star--Essonne--Petit Bourg--The Czar
  Peter--Fontainebleau--Palace--Apartments of the Emperor Charles the
  Fifth--Chamber where Pius the Seventh said mass daily--Chapel founded
  in the seventh century--Cypher of the Saviour and Virgin placed
  beside those of Henry the Second and Diana of Poitiers--Princess Mary
  of Orleans--Napoleon's apartments--Marie Antoinette's
  boudoir--Carving by Louis the Sixteenth's hand--Monaldeschi,
  favourite of Queen Christina--Gallery where he was murdered--Account
  of his murder by the Monk who confessed him, of his burial at dusk in
  the church of Avon--Window thrown open by Henry the Fourth, to
  announce Louis the Thirteenth's birth--Gallery of Henry the Second,
  called Galerie des Réformés--Petition in which they took the name
  presented here by Coligny--Open chamber above the Donjon--Arch where
  Louis the Thirteenth was publicly baptized--Biron's tower--His
  treason--His denial--His last interview with Henry the
  Fourth--Napoleon--The forest--The Comte de Moret, last inhabitant of
  the Hermitage of Franchard--Fanny's sagacity--Croix du Grand
  Veneur-The spectre hunt--Apparition and warning to Henry the Fourth,
  corroborated by Sully--Avon--Monaldeschi, Christina's fickle
  lover--The old church--The fat porter--The grave beneath the
  Bénitier--The Englishmen's sacrilege--Monaldeschi their
  relative--Precautions against travellers.

                                       Hôtel de France, Fontainebleau,

                                                      April 5th, 1839.

Set forth once more on the second, under an unlucky star, for the rain
commenced as we passed the barrier, and having received it on our heads
during a walk of four hours, (for over the broken pavement, or through
the three-foot-thick mud at its sides it was impossible to trot,) we
were glad to take refuge in a wretched auberge at Essonne. I think I
mentioned to you "a country inn" in England where we stopped, tempted
by its quiet appearance, and charmed by the brilliantly white curtains
of the tiny bed-room: but alas! the farmers were returning from
Tewkesbury fair, and they drank and sang in the kitchen below. We
rejoiced that this could not pass a certain hour, but they had smoked,
and the fumes of tobacco rose to our room through the chinks of the
floor, and there being no chimney could not get out again; then the
family put the house to rights; then we heard the horses kick all
night, there being in the shed next theirs pigs, with whom they would
not fraternize; and the rats galloped to and fro, and squeaked at our
very pillows, and when these were quiet, at dawn up rose mine host and
hostess, and the maid of all work to scour the house from top to
bottom, and run about it in pattens. All this is comfort, compared to a
country auberge in France. Arriving wet and weary, to stand in the
middle of a great brick-floored room, in which there has been no fire
all the winter, in expectation of seeing damp faggots burn; and finding
when they do that the door into the corridor must be left wide open,
that the draught may conduct towards the chimney the smoke, and the
steam of wet clothes and damp sheets which must be dried there, as the
economical kitchen hearth exhibits only a few dying embers,--this was
our case. The good old woman to be sure offered a remedy, as she said
that we might, if we liked, take a dry pair of sheets, which had been
slept in only once, and recommended hanging the dripping habit and
cloaks in the grenier, whose unglazed windows let in full as much rain
as wind. Add to my previous enumeration a dinner of dry bouilli, and
greasy cabbage, a faggot for our feet serving as a rug, and dirty
alcove with plenty of cobwebs but no curtains.

I believe the descent of the road into Essonne commands a pretty view,
but the rain blinded me. We passed on the right hand the château du
Petit Bourg, once the Duke d'Antin's, now the property of the parvenu
Spanish banker, whose collection of pictures is the finest in Paris,
and who once, history says, kept a wine-shop on the boulevard. It was
here the Czar Peter dined on his way to Fontainebleau, May 30th, 1700,
where the Duke de Villeroy received him; and after a stag-hunt in the
forest and a carouse in the Pavilion de l'Étang, it was necessary to
carry himself and his suite into the boats, and thence into the
carriages, which bore inebriated majesty back to Petit Bourg.

Awaking the 3d with a cold on my chest, and determined at least on
being ill in better quarters, set out, rain having subsided to fog: a
bad and weary road, till, two leagues from Fontainebleau, we entered
the forest, and it looks really royal with its magnificent trees and
hills of rock: green (though spring is so backward) with the luxuriant
holly, which flourishes everywhere, and the different coloured bright
mosses which clothe its old trunks, and masses of strange shaped stone.
Stopped at the Hôtel de France, on the Place du Château opposite the
palace; a fine, frowning, old building, looking as if sorrow and crime
might have lodged within its walls without tales told. This inn has
every possible comfort to recommend it, and is reasonable besides. Some
of our country-people, who formerly spoiled the road by extravagance,
now drive rather hard bargains. What do you think of a post-carriage
containing six, having just now stopped, wanting beds, tea, and eggs
for their party for six francs?

                                                            April 5th.

Went yesterday to see the Château, and returned there to-day. The
surveillant of yesterday gruffly turned us back, as the Infant of Spain
was expected, but admitted us in consideration of the fee. Our guide
to-day showed the Château much more fully, and could be prevailed on by
no entreaty to accept payment. They are strictly enjoined to take
nothing. The grand staircase, whose entrance is in the Cour du Cheval
Blanc, was built in Louis the Thirteenth's time. The apartments on the
right, now those of the Duke and Duchess of Orleans, and splendidly
furnished on their marriage, are the same in which the Emperor Charles
the Fifth was lodged when he visited Francis the First in 1539;
afterwards those of Catherine de Médicis, and, when she and her bloody
line had passed away, of Anne of Austria; and next of Maria Theresa,
wife of Louis the Fourteenth. The portraits of the two last are placed
above the entrance doors of the chamber next the saloon, which still
bears the name of Chambre des Reines-Mères. Here in this very room was
mass daily said by Pius the Seventh, during his forced stay in 1812, in
the same apartments which had been decorated for his arrival when he
came to crown Napoleon in 1804.

The most ancient as well as the most interesting part, of the Château
is the Gothic chapel of St. Saturnin. Built by Louis the Seventh in the
twelfth century, and consecrated by Thomas à Becket, archbishop of
Canterbury, to whose tomb, considering him a saint and martyr, Louis
the Seventh afterwards made a pilgrimage, it was restored by Francis
the First, and embellished by Henry the Second. The cyphers puzzled me;
and they are indeed strangely mingled, for those of the Saviour and the
Virgin, I and M, are placed alternately with the H, D, those of King
Henry the Second, and his mistress Diana!

The chapel is small and low, a most impressive place: the heavy masonry
looking likely to stand till the crumbling of the world shakes it down,
and dimly lighted by three narrow windows, whose coloured glass was
painted at Sèvres, from drawings by poor Princess Mary. The young
artist beatified the members of her family before their time. St.
Philip is an excellent likeness of the king, made saint-like by a long
beard. The superb confessional, in carved oak, looks coeval with the
walls, but it is the recent work of a clever Parisian artisan.

The apartments now Louis Philip's were once Napoleon's. The Cabinet de
Travail precedes the Emperor's bed-room, and contains the small plain
table on which he signed his abdication, and the fac simile of its
rough copy in his own hand, so scrawled and blotted, I could not read a
word. The bed-room is still furnished as it was in his time, saving the
golden eagles, which were removed on the restoration, and are about to
be replaced now. The king occupies, not this chamber, but the next in
order, which was the unfortunate Marie Antoinette's boudoir. The Salle
du Trone which follows is also in the same state as during the empire,
except that the portrait of Louis the Thirteenth, which hung here when
this was his bed-chamber, replaces that of Napoleon.

The charming little room next it, which was the Queen's boudoir, would
interest you, not so much for its lovely decorations, as because it was
constructed for Marie Antoinette by Louis the Sixteenth's order; and
the beautiful espagnolettes of the windows (up which the delicately
carved gold acanthus leaves twine on a blue ground) were the work of
the king's own hand. This suite of apartments looks on the Cour de
l'Orangerie, of which the Galerie de Diane, and the apartments directly
beneath it, which were once the Galerie des Cerfs, form another side. I
was most anxious to see the latter, which is interesting as the scene
of Monaldeschi's murder, the favourite of the crowned barbarian
Christina of Sweden. It is not shown now; it was falling into decay in
the Emperor's time, the guide said, and by him replaced by apartments
for the King of Rome. From the window at which we were standing, he
pointed to the one near which Monaldeschi was assassinated. An
inscription marks it, the third from where the gallery joins the main
building.

Christina abdicated the 16th of June, 1654. She crossed France in her
way to Italy. As she was about to proceed to Paris, a command of Louis
the Fourteenth stopped her at Fontainebleau, where she arrived the 3d
of October, 1657. The following extract is from the account given by
Lebel, the head of the Mathurin monastery.

"The 8th of November, 1657, at a quarter past nine in the morning, the
Queen of Sweden, who was lodged in the conciergerie of the château,
sent a running footman to fetch me. He said, 'If you are the superior
of the monastery, I have her majesty's order to bring you where you may
have speech together.' I replied, I was so, and would accompany him to
learn her will; and without taking any one along with me, fearing to
make her wait, I followed the valet to the antechamber. I was detained
there some minutes, but the valet having at last returned, I was
conducted to the Queen's chamber. I found her alone, and having offered
her my humble respects, I asked what she required of her servant. She
desired me to follow her to the Galerie des Cerfs, where we might speak
undisturbed; and being entered there, she asked whether we had ever met
before. I replied, I had merely had the honour of saluting her, and
offering my best services, for which her goodness thanked me. Whereupon
she said, that the robe I wore induced her to confide in me, and
desired that I would promise to keep her secret as one under the seal
of confession. I answered, that whenever I was intrusted with aught, I
became naturally dumb on that subject; and being discreet with regard
to the humble, I had of course stronger reason for discretion now; and
I added, Scripture saith, 'it is good to keep the king's secret.'
Having asked me this question, she placed in my hands a packet of
papers, without superscription, but sealed with three seals, bidding me
to return it to her in such time and presence as should be commanded me
by her majesty. She desired also that I would take note of the day,
hour, and place in which she gave it to my care, and without further
conversation I retired with the packet, leaving the Queen in the
gallery. On Saturday, the 10th day of the same month, at one in the
afternoon, the Queen of Sweden again sent a valet to fetch me;
whereupon I went to a cabinet and took thence the packet, thinking she
might demand it of me. I followed the footman, who conducted me through
the gate of the donjon, and into the Galerie des Cerfs, and as soon as
I was within, closed the door on me with a vivacity which surprised me.
Perceiving about the centre of the gallery the Queen, talking to one of
her suite, whom she called Marquis, (I afterwards knew it was
Monaldeschi,) I approached her, and she asked in a rather loud tone of
voice, in hearing of the marquis and of three men who stood near, for
'the papers.' Two of these men were some steps from her, and the third
by her side. I drew near and presented the packet. Her majesty took and
examined it for a time, and then opening the enclosure, gave the
letters it contained to the marquis, saying with a grave voice and
commanding manner, 'Are not these known to you?' He denied that they
were, but turned very pale. 'You will not avow these,' rejoined the
Queen, (they were in truth only copies made by her own hand;) and
having allowed him to examine them, she next drew from under her robe
the originals, and, showing them, called him traitor, and made him
acknowledge his writing and signature. She asked him the same question
several times, and the marquis strove to excuse himself, and cast the
blame on others. At last he threw himself on his knees, craving her
forgiveness; and the three men present at the same moment drew their
swords from the scabbard. He started up again, imploring her to hear
him, and drew her as he spoke earnestly from one corner to another of
the gallery. Her majesty did not refuse, but listened very patiently,
never showing anger or weariness. When he pressed her most to receive
his excuses, she turned to me, and said, 'Bear witness, father, that I
hasten nothing against this man, but that I give to a perfidious
traitor all the time that he requires; yea, even more, to justify
himself if possible;' and approaching the marquis again she leaned on
the rounded head of her ebony cane.

"The Marquis of Monaldeschi, hard pressed by the Queen, gave her other
papers, and with them two or three small keys, which he took from a
pocket, whence at the same time fell several pieces of silver. Their
conference lasted rather more than an hour, and his replies not having
satisfied her, she again walked up to me, saying in a voice still
rather loud, but grave and calm, 'Father, I retire, and leave you this
man; have a care of his soul, and prepare him to die.' If her sentence
had been pronounced against myself, I should scarcely have felt more
terror. I and the marquis both kneeled down to implore her pardon; she
said, 'He was more criminal than many condemned to the wheel, and she
could not grant it;' that, thinking him a faithful subject, she had
communicated to him her most important affairs and secret thoughts;
that she would not remind him of the benefits she had conferred on him,
as his conscience might serve for tormentor, for she had favoured him
more than a brother.' The Queen then retired, and the marquis, left
with me and the three with their drawn swords, continued on his knees,
praying me to follow her majesty, and strive to soften her. The men
desired him to confess, pointing their swords at his throat, but
forbearing to touch him, and I with tears in my eyes besought him to
ask pardon of God.

"He who seemed the chief of the three men, himself taking pity on him,
did indeed seek the Queen, but returned sorrowful, and said, weeping,
'Marquis, think only of God, for you must indeed die.' The marquis, who
at the words seemed half frantic, prostrated himself on the ground once
more, and desired that I would myself seek her, and try the effect of
my prayers. I did so, and found her alone in her chamber, her
countenance serene, and her manner betraying no emotion. I sunk down
before her, conjuring her majesty by the sorrows of Christ to have
mercy. She said, 'She regretted the necessity she was under to refuse
me, for, from his perfidy to her, he could expect neither respite nor
pardon.'

"Finding that entreaties availed nothing, I took the liberty of
representing that she was beneath the roof of the King of France, and
bade her beware of what she did, as he might disapprove. She called
heaven to witness that she bore no personal hatred to the marquis, but
that she chose to punish an unparalleled treason; that she was not
lodged by the king as one who took refuge, neither was she a captive;
and as she obeyed nought save her own will, she chose to administer
justice to her servants at all times and in all places.

"In this extremity I knew not what to resolve on. I could not quit the
château; and even had it been in my power, I felt bound by charity and
my conscience to dispose the marquis to die. I returned then to the
gallery, and embracing the unhappy man, who was drowned in tears, I
exhorted him to turn all his thoughts to God and his conscience, as
there was no hope for him on earth.

"At this news, having uttered two or three melancholy cries, he kneeled
down before me as I sat on one of the benches, and commenced his
confession, which having nearly concluded, he rose and cried aloud
twice. He then ended his confession, mingling French, Latin, and
Italian in his fear and confusion. The Queen's almoner at that moment
entered, and the marquis, without waiting to receive absolution, went
to him, conceiving hopes from his favour with her majesty. They
whispered apart, holding one another by the hand for some time, and
then the almoner went out, taking with him the chief of the three. The
latter returned alone, and said, 'Marquis, you must die without more
delay: have you confessed?' Saying this, he pressed him against the
wall at that end of the gallery where hangs the picture of St. Germain
en Laye, and I could not so suddenly turn aside as to avoid seeing him
struck in the chest on the right side, and that he, trying to ward off
the blow, caught the blade in his right hand, from which, as the other
drew it back, it cut off three fingers.

"He then exclaimed that he wore a shirt of mail, as in truth he did,
one which weighed nine or ten pounds, and the same man repeated the
blow, aiming it at his face, and the marquis cried out, 'Father,
father!' I went to him, and the other retreated a little, and he
confessed somewhat more, and I gave him absolution, imposing on him for
penitence that he should suffer a violent death. He threw himself on
the floor, and as he fell, one of the men gave him a blow on the head,
which carried away part of the skull; and, being stretched on his face,
he made signs that they should cut his throat; and they wounded him
there several times, but not mortally, because the shirt of mail rose
high under the collar of his doublet, and deadened the blows. All this
time I exhorted him to think of heaven, and bear all patiently. The
chief of the three then asked me whether he should finish him, and I
answered angrily, and said, I had no advice to give, as I had prayed
not for his death, but his life; and then he begged my pardon, and said
he was wrong to ask me such a question.

"The poor marquis, who lay expecting the last stroke, now heard the
door of the gallery open, and recalled his courage, seeing the almoner
enter, and dragged himself towards him, supporting himself against the
wainscoting. I was on his right hand, and the almoner passed to his
left, and the marquis, joining his hands, said something, as if he was
confessing; and the almoner, having first asked my leave, gave him
absolution and retired, desiring me to remain while he went to the
Queen. At this moment, the same who had wounded him in the throat
before, and who had stood by the almoner's side, pierced it through
with a long narrow sword, whereupon the marquis fell on his right side,
and did not speak again, but continued to breathe yet a quarter of an
hour, during which time I exhorted him as well as I was able. Having
lost all his blood, he expired at three quarters past three. I recited
the De Profundis, and the chief of the three men moved a leg and then
an arm, to see if he were really dead, and searched his pockets, but
found nothing, excepting a small knife and a prayer book: we then all
three departed to receive the Queen's orders. She said she regretted
having been forced to command his execution; but that she had done
justice, and prayed heaven to pardon him. She desired me to see that
his corpse was carried away and buried, and that masses were said for
the repose of his soul. I had a coffin made, and because of the
darkness, the bad road, and the weight, it was placed in a cart, and I
sent with it my chaplain and vicar to the church of Avon, with three
men to assist, and orders to bury the body within the church near the
'bénitier,' and this was done at three quarters past five that same
evening.

                                                               LEBEL."

The church, or rather chapel of the Holy Trinity, was founded by
Francis the First, but ornamented in Henry the Fourth's reign. The
niches near the altar contain the statues in white marble of
Charlemagne, and Louis the Ninth, the sainted king. Louis the
Fifteenth's marriage with the daughter of the unfortunate Stanislas,
king of Poland, was celebrated here, and latterly that of the Duke of
Orleans with the Princess Helen.

It is to be repaired without delay, not before reparation is needful,
as the deep cracks through the ceilings and faded frescoes testify. The
Galerie de François Premier was built and decorated in his time and yet
unrestored; the pale salamanders are barely visible on the walls. The
queen's antechamber was the imperial dining-room in Napoleon's time,
and the Salon de Reception the apartment in which Louis the Thirteenth
was born. King Henry threw open one of those windows to announce the
news to his courtiers, who were walking in the oval court below. The
chamber of St. Louis formed part of a pavilion built during his reign,
but bears no trace of ancient architecture; over its chimney is a fine
Henry the Fourth on horseback, in white marble; it belonged to a
chimney piece, which gave its name to the hall, changed in Louis the
Fifteenth's time to a shabby theatre, for it was called Salle de la
belle Cheminée. The statues of Strength and Peace were the chivalrous
king's fitting supporters. The whole was thrown aside in the stores of
the Château, and left there dusty and forgotten, till Louis Philip's
command replaced the equestrian statue in St. Louis's chamber, and the
other two in the Salle des Gardes adjoining.

A corridor conducts to the gallery of Henry the Second. It was built by
Francis the First, and decorated by his son; and now its ancient glory
revived with scrupulous fidelity, the deep ornamented recesses in which
the five tall windows on each side are sunk, the gorgeous ceiling, the
walls covered with gold, and frescoes by Primatice or Nicolo, are, even
to the silver crescent and the cypher, reappearing at every step, the
same as when Diana of Poitiers and her royal lover trod its floor. The
only loss it has sustained is that of the two bronze satyrs eight feet
high which supported the chimney-piece: they were seized for ammunition
in 1793, and Napoleon replaced them by two pillars now standing. The
chimney-piece was the work of Rondelet, Francis the First's famous
sculptor; its centre exhibits the arms of France, encircled by a wreath
and crowned by Diana's crescent. There are two pictures at this end of
the hall; one of Francis killing a wild boar in the forest, the other
of the famous combat of a condemned man with a loup-cervier, which
desolated the country round Fontainebleau. He was a nobleman, and
besought permission to meet his death in this manner, but, having
exterminated the monster, he was pardoned. At one time this hall was
called Galerie des Réformés; for the Calvinists, with Admiral Coligny
at their head, here presented to Francis the Second the first petition
in which they styled themselves "Reformers." The Admiral was their
organ to the young king, whose brother was to be his murderer. The ball
on the Duke of Orleans' marriage was given in this hall. The windows to
the park look on the Étang and its pavilion, which bore the name of
Cabinet de Conseil, when Catherine de Médicis, and after her the
Cardinal de Richelieu, retired there with their secret advisers.
Directly beneath the gallery is the Salle Louis Philippe, which was, in
Louis the Fourteenth's reign, the Dauphin's apartments, now a
magnificent dining-hall, supported by Doric columns, and ornamented in
the taste of the Renaissance. Opposite its five windows, on the
parterre, are three superb entrances, opening on a corridor lighted by
glass doors, which look on the Cour Ovale; a fourth entrance
communicates with the Porte Dorée. It is a splendid porch or portico,
brilliant with gilding and just revived frescos, its length the width
of the dining-hall--at one end opening on the Allée de Maintenon,
named, by the proudest and vainest king in Europe, after his plebeian
wife; at the other on the Oval Court, which I mentioned before, but did
not tell you that the donjon which terminates it is the spot where
Louis the Thirteenth was christened when seven years old. A flight of
steps on either side of the entrance arch conducts to the open chamber
it supports, and the child was named there in public; all catholic
ceremonial observed, that no doubts of his creed might rest on the
people's minds.

Perhaps my long description of Fontainebleau has wearied you, and yet I
might continue it much longer; so large a portion of French history is
connected with its walls. The guide pointed to the tower in which the
Marshal, Duc de Biron, past the night after his arrest, ere he was
transferred to the Bastille. Notwithstanding that Henry the Fourth had
three times saved his life in battle, and designed to make him his
son-in-law, he conspired against him with the Duke of Savoy. France was
to be divided into as many petty sovereignties as provinces, all placed
under the protection of the king of Spain; and the bribe which seduced
Biron, who was the vainest and bravest man of his day, consisted of
Franche Comté and Burgundy, and a marriage with a daughter of Spain or
Savoy. Lafin, confidant of the traitor-duke, betrayed him in turn, but
had the art to persuade him of the king's ignorance, when he summoned
his former friend to his presence, and the marshal denied everything.

"Marshal," said the king, "I must hear from your own mouth what I
unhappily know already. Speak to me but frankly, and whatever your
crime against me, I promise you protection and pardon."

"Your majesty presses a man of honour too far," said the marshal
impatiently.

"Would to God it were so," rejoined Henry the Fourth sadly; "reflect
ere you reply." The general remained silent, and the king walked slowly
to the door; and, as he reached it, said, still more in sorrow than in
anger: "Adieu, Baron de Biron." He was tried and condemned; and
beheaded within the gates of the Bastille.

The Cour du Cheval Blanc, silent as it is now, calls back Napoleon's
adieus to his old guard, which took place here.

                                                            April 6th.

Notwithstanding the most bitter of east winds, we have ridden over
great part of the forest, the wildest and finest I ever saw. Its groves
of old oak, interspersed with tracts clothed with black firs, and
hills, and valleys of barren stone; the Hermitage of Franchard; the
wonderful Roche qui pleure, through which filters water, which the good
peasants still collect as a sovereign remedy against disease, are on
the Paris side of the forest. Shortly before arriving at Franchard,
there is a plain iron cross raised on a heap of flints, the scene of
some old murder. Our road from the town lay through oaks in their
hundred years' majesty: the box forming dark thickets everywhere, and
the ground between already blue and white with periwinkles and
anemones. In summer it is one carpet of flowers. Franchard had a
hermitage even in the time of our Richard Coeur de Lion; it became
afterwards a monastery which was also deserted: shortly after the
battle of Castelnaudary, its last inhabitant arrived thither, and lived
and died alone in its ruins. It was whispered at the time, that the
Comte de Moret, who (some said) had perished in the battle, had on the
contrary received but some slight wounds which in no way endangered his
life; he had disappeared: and the recluse who hid himself in poverty
and solitude at the same period was believed to conceal from the
vindictive cardinal the companion in arms of the unhappy Montmorency.

The valley of La Solle is on the other side of the grande route. The
steep road dips suddenly down, winding among fantastic rocks, piled one
on the other, overgrown with brilliant mosses, trees growing
luxuriantly on or among them. I noticed some whose trunks shot upwards
from so narrow a place of support, that the branches on either side
seemed extended to poise them, as a bird spreads its wings for the air
to bear it up; and others, whose roots stretched themselves over the
bare granite platform, casing it to its edge, and thence dropped down
to plant themselves in the earth which nourishes them scantily. In this
part of the forest the holly grows everywhere, and is gay with red
berries even now. We were doubtful of the way back; and Fanny, whose
sagacity has been so often proved, was called on to assist. When the
reins are laid on her neck, she is perfectly aware of her own
importance, and stops and snuffles at each road she sees, often
choosing short-cuts and footpaths. To-day, after leaving the valley, we
came suddenly on one of the abrupt rocky hills which we have met with
often here; there was a broad alley on each side, but Fanny chose
neither, and taking a little track through the trees, trotted on and
up, climbing like a cat, and when I dismounted to ease her, pulling me
on by the rein I held. Arrived at the top, from the little arid plain
we found a view worth our trouble; down the other side she led again,
emerging in a bridle-road, from which branched eight others. She
considered a moment, and then, hurrying as she does when her mind is
made up, she chose one of these alleys, and in five minutes we passed a
finger-post, which marked it, "Chemin de Fontainebleau."

On the Paris road is the Croix du Grand Veneur: he is the hero of
terrible tales, being a spectre, who often and on various occasions has
appeared to the kings of France. The last who saw him was Henry the
Fourth. One day of the year 1599 he had been hunting unsuccessfully,
for his hounds had twice lost the scent, and he was slowly riding back
through the forest on the Moret side, when his ill-humour was increased
by suddenly hearing the cry of dogs and the flourish of hunting horns,
which seemed to sound a triumphant blast. The king, who rode at some
distance from his attendants with the Count of Soissons, turned angrily
to him, "Note who the bold intruder may be," he exclaimed, and the
count, with several of the courtiers, spurred towards the sound. As
they disappeared, the king started back, for a tall huntsman,--tall
beyond human height,--attired in black, with a shining eye and livid
cheek, stood before him. He accosted the monarch in a voice of thunder,
and said, "Amendez-vous." Henry's look for a moment quailed before him;
and when he fixed it on the spot where the huntsman had stood, he was
gone. The Count of Soissons and his companions returned, said they had
seen, but at a distance, a dark huntsman, at the head of a numerous
hunt, mounted on horses which seemed to feel the rocky soil no
obstacle. Whether he came to warn the king of a darkening future and
bloody close, I cannot tell; some say he spoke more than the monarch
told; he rode the rest of the way in silence. After this apparition the
Grand Veneur continued to be heard at times, though he was not seen
again. Once, (Sully says,) when he waited impatiently for Henry's
return to communicate some important affair, he heard the horns and
horses' hoofs close to the chateau, and ran out to meet him, but
nothing was visible; and when the king had really come, he learned he
had been at the time four leagues away.

                                                            7th April.

Walked to-day (the east wind sharper than ever) to the church at Avon,
where Monaldeschi lies, under the bénitier. The crime for which
Christina murdered him was never precisely known; but it was hinted
that he had been a favoured and then fickle lover. Taking the right
road through the park, and along the canal made by Henry the Fourth, it
is hardly distant the quarter of a league it is called; we took the
wrong and a much longer way. The little old edifice was built in the
tenth century, and stands at the end of the unpaved dirty village. A
washerwoman and a dozen children came to see what we wanted. We wanted
to get into the locked-up church, and were desired to apply at the
seminary, which is nearly opposite. The porter issued with the key. He
was the roundest, merriest, ugliest, piece of human nature imaginable;
I should think he acted cook as well as porter, and he is quite out of
keeping with the spot where he stood. With its low gloomy arches, and
damp irregular pavement of worn tombstones, it seems the fitting place
for the hurried interment of a murdered man, in the dusk of a winter's
evening. One of the flags of the choir is marked with the
fleurs-de-lis, and a half-effaced figure; below is the heart of Philip
le Bel's queen, who died here about 1304. Two old painted windows light
the church dimly; near the entrance door, just in front of the antique
vessel for holy water, is the narrow stone inscribed with ancient
letters, "Ci gît Monaldexi." The porter told a strange story.

Three years since, (the village church being then always left open,) a
party of Englishmen came to visit it. They arrived with a number of
workmen, hired in the cottages, and whom they had paid beforehand, and
liberally, for the work to be done. By their employers' order these men
opened the grave, to take possession of the skeleton, for the English
gentlemen asserted that Monaldeschi was their relation. The curé had
been absent, but returned during this extraordinary operation, and flew
to forbid sacrilege! The workmen ceased, but they had been so diligent
that the bones were already uncovered, and the Englishmen insisted on
carrying them away; and, despite of the curé, held the skull fast.
Finding his remonstrances useless, the priest hurried away, and
returned with some gens-d'armes, when the skull was replaced in the
coffin.

The Englishmen were allowed to depart. They had cracked, in their
labour, the grave-stone, and crumbled a good many of those beside it; a
large square of brick-work replaces them. "Since then," the porter
said, winking at us, as if he fancied we too had some design on the
bones he guards, "when strangers are curious, I accompany them, and we
keep the church locked."




                              CHAPTER IV.


Moret--The Nunnery--Louis the Fourteenth's black Daughter--Two useful
  Saints--Villeneuve la Guyard--Descriptions deceitful--Strange Cure
  for Blood to the Head--A River-god on terra firma--Sens--St. Colombe,
  Thomas à Becket's refuge--Villeneuve le Roy--Place where the Vine was
  first cultivated--Auxerre--The Chapter's hundred years' Law-suit
  concerning Fur Trimmings--The Canons' Games at Ball--The Cathedral,
  occupying the site of the first Christian Chapel--St. Germain--The
  Saint's refusal to get out of his Grave to reform England--Tombs of
  Dukes of Burgundy--Ill-treatment in a Church from a School at its
  devotions--Lucy le Bois--The Face in a Hole in the Wall--Taken for a
  beast--Arnay le Duc--La Rochepot--A danger avoided through Grizzel's
  affection--An unamiable Carter--Chalons, Cæsar's head-quarters--Cross
  seen by Constantine--Punishment of past times for unskilful
  Physicians--A Prince of Portugal, Monk at St. Laurents--Cathedral.

                                                           10th April.

A pretty road through the forest, on whose borders is the old town of
Moret; its ancient gateway and the ruins of its fortifications and
strong castle looking picturesque through the trees. The fine gothic
church remains, but the convent, which was honoured by the presence of
a royal nun, no longer exists. Louis the Fourteenth had by his wife,
Maria Theresa, a daughter, who came into the world perfectly black. The
King not choosing to own a negress, it was asserted that she had died;
she was committed to the custody of these walls, and well and
respectfully treated, for the abbess received a large annuity on her
account. It is said that her royal father and mother sometimes came to
see her; perhaps the comparison between what she was and might have
been, but for the caprice of nature, preyed on her mind, for her life
was not a long one. Two saints, of unquestionable merit, have chapels
in their honour near Moret. St. Nicaise will cure the most obstinate
cough, and St. Memert the bite of a mad dog.

The next post very uninteresting, to Fossard, which is one of those
wretched-looking villages which straggle along each side of the broad,
bad roads of France. Stopped to sleep at Villeneuve la Guyard, a
hopeless-looking place with a good inn, though it does not fulfil the
promise of its printed card, which speaks of "new and splendid
furniture, French and English attendance, large and commodious stables,
baths, and a garden of rare plants adjoining." The chambers hung with
painted canvass, thick with the dust of years, and the square hole cut
in the panel of the door, that the blast rushing in might prevent the
chimneys smoking, did not quite answer the expectations raised. The
groom of the filthy stable, for French stables are cleaned once a year
only, was a feeble, gray peasant. The fat girl waited alternately on us
and the diligence dinner; the baths were invisible, as was the garden,
unless represented by the strip where primroses and cabbages grew among
broken crockery, protected by the paling, on which hung to dry an
avenue of cotton pocket-handkerchiefs. There was nothing to see when we
had walked round the little church, and been driven home by the troop
of urchins who, just out of school, clattered after me in sabots.
Returned to the inn yard, we found there an amusing specimen of French
manners in a certain class. By the well sat, in an oilskin cape and
cloak, an old gentleman, who with his wife we had seen arrive in a
one-horse vehicle. He was dripping like a river-god, and she, in the
attitude of Hebe, pouring on his bare head jugs of well-water. As
neither were at all embarrassed, we were soon acquainted; he had
attacks of blood to the head, and therefore the watering of it by three
buckets at a time is performed twice a day, and the operation of
cupping three times a week, by his wife, who has taken lessons on
purpose; like some other good people, she likes complaining, and before
we had been known to each other five minutes, she told me that since
her husband had retired from business, this malady had come upon him;
that they had travelled to see the sea, and it had ennuyé him; that
they were now on their way to drink the waters in Savoy, and he already
spoke of turning back; in short, that he was impatient and fanciful,
and made her life insupportable. A great source of grief and fidget to
him was the old horse, lean and uncleaned, who daily dragged themselves
and baggage in the heavy vehicle. He wondered he was not fat and hungry
like ours.

                                                           11th April.

Left early, intending to sleep at Sens for the sake of the cathedral.
Pont-sur-Yonne, which lies on the road, has an old church and fine
bridge. The entrance to Sens under the arched gateway is striking; and
its boulevards and public promenades remarkably neat and pretty. When
we rode into the yard of the Ecu, we found mine host, who came to meet
us, high in his charges and impertinent besides; so turned the horses'
heads again,--merely fed them at an auberge close by, and went on. I
saw only the exterior of the fine cathedral. A quarter of a league from
Sens was the abbey of St. Colombe, where Thomas à Becket hid himself
three years from the fury of Henry of England. A beautiful shining day,
for the east wind has yielded at last. The approach to Villeneuve le
Roy is through a pretty tranquil country, the road winding along the
bank of the river, and sheltered on the other side by an abruptly
rising ground, planted with vineyards. An elbow in this road brings
suddenly in sight the old town's gateway: like that of Moret, an
entrance-arch, flanked by turrets, with the gouttière above, whence
boiling pitch and lead poured on the intruder.

It is of Louis the Sixth's time, I was going to say it has frowned
there ever since; but this evening, in the golden sunshine, it smiled
in harmony with all the rest: the troops of gay boys at play under the
care of a good-natured priest, and the bright little stream which
bathed Fanny's tired feet.

We had good beds and a decent stable at the inn; but its butcher and
cook are "leagued to destroy." Our French acquaintance had arrived
before us,--just as the lady-innkeeper was telling me her country
people were far better travellers than formerly, as they ate and drank
and paid uncomplainingly now, as the English once had done, my friend,
who had seen us dismount, came to greet me, and tell (in the landlady's
presence) that every thing in the house was extravagant and execrable;
and then, having surveyed the chamber selected for us, insisted on her
yielding one better, in which we are installed, thanks to her. We
walked together in the evening to the pretty gardens outside the town:
it has a similar entrance at its other extremity, and the ancient walls
and towers of the fortifications remain; and the moat, converted to
peaceful uses, now forms bright gardens, covered with blossom.

I bought for a franc an enormous basket of carrots for the horses; and
when we returned to the inn, my companion elevated one before the eyes
of the landlady, reproaching her with its being the same size for which
that morning she demanded five sous!

                                                           12th April.

Left Villeneuve for Auxerre; a north-east wind and gloomy sky again,
under which the scene looked disenchanted. A less uninteresting country
as far as Joigny, which is built on the height, its houses and churches
rising in terraces with a broad quay and handsome bridge, but neither
trees nor flower-gardens as in a country town in England; looking this
grey, cold day only dirt and barrenness. We met, as we passed along,
our feverish acquaintance, he walking to cool his head without a hat;
his lady abusing the hotel, where their horse was feeding; they too
were bound for Auxerre.

Nothing more melancholy than Joigny, excepting the road beyond it; it
crosses the bridge, and lies over a marshy flat, lately overflowed by
the river, and seeming to produce little, saving a few willows and
broom-like poplars. We have pavement again for some miles here, and the
sides of the road were impassable. Leaving Bassou, a hopeless looking
place, behind, we were in the vine country: an ugly one it is, but this
is the place of all Gaul where the grape was first grown in the third
century. From a long steep hill we looked back on a most gloomy though
extensive view; its descent leads to Auxerre. At the Porte de Paris was
our hatless friend, who had passed us on the way; he was good-naturedly
watching our coming to point out the road to the Leopard; we should
otherwise have made a long round instead of riding down the avenue to
the quay where it stands. It is a comfortable and reasonable inn, and
the view up and down the broad river, with bridge and islands and
barges, very pretty. The avenue before the hotel, and along the Yonne,
is the walk of the Auxerre fashionables; a formidable looking "jeune
France" was promenading there, but now magnificent in curls and beard
and crimson cloak and cigar. The town, whose streets are high and
narrow, looks to advantage from the river; it is built in an
amphitheatre, the old abbey of St. Germain, the prefecture, the
cathedral towers, and those of other fine churches, rising tier above
tier over the quay. I walked in quest of letters to the post-office,
and found that to do so required strength of mind, for a bonnet forms
no part of my baggage: and I went in my riding habit, as I dismounted,
followed by all the little boys and girls, and some of their papas and
mammas: the very clerk at the post-office, civil as he was, could not
refrain from several questions, the "how and whence" respecting the
first habit which had been seen at Auxerre. Yet we are only forty
leagues from Paris, and the Parisians have lately made riding so
fashionable, that I have heard young ladies, asked whether they liked
the exercise, exclaim they "adored it," and seen gentlemen of fifty on
ponies follow in the train of the riding master. The cathedral is small
and beautiful; we stood near one of the side entrances admiring the
elegance of its Nun's-walk, and the view down the aisle, where it
circles round the choir, and arches and columns seem crowded together.

The finely carved capitals of these columns were lighted brilliantly
and variously by the sunbeams through the rich stained windows. The
prospect from the nave would be open to the chapel behind the high
altar, but that modern taste has suspended over the latter a wooden
ornament, closely resembling the tester of a bed; it intercepts the
view of the lovely little chapel, and the strangely light pillars which
support it; on one of these is pasted a paper, promising "plenary
indulgence" to all such as on saints' days, therein specified, shall
recite particular prayers. So all who are "heavy laden" repair to the
chapel at Auxerre.

On the wall close by is a tablet to the memory of Georges de Beauvoir,
Marshal of Chastellux, who, in the year 1444, retook the town of
Crevant from the English, and with his own hand (says the inscription)
killed the Lord High Constable of Scotland. The celebrated Amyot,
preceptor of King Henry the Third, is also interred here; it is said
that the chapter, formerly rich, ruined itself by lawsuits, and one is
particularly cited which lasted a long time. The canons asserted their
right of wearing ermine on their robes; it was forbidden them; some
yielded, others were stubborn: they were called, to distinguish them,
"Trimmed" and "Untrimmed." Litigation ensued, and the last named gained
the lawsuit, when it had been pending one hundred years.

The cathedral has some customs peculiar to itself. A strange one was
abolished only in the sixteenth century. The canons were in the habit
of playing at ball in the nave, and for money, and the sums thus won
were expended in feasts for the chapter. It is said that it was erected
on the site of the first Christian chapel, raised here in the third
century.

The old church of St. Germain near (now that of the Hôtel Dieu, and
barbarously whitewashed) takes its name from the sixth Bishop of
Auxerre, who first built it on the spot where stood the house in which
he was born, and who was buried here in 448. The saint's story says,
that having travelled to England he there met and converted at Oxford
one Micomer, a learned doctor, whom he then made his coadjutor in
reclaiming Great Britain from Paganism. Micomer returned to France,
died, and was buried. St. Germain visiting his tomb at Tonnerre,
apostrophized his disciple, now a saint. "Micomer," he said, "rise from
your tomb: there are fresh disorders and fallings away in England and
Ireland; rise and go, set all in order." A voice replied from the tomb,
"Be tranquil, father, on that subject, for England and Ireland will not
need our interference, and heaven commands my body to remain in peace
here, and my soul in eternal glory." St. Germain rejoined, "It is well,
may I soon be with you in paradise." The subterranean church of St.
Germain is famous for its antiquity, and also because it contains,
besides the tombs of sainted bishops, those of Hugh, Duke of Burgundy,
father of Hugues Capet of France, as well as of other dukes of
Burgundy, and counts of Auxerre; (for the county of Auxerre belonged by
turns to France and her turbulent province.) It was united to the crown
in Charles the Fifth's reign, ceded to the duchy by Charles the Sixth,
and became finally French when Charles the Téméraire, last sovereign of
Burgundy, was killed before Nancy. We did not see the vaults, for the
pale, diseased faces which came round us, as this is now the hospital
church, made it by no means tempting to stay. Near the church stands
its ancient belfry, a picturesque tower. We went in search of St.
François, which is in the lower part of the town, and seen outside is a
noble gothic building; within it disappointed me, though indeed I had
barely time to judge of it, for as we entered we found a whole school
on its knees, which, without any change of position, saluted my habit
and myself with shouts and hootings notwithstanding the reproving looks
of a young priest, and fairly drove us out and followed us home,
pushing against us to stare closer; so, having had no room to walk, and
barely enough to breathe to-day, I must buy a bonnet at Chalons.

                                               Rouvray, 14th of April.

Cold weather still, but sunny, and the bridge and steep road which
looks on Auxerre, once passed, no view to reward for the long
succession of bare hills. Near the town the vine is much cultivated,
but in France its stunted stumps give no charm to scenery. Further on
the soil is worse, but prodigiously manured, and they grow oats and rye
in what appears a stiff red clay, lightened only by layers of flat
stones, which would break English hearts and ploughs. Nothing to
relieve the eye, not a bush, not a speck of green, not an habitation
for miles on either side of the glaring white road; we travelled for
ever up the steep rise, and down the sharp descent, which succeed as
like each other and uninteresting as if all had been cast in the same
mould. Fed the horses at a lone farm-house, and reached at sunset the
prettier country near Lucy le Bois; for the road for about a mile
passes through a young oak wood, and it was really refreshing to the
sight, as we had not seen a tree for twenty-seven miles. The village
stands in a sheltered and rather pretty valley, at the foot of a hill,
which is a petty mountain, so thought the post horses, who toiled up
it. We got in at dusk. The sharp landlady was out, and her delegates
were two good civil old women, her aunt and mother-in-law, and though
it is an humble inn, we had good beds and a bright fire, and an
excellent dinner from the hands of poor Annette, whose province is to
clean the house, attend the comers, cook the meals, wash the linen,
milk the cows, make bread, cheese, and butter, and bear (she told me in
confidence) the blows of the spoilt child.

When the hostess returned, we saw no more of the old people and their
civility, but the fine lady and her imposition instead.

Slept at Lucy, and rode on in the morning to this town, Rouvray, a
melancholy road and wretched place, but the beds, cook, and stabling of
the Hôtel de l'Ancienne Poste very good. As D---- always stops to feed
the horses on the way, and the wonder my costume excites becomes very
annoying, I to-day took refuge in the stable, and saw there a great
face in a blue night-cap, staring at me through a hole in the wall.
Before reaching the town we passed a group of labourers at work, and
men and women ran to the edge of the high bank above the road to look
down at me. I laughed at their astonishment; a fact the foremost of the
group communicated to the rest, saying, "Voilà que cela nous rit."
"Cela" does not mean a human being, so that I do not exactly know for
what they took me. Mons. Digy's printed card asserts, in English, that
"Post hotel is situated in the most fine quarter of town," which means,
the dirtiest end of the long street. The wind is high, and this room
smokes, so that we sit with the door ajar, and the creaking sign, which
hangs just at our windows by iron links, and swings backwards and
forwards, excites agreeable thoughts of dead men hung in chains. We are
to remain a day or two, notwithstanding, as I am not well.

We hear there is great poverty hereabouts, yet provisions, except
bread, which sells at the Paris price, are very reasonable. Meat is
only eight or nine sous a pound; but the labourer receives no more than
twenty-four sous for his day's hire, and the country people, like the
Irish, live almost entirely on potatoes.

                                                           19th April.

Left Rouvray for Arnay le Duc, and saw nothing which at all interested
me by the way, excepting the return post horses trotting gaily home by
themselves. We have fine weather at last, and so warm, that we stopped
on a little plain, and sat in the shelter of one of its hillocks,
thinking to do so undisturbed; but a bevy of half black Bourguignonnes,
who were tending thin sheep and unsightly pigs at a distance, took up a
position which commanded ours, and grinned fearfully till they drove us
out. They form a very unengaging population. The women, from hard work,
soon lose all trace of feminine features, and their costume is
unbecoming, as their short petticoats display their bare, thick, brown
ancles. Arnay le Duc is rather prettily situated on the river Arroux,
in a valley, which was formerly commanded by its strong castle, of
which remains but one heavy tower. The Hôtel de la Poste is exceedingly
good, and through this town, for the first time, I was not hooted, as
near it lives a young French lady, who rides.

                                   20th April, Hôtel du Parc, Chalons.

Sixty miles in two days of burning weather. I feared Fanny might
suffer, and we decided on remaining a day in this noisy inn, which is
not an agreeable one. I believe the "Trois Faisans" to be better. The
plain of Givry, which we passed over, is surrounded by an interesting
country, as on the right are wooded defiles, backed by a range of bold
hills; and to the left, beyond the slender white pillar raised in the
meadows, (none could tell me wherefore,) the view is fertile and
extensive, stretching back towards Arnay. In front lay the dirty town,
once fortified. We fed our horses there, and found the inhabitants more
savagely insolent than usual. When we remounted, Fanny, and even the
patient Grizzel, excited by their shouts, plunged so violently that
they soon cleared a way through the night-capped crowd. From the long
hill above Givry, the green plains and distant heights look to
advantage, as does the old château, with peaked roof and turrets, which
stands by the winding river in the hollow. We next came on a broad
moor, and the horses enjoyed a long gallop over turf, the first since
Salisbury Plain. It is broken by a few patches of brushwood, and
covered with a very beautiful purple flower, whose name is unknown to
me. We saw no habitation for miles; none, indeed, till we reached its
extremity, where there is a lone inn, with ruined outhouses, in a wild
and solitary situation, just fitting for the last scene of a Porte St.
Martin melodrama.

The road thence descends suddenly, edging a precipice, and commanding a
view which is a contrast to all we have toiled through till now. We
rode under abrupt banks, and fragments of reddish rock, and below was a
glen, shut in by hills, or rather small stony mountains, planted with
vines, wherever cultivation is not impossible. There was no verdure,
for the vine stalks are yet bare of leaves, and the face of the hills
is only varied by the different tints of rock and soil, and the
enclosures of the small fields, formed by piles of slaty stones thrown
up from them; yet the prospect was beautiful as well as grand. The
broken hill nearest us stood forth in deep shadow; those before, as
well as the narrow valley, lay in splendid sunshine, and beyond them,
through the haze of heat and distance, shone the windings of the Saône,
and stretched the rich plains of Bresse, and above all towered the
range of the Jura, resembling the cloud which hung over it, but that
its rosy white was more delicate still. At our feet were two villages,
so hidden in their nooks, that we perceived them only when the road
passed directly above. The furthest is La Rochepot; its square castle,
flanked by four massive towers, covers the surface of the solitary rock
which forms its foundation, and rises among the cabins, yet at a
commanding distance, as (ere power had departed and respect had
followed) the old noble once did among his vassals.

Two watch-towers are still standing, and the windows opened at
different epochs, some arched, some Elizabethan, make frames for the
blue sky seen through them, or are lightly curtained by ivy, which
seldom grows luxuriantly in France; its situation and itself are such,
as, had Scott seen, would not have been left without a story.

The grande route winding, passes directly in its front, and the
precipice is scarcely pleasant with a starting horse, particularly as
the carters we meet crack their whips at me, kindly curious to know
whether the lady's seat is as unsafe as strange. Arrived at the stone
cross on the hill, we lost sight of the castle, but obtained a lovelier
view of the valley, as green meadows and fruit-trees in flower
enlivened the same bold scenery. I had led Fanny down, as the descent
is rapid, and as I was about to remount, only Grizzel's affectionate
disposition spared us an inconvenient adventure. By the road-side are
various marly pools, whose thin mud seems unlikely to tempt even a
thirsty horse; yet Grizzel left free when D---- came to assist me,
walked towards, and into it, bending her knees and making preparations
for rolling, in utter disregard of the saddle and valise she carries.
D---- ran to the edge, but the edge was slippery and the pool deep, and
Grizzel too intent on her bath to listen to shouts or commands; a
stroke of the long whip was the last resource, and out of the water she
splashed, and, to our dismay, trotted up a by-path. What was to be
done? to pursue would have quickened her retreat; by a lucky thought,
we led away little Fanny, and the poor grey had not gone a hundred
yards ere she turned to look for her, and though she hesitated a
little, preferred the risk of feeling the whip again to losing her
companion; so we rode peaceably on to Chagny, which is situated in a
rather pretty country, though beyond the valley. I asked an old woman
who was there at work, the name of its tiny river; she turned round to
gaze at it, as if she then saw it for the first time, and said "Cela?
cela s'appelle la _rivière_." Met again to-day several soldiers going
on furlough; one from Africa, bronzed by its sun. We stopped him to ask
whether we are likely to find our friend Captain ----'s regiment at
Lyons. From Chagny to Chalons, though but four leagues, seemed a long
distance from the badness of the road: between them, on a lone flat, we
passed the stone erected to the memory of Antoine Prévost a countryman,
assassinated here for the sake of a five-franc piece in his pocket. Met
an exceedingly uncivil waggoner with his team, who made a face at me!
and got in at sunset, the frogs in the ditches croaking so loud a "good
night," that they startled the horses.

Chalons existed as a town of importance, even previous to Cæsar's
entrance into Gaul, and was called Orbandale. Cæsar made it the
head-quarters of several legions, and it increased in importance till
the reign of Constantine. The inhabitants boast that near their city he
beheld in the clouds the luminous cross which converted him to
Christianity.

It was at Chalons that the marriage was negotiated between Clovis and
Clotilda, by whose influence he afterwards became first Christian King
of France. It was to him that St. Remy made that fine speech before his
baptism; "Bow the head, barbarian! burn what you have adored; reverence
what you have burned." The scene of the exploits of the famous
Brunehaud was also laid here; she was second wife to King Gontran; his
first spouse Austragilda, who died at Chalons, made a singular request
to her husband:--"I pray you, sire, put to death all those unskilful
leeches who have failed to cure my malady." King Gontran promised to
give her this token of affection, and kept his word, and yet--he has
been canonized!!! The parish of St. Laurent, which was formerly a
little town with privileges of its own, occupies an island formed by
the Saône. It had once a convent of Cordeliers, in the church of which
was the tomb of a monk who was its superior. The historian of Chalons
says he was the only brother of Alphonso the Fifth, King of Portugal;
in 1481, he wandered hither and assumed the cowl: the king dying
childless, ambassadors came to offer him the crown he had inherited; he
refused it, and dismissed them as well as his mother the queen dowager,
who strove to persuade him by entreaties and vain tears. At last, in
despair, she departed and retired to die among the poor Cordeliers of
St. Claire of Auxonne, where she is interred. Of all the riches of
Portugal, Father John only accepted what sufficed to decorate the
church of his convent, and died in 1525, having chosen to be the
principal of five and twenty mendicant monks, rather than to rule a
kingdom.

Having purchased a bonnet, I walked after dinner to the cathedral. It
is believed to have existed from the earliest epoch of Christianity;
ruined by the Saracens, it was magnificently rebuilt by Charlemagne in
the commencement of the ninth century. It fell into decay five hundred
years after, and the present edifice is of the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries. It is an extensive and solemn-looking building. We saw it
imperfectly and for a few minutes only; not arriving till after sunset.
The side aisles are shorter than the nave, and the arch, which descends
lower where the transept crosses the latter, gives it weight and gloom;
but the nun's walk, with an open gallery below and above, is light and
beautiful. The armed and gilded figures, which seem to guard the choir,
belong to the tombs of some of the old Counts of Chalons buried here.
The chapels are rich in ornaments, having belonged to the chief
families of the country, mostly to those which have given bishops to
Chalons. In one of them kneels a painted statue attired in its robes,
which, though it might possess little illusion in broad daylight, made
us start in the gloom, looking though "lifeless so very lifelike." The
unfinished portal is about to be completed; and this part of the
cathedral is screened off for the present by most curious old tapestry,
seemingly of Francis the First's time. The small irregular place in
front of the church is surrounded by houses with projecting upper
stories, and carved cherubims at their corners, resembling those at
Tewkesbury; but nothing at Chalons appears to date back to 590, though
it is pretended that a part of the palace occupied by King Gontran
still remains. We go to-morrow, for the quay below our windows is the
spot whence the Saône steamers start; and the noise exceeds that of a
Saturday night at Birmingham: the horses are uncomfortably situated,
not only from the extreme filthiness of the stable, but because one end
of its enormous space is merely separated by a curtain from the open
coach-house, and the other by a glass partition from the kitchen;
luckily they are good travellers. We dined yesterday in our own rooms
and well, and to-day at the table d'hôte, the worst I have seen yet,
and having a nasty appendage in a lavoir opposite, with often-used soap
on its edge, and dirty towels for drapery; the diners washed their
hands as they came in--a most odious custom.




                               CHAPTER V.


Tournus--Greuze's grave--Mâcon--The walking Wedding--Retirement of
  a Count of Mâcon, with thirty Knights, to the Abbey of
  Cluny--Dealings of his Successor with evil Spirits--His exit from
  Earth in the Car of a black Visitor--His Son turning Monk through
  fear--The County sold by his Daughter Alice to France--Bloodless
  occupation of Mâcon by the Huguenots--Mâcon retaken through
  bribery by the Marshal of Tavannes--Madame de Tavannes' mode of
  increasing her Revenues--Sauteries de Mâcon--Farce of St.
  Poinct--Assassination of Huguenot Prisoners--Sang froid of
  Catholic Dames--A Russian Noble--Villefranche--Privilege granted
  to its married Men--Descent into Lyons--Monastère des deux Amans,
  supposed Herod and Herodias--Fortress of Pierre Encise--The
  Prison of Cinq Mars--Fort commanding the Croix Rousse--Homage
  paid to the wooden Statue of 1550--Hôtel de l'Europe--View of
  Fourvières--Its Church escaping violation throughout the
  Revolution--The Antiquaille on the site of the Palace where
  Germanicus was born--Traces of fire in Nero's time--Recollections
  of Princess Mary of Württemberg--Her love of Art to the
  last--Nourrit's Funeral--A Racer's determination to trot--Going
  to races--Mistaken for a Candidate--Perrache--Horses, riders, and
  accoutrements--Triumph of the King's Fête--A Boat upset--The
  Tower of the fair German-Croix Rousse--Wretchedness of the
  Operatives--Causes of Insurrection in 1831--The most ancient
  Monastery in Gaul--Church of Aisnay.

                                           Tournus, Hôtel de l'Europe,

                                                          23d April.

Arrived here last evening, having left the inn yard at Chalons under
the inspection of all the guests assembled there for breakfast.
Remembered, when we had crossed the bridge, having left no address for
my bonnet, which is to be sent after me to Mâcon; and were obliged to
ride back.

From Chalons to Sennecey, two posts; a long fertile plain bounded by
hills; to the left, in the distance, the Swiss mountains. The only
sights at dirty Sennecey, a horridly gigantic head grinning with its
tongue out, transplanted from some fountain to the wall of the first
house, and a very old fort at its extremity, within whose walls the
parish church has been lately erected. The extensive plain which again
succeeds is skirted by nearer and wooded hills, whose shade, as we
ascended them, made a pleasant contrast to the burning, treeless flat
below. We let poor Fanny drink from a clear stream gushing forth at the
foot, over which has been built a neat lavoir. As we walked the horses
up the steep, the view bespoke more comfort and plenty than does any
part of France I have yet travelled. Green meadows and fruit trees in
flower, and villages dotting valley and rising ground, reminded me of
England; from the summit the prospect was enchanting. The descent
before us was rapid, and a few crags made a bold foreground, as did the
Swiss mountains a splendid distance. Tournus rose in the plain, with
its old church towers and grey abbey, and suspended bridge across the
Saône, whose shores, seen for many a mile of its windings, merit their
name of "bords fleuris." This is one of the very best inns we have yet
rested in; close to the bridge and the river; in all respects superior
to its rival, the Sauvage, which is at the entrance of the town in a
dull and dirty situation: but, as it pays postilions at a ruinous rate,
attracts the larger proportion of post carriages. My indifferent health
alters our destination, for, dreading the heat of an Italian summer, we
go hence to Switzerland instead of Nismes. Here we remain some days for
letters, and to give rest to our horses, though they appear to require
none. Our most intimate acquaintance is a fat gentleman, who is anxious
we should take a furnished château in these environs, which has its own
private theatre, (he has discovered D----'s taste already,) and, with
grounds and large vineyard, is to be let for thirty pounds a year; and
an old soldier of the empire, one of the few returned from Moscow, who
holds young France in great contempt, and showed us the scar of a lance
thrust in his throat; and a sabre cut which crippled his hand: two of
the six wounds for which a grateful country bestows on him a pension of
eight sous a day. Do not suppose him a beggar, or one to whom you could
presume to offer money. Before he was drawn for the conscription he was
a carpenter. After his military life, unable to return to his first
trade, he took up another, and is now a carrier, and transports goods
in his cariole from Tournus to the villages surrounding it. We made
acquaintance in the stable, where I had gone to see Fanny luxuriously
rolling on her clean straw; and he particularly prides himself on being
divested of all prejudices belonging to the untravelled. Greuze, the
painter of the sweet family-pieces we have so often admired in the
Louvre, was born at Tournus; in the church is a monument erected in his
honour.

                                                    27th April, Mâcon.

We loitered away the fine weather at Tournus, and took to-day the
melancholy road hither, with a north-east wind which whirled its dust
in our faces, and made us shiver, as we rode up and down long hills,
which succeed each other without view or interest. We met a wedding
trudging along a little path which wound through the clods of a
ploughed field, and crossing the high road and ourselves in the
direction of a village. Three fiddles preceded bride and bridegroom,
who walked arm in arm, and half a dozen couples of friends and
relatives followed; we made a bow to the bride, who was very plain and
looked very proud. The fiddlers were conscientiously playing with all
their might, and we heard the sharp, squeaking notes, "like the cracked
treble of an old man's voice," long after we lost sight of them. The
female peasantry hereabouts wear a strange kind of tiny hat tied on the
top of the head, and the white cap: it is about large enough to fit
that of a doll, and above a fair face might be picturesque, but worn
over weather-beaten features, which the "foreign aid of ornament cannot
serve," adds to their natural ugliness; and being so small as barely to
shade one eye, affords no protection against the burning summer. The
Hôtel de l'Europe where we are lodged is a good inn situated on the
quay: the view is pretty across the broad river, and to the plains
beyond, and bounded by the Alps. The inn has good beds and civil
masters, but a bad cook. We dined to-day at the table d'hôte, which
consisted of only two besides ourselves, young men of no very brilliant
intellect, for one asked the waiter whether the radishes served at
table were of this or last year's growth; and nothing could persuade
the other that the insurrection of the Lyons workmen was not suscitated
by the English, with a view to destroy the silk-trade. There is an old
horse in these stables thirty-two years of age, they tell me once a
favourite charger of Napoleon.

Mâcon is a very ancient town, and was of importance even in Cæsar's
time. Under the first race of French kings it formed part of the
kingdom of Burgundy; under the second race the Counts of Mâcon had
insensibly become hereditary, and after the reign of Hugues Capet, one
of these, yielding to the devotional feelings which took sudden and
absorbing possession of his mind, retired with his sons and thirty
knights to the monastery of Cluny, where they assumed the cowl, while
at the same time their wives became nuns in the abbey of Marcigny. The
county of Mâcon then again formed part of Burgundy, and in 1245 it was
sold to St. Louis, King of France, by Alice, who had inherited it from
her father and brother.

The parent of the Countess Alice had, it was said, dark dealings with
bad spirits; and choosing to place no bridle on his love of enjoyment,
laid violent hands on property belonging to the two chapters of Mâcon,
and to the abbey of Cluny. The hour of reckoning came, and a black man
of fearful exterior appeared one day, and summoned the count at the
foot of his palace stair. Forced to obey, he mounted, at his silent
companion's sign, a kind of car, and thereupon miraculously disappeared
from his wondering subjects. His cries of despair were heard and lost
in the distance. "Had he sunk into earth, or melted in air," they knew
not; but his son, witness of this event, became a monk, and ceded the
county to his sister Alice, who had espoused a prince of the blood of
France, and her wishes according with her husband's, sold to Louis the
holy king, a domain whose unholy lords ended so fatally. The palace was
allowed to go to decay, and in the sixteenth century its ruined walls
were still visible within the citadel which was in the centre of the
town. The Countess Alice retired to the Abbaye des Lis near Melun, and
died its abbess. Long after, in the year 1562, the Huguenots had
obtained possession of Mâcon with little violence, and no shedding of
blood. The Marshal of Tavannes several times, and each unsuccessfully,
attempted to retake the town, until at last he entered it by the means
of traitors bought over. Notwithstanding, in each street a combat
awaited him, but the Huguenot party, weaker than his own, and
unprepared, wasted its bravery. With the victorious troops there
re-entered the town a number of women, who, on account of their
shameful lives, had been expelled thence, as well as the priests, in
whose habitations many of them had been found: they served to point out
the houses belonging to men of the Huguenot creed, particularly of
those who had been active in driving them forth.

The butchery which took place would be too horrid for minute detail;
and by means of merciless pillage, Tavannes and other leaders made or
augmented their fortunes. Madame de Tavannes was noted for being
particularly clever in discovering in houses, which already seemed
sacked, the hiding-places of plate, jewels and linen, with all which
Mâcon at this time was better supplied than any town in France. The
mournfully famous Sauteries de Mâcon took place when Tavannes, having
departed, left in his place as governor, a certain St. Poinct, son of a
woman who asserted that a priest was his father. This man was in the
habit of terminating pastimes and festivals, to which he had invited
all the Catholic ladies of the town, by inquiring if the farce were
ready to be acted (it has since been called the farce of St. Poinct);
and on receiving a reply in the affirmative, he led the way to the
bridge--I believe the very same which still crosses from Mâcon to
Bresse, built of stone, with thirteen arches. Hither by his command,
one or two, sometimes more, of the Huguenot prisoners had already been
summoned; and when St. Poinct arrived, surrounded by ladies richly
attired, he would enter into gay conversation, joke with them, and give
them hope of pardon, till at his well-known signal they were seized and
cast from the bridge into the river. It does no honour to the Catholic
dames and damsels of the day, that D'Aubigné wrote that "this man could
instil into the minds of females, even maids and children, with the
fruits and wines of his desserts, such feelings as taught them to look
on without pity at the execution of a Huguenot." Last night there
arrived a Russian noble, with his train of serfs. The north-east wind
blew bitterly, yet by the master's order the groom, who had in some
wise offended, passed the hours till morning, shivering on the box of
the travelling-carriage. One of the hôtel waiters in pity carried him a
bottle of wine, but as he passed

                  "Betwixt the wind and his nobility,"

the Russian interfered, the servant received a reprimand, and the serf
no wine.

                                                           28th April.

From Mâcon to Villefranche the country improving; the low hills on the
right relieve the eye, barren as they are. At St. George de Rognain's,
through which we passed, it was fair-day, and the streets so crowded,
that we were forced to proceed at a slow walk,--stared, laughed, and
hooted at, with what patience we might. At Villefranche it was
market-day, and our progress was impeded by droves of horned cattle
along the road: found, when we arrived, all the good rooms occupied at
the post-house, therefore pay high prices for bad accommodation. We
dined at the same table with a gentleman who has travelled on horseback
from Dijon hither, and complains of the fatigue piteously! Humbert the
Fourth, sire de Beaujeu, who died in 1202, singularly privileged the
husbands of Villefranche, allowing them to beat their wives till the
blood flowed, provided they did not die!!

                                                           29th April.

                     From Villefranche to Anse,
                     La plus belle lieue de France,

says the popular rhyme, and truly as we rode it, this warm, lovely
morning, it was fair and fertile beyond any country we have travelled
over. The high grounds on the right covered with vineyards; on the
left, the meadows rich and green, and the Saône--a sheet of silver, and
enough hill to give the scenery the boldness it would want otherwise.

Droves of oxen again on their way to supply Lyons; their drivers not
more civil than yesterday,--for they merely said they were dangerous,
without an attempt to leave us room at either side of the broad road;
and their being savage was a likely consequence of the heat, and their
fatigue--joined to the blows of the men, and the bites of their dogs.
We kept in the rear till they opened their ranks themselves, and then
cantered through this most unromantic peril. Our next meeting was with
a runaway cow! galloping at full speed from her master, whom her
unceremonious haste had commenced by overturning at the top of the
hill, and who was making vain efforts to come up with her. As we left
valiantly as much room with as little delay as possible for the
fugitive, two post-carriages passed us, their inmates asleep as usual.
We have not yet met two travellers with their eyes open.

We passed Anse, and its bridge over the narrow river, which is perhaps
a branch of the Saône:--there is an air of comfort about the
habitations of the poor, not visible in the north of France or nearer
Paris. We noticed that the improvement commenced near Chalons. At Anse
the cottages have neatly-enclosed gardens, gay with flowers and fruit
trees; the sides of the Grande Route, which here turns abruptly towards
the high hill which towers between it and Lyons, is bordered by poplars
and willows; the green lanes, branching from it, have hedges, now white
with hawthorn; and the peach-trees, which it is here the custom to
plant between the rows of vine, are covered with their delicate
blossoms. We remarked, that nowhere had we noticed so many fine
châteaux as we saw dotting the country here; either placed, in
commanding situations, on the hills to the right, or nestled in the
nooks of the Mount d'Or itself, which we were ascending. Perhaps this
accounts for the happier aspect of the dwellings of the poor: they are
not, like those in Normandy, long, unmeaning buildings, with mansarde
roofs; but for the most part extremely picturesque, built with high
peaked turrets,--probably in the architecture of Henry the Fourth's
time. The steep road is uneven and stony, and we suffered from its
dust, as well as the heat of the day; but the view of the country to
the left, and that we were leaving behind, was at every step lovelier,
and when we reached the summit, that of Lyons and its environs which
lay below, in no degree inferior to it, though a thick haze shut out
the Swiss mountains. We asked three men, within the space of five
minutes, what might be the distance to Lyons: the first said two
leagues; the second, one; and the third, three. The descent is long and
rapid, passing some wild and beautiful gorges of the mountain, where
the summer residences of the Lyonnese citizens are thickly scattered,
and when we reached the bottom we were on the bank of the Saône, its
windings on the left hand leading among green shores, and to the Isle
Barbe, and on the right into Lyons. The Faubourg de Vaise, through
which the grande route runs, gives no very favourable first impression.
We believed that we had mistaken our way; but the crooked, narrow
streets opened at last on the fine quay, and the finest town-view ever
seen. We both made an exclamation of surprise at its beauty, which
increased as we proceeded; but my enjoyment of which Fanny very much
interfered with, as she chose to start more violently than ever, and
the busy quays have often no barrier between them and the river below
but rare placed curbed stones; sometimes not even these. We passed the
ruined Monastery des Deux Amans, a Gothic building, of which little
remains but the walls and a few windows with light and elegant tracery.
It was of the order of St. Francis, and took its name from a tomb
without an inscription, which existed here in the sixteenth century,
and from time immemorial had been called that of the Two Lovers. Some,
who exercised their erudition on the monument, affirmed it to be that
of Herod, king of Judea, and his mistress Herodias, exiled to Lyons by
Caligula. The high crag, which we rode beneath immediately after,
starting so strangely up from the quay and among houses, with
vegetation on its top, and a mere vestige of broken wall, was the seat
of the strong fortress of Pierre Scise, held by the archbishops of
Lyons till Henry the Fourth thought it wiser to take possession of it
for the crown.

During Louis the Thirteenth's reign, it was a state prison, and became
that of Cinq Mars, whose memory Alfred de Vigny has made imperishable;
another victim to the weakness of Gaston, and the jealousy of
Richelieu. The rock was of considerable extent, for its fortifications
were cut in its stone, and it hung over the river; but it has been
blasted, and removed, to widen the quay and afford a passage for the
fine road which leads in zigzags up the hill to the new fort, which
commands the entire city, and whose cannon would above all find no
difficulty in reducing to powder the Faubourg of the Croix Rousse,
(built on a corresponding elevation on the other side of the river,)
should the Croix Rousse think fit to renew its revolts of 31 and 34. At
a guard-house we rode by, seeing 66th regiment on the soldiers' caps,
D---- asked news of our friend Capt. ----. His battalion is not here,
but is expected shortly, and we have decided on remaining, as "we
three" have not met for years.

After passing the rock of Pierre Scise, there is another and lower
crag, on which are the rotting remains of a wooden statue. The people
merely know that it is the bon homme de Vaise, or Monsieur de la Roche,
who, in days of yore, gave marriage portions to their daughters, as is
exemplified by the large wooden purse he holds in his hand. I find that
he was an "échevin" of Lyons, of German family: his name was John
Fleberg, and he had been so successful in commerce, that when the
domains of the traitor Constable of Bourbon were confiscated to the
crown, he was enabled to purchase various châteaux and estates situated
in the neighbourhood of Lyons, and freed the inhabitants of Vaise of
various seignorial exactions, which had before lain heavily on them.

As the statue has stood and mouldered on its present pedestal since the
year 1550, or 1560, it has been thrown down by storm or accident
several times, and on such occasions re-installed with great ceremony.
It was long the custom to carry it in procession, once a year, through
the streets, repaired and fresh painted, and adorned with flowers; but
it has been discontinued of late, and the head and one arm are now
broken away. We continued to ride along the quay till we had passed the
cathedral, and crossing the second of the splendid suspension bridges
which traverse the Saône, arrived at the Hôtel de l'Europe, whose
entrance is from the Place Bellecour, and whose superb rooms look on
the river, and the bridges of Foy and Fourvières; a glorious view, with
the lights and shadows of sunset on it. This 30th of April has been
more like August. We have arrived heated and tired, but the horses
neither: both very hungry, and little Fanny rolling: which from the
character we purposely give her, she has room to do in comfort, French
'cochers' standing in awe of quadrupeds.

                                                           1st of May.

I think a Frenchman, wishing to impress a foreigner favourably, might
succeed better in affording him a glimpse of Lyons, than the same of
Paris. Fancy yourself for a moment standing at one of these windows,
the atmosphere more clear than further northward in France. The old
church on the opposite bank of the Saône, with two low massive towers,
each surmounted by a cross, is St. Jean, the cathedral, in part erected
during the reign of Philip Augustus, contemporary of Richard Coeur de
Lion. The ugly ruinous looking building adjoining is the Archevêché.
Pius the Seventh, on his way to crown Napoleon, in Paris, Napoleon, on
his road to be crowned in Italy, slept here! Behind St. Jean rise
vineyards and fruit gardens in steep terraces, gay with white blossom
and delicate verdure,--a background from which the grey cathedral
stands darkly out. Directly above, on the extreme summit of the hill,
is the small church of Notre Dame des Fourvières, remarkable for having
escaped the ravages of the old revolution, during the whole of which it
remained closed, and was re-opened by Pius the Seventh. A square tower
built near it, on the same platform, in some degree hurting the effect
of the tiny steeple, is a new and useless observatory. A little to the
left, and lower on the hill, a long building with three pavilions, half
concealed among old trees, is the Antiquaille, now an hospital and
house of refuge: built on the site--it is said on the foundations--of
the palace of the emperors, where Germanicus was born. Fourvières took
its name from a splendid market erected there in Trajan's reign, and
called Forum Vetus. On the hill have been found at various times,
pieces of fused metal and calcined stones, traces of the great fire
which ruined the city in the time of Nero. The heights of Foy join
those of Fourvières, and are equally bold, but more barren. When the
poor young Princess Mary of Württemberg came to Lyons on her way to
Pisa, where she died, she insisted on painting this view, though she
did so supported by cushions. The landlord's sister showed me her
apartments, which join ours: she says the Princess was so gentle and
uncomplaining, her husband so attached to her, and both she and the
Prince so fond of their infant, whose sleeping place was in a cabinet
adjoining their bed-chamber, and whom they were hanging over and
admiring twenty times a-day, that it was heart-breaking to see her
increasing feebleness. When they continued their journey, he would
suffer no other person to give the assistance necessary, but himself
carried her down the hôtel stairs, and lifted her into the carriage.
She was an artist to the last; but a day or two before her decease at
Pisa, cheered by warmth and sunshine, she asked for a pencil, and
commenced a sketch of the fine view from the windows. "The ruling
passion was strong in death." When the Prince again passed through
Lyons, on his return to Paris, without her, his appearance was so
changed, that (the people of the inn say) they barely recognized him.

I have just been summoned to the Hôtel Terrace, which looks on the
Place Bellecour, to see the passage of Nourrit's funeral procession.
His body had arrived at Lyons in a travelling carriage, and
(transferred to a hearse only to cross the city) will again be
deposited in a coach at its gates, and hurried up to Paris. The hearse
was preceded by military, with music and drums muffled, and the pall
covered with crowns of flowers, offerings made by the towns he has thus
been borne through since Naples; but the two postilions, who in their
common dress rode the hearse horses, were out of character with its
plumes and draperies. A crowd of Lyons artists and of Nourrit's
admirers followed, but the archbishop has refused religious rites to
the actor.

This is a most lovely night, like one in summer, and Lyons looks proud
and imposing seen through the partial obscurity. The fine deep toll of
the cathedral bell, and the discharges of cannon echoed back from the
range of hills, and carried along by the dark river, adds to its
effect. To-morrow, the fête of St. Philip, there will be gay
rejoicings. We intend riding to see the races at La Perrache; for last
year a horse who had excited great hopes, in the hour of trial, despite
whip and spur, went round the course at a trot.

                                                              May 2nd.

As we were about to mount our horses in the inn yard this morning, a
considerable crowd assembled to gaze at us, and completely filled the
archway; so that when we attempted to ride out at it, the porter was
obliged to employ rough words, as well as entreaties, and his wife
whispered in my ear, that the people were so curious, because one of
them had told the rest that I had arrived in Lyons for the sole purpose
of riding one of these races. We could do nothing but move very slowly
and patiently among the wide-eyed and open-mouthed spectators. I heard
some one say close to me in a tone of contemptuous pity, "Sure, your
honour, the likes of them knows no better," and looking round,
wondering to find so perfect a brogue so far from its birthplace, the
speaker again replied to the expression of my face, "Is it where I come
from, your honour? why then, from Cuffe-street," and I saw a very red
round face, with a merry blue eye, belonging to an Irishman with a
wooden leg. Paddy has been a sailor, first in the English, then in the
French service; but to quiet his conscience, which might reproach him
with this caprice of which he has been guilty, he yields to the first
the palm of superiority, which he says "altogether proceeds from the
system of flogging," as "the French navy will never flourish without
that same." He is now a good shoemaker, or rather he might be, for,
like many of his countrymen, he abhors control; and prefers living on
the good will of his acquaintances, in which he succeeds pretty well,
as he is allowed to walk in and out of the hôtel yard, where his humour
and appearance seldom fail to attract some traveller's notice, though
he never begs. When hunger presses and travellers have become scarce,
he takes his line and his basket to the river and lives uncomplainingly
on scanty fare till the good times come round again. As he is
improvident, so he is popular: to-day with the silver D---- gave him,
he went away in company of the inhabitants of the stable invited by him
to share the treat. You see he keeps up his country's character for
hospitality.

We crossed the Place Bellecour on our way to the races, a noble square
from its extent; its fine equestrian statue of Louis the Fourteenth,
the view of the heights of Foy and Fourvières seen above the tall
houses and the rows of "time honoured" lime trees, which make a shady
promenade on its southern side. The review took place here. The
race-ground is a plain forming the centre of a beauteous panorama. We
took, to arrive there, the narrow street which leads to a place looking
sufficiently desert and uncared for to be a fitting spot for the
purpose it is put to, when the execution of a criminal takes place in
Lyons; beyond is a noble boulevard, stretching from river to river, the
Rhone to the Saône. Crossing this we almost directly came on the plain
of Perrache.

Here at the starting place was erected a booth; and the ladies and
authorities of Lyons, the préfet, &c., occupied seats prepared for
them, the former elegantly attired, and the latter wearing a look of
great interest, and (what was more wonderful still) of gravity. Persons
on horseback and on foot were admitted within the well-sanded circle,
and without it were ranged a line of gay equipages; next, under the
tricoloured flag, came forth the competitors, two by two, a poster with
a tied up tail, a cart-horse with a long flowing one, a thin light
pony, a broken down English hunter, who, notwithstanding age and
infirmities, I thought would have won, as the "spirit was willing," but
he was matched against the poster, and the last named kept up his
awkward canter longest: and others, whose appearance, from being less
decided, was not more favourable. There were six in all; the rider of
the English horse had the least ludicrous dress, for he had imitated,
though not faithfully, that of an English jockey, the rest had followed
their own various tastes. He of the pony wore loose trousers of dingy
white and a short open red jacket, both seamed and embroidered with
tarnished gold, and his shoulders adorned with epaulettes, which seemed
to have been ill-used in battle. At his saddle-bow he carried holsters;
his legs had long leather leggins, and his feet shoes with spurs, but
they rested in no stirrups. The rider of the poster wore a very long
blue jacket covering his hips, long cloth pantaloons and no spurs, and
a broad orange-coloured sash swathed him round even from under his arms.

The peasant was a very fat man, and he too had chosen a red jacket and
loose white trousers, but the latter were confined in a pair of
Wellington boots drawn up over them, and to these the wearer had added
tops of mock-yellow morocco.

The first race was between the last mentioned and the pony, for the
highest prize; and these two first made their appearance, all the
horses were ticketed; a colossal number inscribed on a white card which
hung below the left ear--these were (1) and (2); the jockeys came
forward, and with great dignity and much trouble, placed themselves on
a line, after the cart-horse, who was vicious, had backed to kick the
pony. Then the word was given, and they leaned back to the tails,
pulled with one hand and flogged with the other and started. We had no
trouble in following within the circle sufficiently close to see all
the interesting events of the race. The pony started a little, and his
rider slipped from the saddle to the sand, which was thick enough to
prevent injury; during this time the cart-horse gained on him and the
peasant won. The prize was 600 francs. I heard a spectator bet 10
francs on the pony previous to his misadventure.

The other races very much resembled this one, the horses at starting
crossed each other, and the jockeys rode them against the ropes at the
turn of the course; and each time, "when the hurly-burly was done,"
military music greeted the victor beneath the tricoloured flag. When it
was all over, the three winners, preceded by the band of the
horse-artillery, rode in triumph round the course. The self-satisfied
air of the peasant as he bowed the whole way the head at the back of
which hung the jockey-cap, was the most amusing sight possible. The sun
was burning, and the excessive heat, and the fatigue of laughing so
much, made us glad to ride home to rest.

The fireworks were splendid, and their effect enhanced by a sky which
threatened storm. The troops, ranged along both quays of the Saône,
kept up a harmless fire of those brilliant white stars which
momentarily lighted up the hills and the city with a lustre of the
purity, but more than the brightness, of moonshine. They were answered
by other soldiers posted on the height, and at intervals by the cannon
from the fort of Fourvières and the town; the country and the old
cathedral appeared and vanished by turns through the smoke and in the
varying light. On the bridge opposite was a palace of diamonds; it
brought to my memory one I saw at Rosny, at a fête given in honour of
the young Duke of Bordeaux, it was so like; there was only the change
of cypher: and last night the "L." burned brightly, but the _P._ went
totally out. The bouquet went up almost beneath our windows, and
sprang, as it seemed to the clouds, a sheet of fire, each branch as it
burst scattering a shower, variously and gorgeously coloured, and
illuminating the town, during the few moments it lasted, more perfectly
than did the day's sunshine. The crowd uttered an exclamation of
applause. I had no idea, at the time, that the cries of the dying were
mingled with it. Twelve persons of the working-class, to see the
feu-d'artifice better, went out on the Saône in one of their narrow and
dangerous batelets. They made a sudden movement as the bouquet rose,
and the boat overturned! Their cries were heard, and attempts to rescue
them made, which proved vain in the confusion and partial darkness.
Eight contrived to reach the shore--the remaining four went down; they
formed an entire family--mother, son, daughter, and the husband, to
whom she had been lately married.

                                                              3rd May.

As we were standing at the window yesterday morning, the two expected
battalions of the 66th regiment passed under it, and D---- ran down
stairs to ask news of his friend. As it happened, he accosted a soldier
of Capt. de ----'s own company. He is still on leave in Paris, and the
man did not know the precise time of his return. This morning we
started on an expedition we failed to accomplish; for I wished to see
the Isle Barbe, and the quays on this side the Saône which lead thither
become very narrow, and are high above the water without curb stone or
parapet, and therefore too perilous for Fanny, who full of spirit
started round from each individual we met, we took the first narrow
road which led up the hill; but, ere we did so, passed the site of a
romantic story, whose exact date is unknown to me.

Nearly opposite the diminished rock on which the fortress of Pierre
Scise or Encise once stood advanced into the water, there is still a
tower, which with the remains of a moat and drawbridge belongs to a
house called, from its present owner, "Maison Vouti." A French
nobleman, a native of Lyons, had quitted it to seek his fortunes in
Germany, where he became not only rich, but placed and favoured at
court.

In the midst of his prosperity he contracted an unfortunate attachment
to a low-born maiden, whose grace and beauty did not, in German eyes,
excuse her origin. He married her; but, unable to bear the disgrace and
contempt which fell upon him, he broke all the ties which attached him
to her country, and conveyed her to Lyons, where it was his will to
live in almost perfect solitude. The bride pined in her lonely
habitation, rendered sadder by the now morose temper of the
disappointed noble. She seemed to recover a portion of her former
gaiety only during the visits of a young man, her husband's sole friend
and intimate. These visits became by degrees more frequent, and at last
excited unpleasant feelings in the husband's mind. His jealousy once
roused, intrigues and false political accusations enclosed his former
associate within the fortress walls, while his young wife was conducted
to the tower, which still bears the name of "Tour de la Belle
Allemande."

Whether she too felt the love with which she had inspired the prisoner,
or whether indignation at her own fate and pity for his only prompted
her, the chronicler does not tell; but from the summit of her
gaol-tower she constantly looked towards Pierre Encise. At last the day
came on which the young man, profiting by a moment in which the usual
watchfulness had failed, threw himself from a window, of which he had
sawed the bar, into the river. The current of the Saône is not strong,
and he was a skilful swimmer, and arrived at the opposite shore in
safety. She had watched his progress in hope and agony; uttering cries
he could not hear, and making signs of encouragement he failed to see
during his strife with the water. At length he was near, approaching to
free her, and she repeated her signs; and her husband's guards, who had
watched her strange motions in wonder, now at last discovered their
object. As he arrived at the foot of the tower, and stretched forth his
arms to her,--as she stooped over the battlement to greet him--he
fell--the shot had been faithfully and fatally aimed.

The steep stony road (up which D---- led Grizzle, and little Fanny
gaily carried me) led among winding lanes and stone walls to the summit
of the hill, and the Croix Rousse, which is the Faubourg of Lyons,
exclusively occupied by silk weavers, and the head-quarters of the
insurrection. Pauche the landlord said, when we returned, that those
who knew the town and its inhabitants better than ourselves would
scarcely venture there. We met with no incivility: a few squalid faces
looked out in wonder, for the descent to the quay for foot passengers
is by flights of twenty or thirty steps each; and between these the
horse-road winds, still so steep, that we had some difficulty in
leading the horses. As we passed the operatives' dwellings we agreed
that the temptation of seeing their work in progress was not
sufficiently strong to lead us within; most were employed with their
doors open, to admit as much air as the narrow street and hot day
suffered to circulate: that which issued forth was infected; and
within, besides the heavy loom and its pale master, there seemed barely
room for the few articles of wretched furniture. On the relative
position of manufacturer and workman, my informant is Mons. Pauche the
landlord, who, besides the revenues of this hôtel, now possesses a
landed property worth about 60,000 francs a-year, and whose vineyards
yield 300 hogsheads of wine annually. He began life as a workman in the
silk trade, so that his two conditions of operative and proprietor are
likely to make him impartial. At this moment the purchaser finds silk
dear, both in Paris and Lyons; but precisely in the proportion that the
head manufacturer's profits increase, those of the workman decline. The
former takes advantage of the latter's necessities; offers reduced
prices, and can afford the delay, if the workman demurs, which the
wants of his family prevent his doing long, and, having food to buy and
rent to pay, he will accept fifteen or even twelve sous for his long
day's labour. At present, the usual remuneration is twenty-two sous,
the wife earns twelve, the children so little that they do not lighten
the burthen; but supposing no incumbrances, thirty-four sous, the price
of the man and woman's work, can hardly enable them to exist and pay
house-rent, which is dear in Lyons.

The disturbances of November 1831 had in their commencement no
reference to politics. The workmen, whose wages were miserably low,
demanded an augmentation. Their masters summoned them before the
Préfet, and the increase was agreed on in his presence. The day of
payment arrived; the manufacturers, in greater part, refused to adhere
to their engagements, and the workmen, meeting in groups of four, had
in a short time in various parts of the city gathered to the number of
many thousands; bearing on their banners the motto, "Vivre en
travaillant ou mourir en combattant."

In the conflict which followed, the 66th, then the only regiment in
Lyons, lost two hundred men and thirteen officers. It was almost
totally unsupported; as the greater part of the National Guard, taken
from the class of which were the insurgents, refused to act against
them.

You know that Lyons is famous for its black and crimson dyes; it is
strange that this superiority should depend on the waters of the Rhone,
all parts of which, as it flows through Lyons, have not a similar
effect. In one place, for instance, the black dye attains its
perfection; a hundred yards further it fails. The workmen attribute
this to peculiar properties of springs in the bed of the river.

The most ancient monastery in this, probably in any part of Gaul, was
that of the Isle Barbe, built in the time of the Emperor Constantine,
about the year 300; its first inhabitants were a few fugitive
Christians, who had fled thence from Lyons, and from the troops of the
Emperor Severus.

The church of Aisnay, which we passed on our ride from the Place
Bellecour to La Perrache, is built on the foundations of the temple
raised by the sixty tribes of Gaul. That which exists, of partly Gothic
partly Roman architecture, is such as it was repaired in the eleventh
century, after the ravages of the Saracens. Long before, Queen
Brunehaud had ceded to the monks, who possessed a small hermitage near,
the ruins of the edifice dedicated "to Rome and to Augustus," on which
they built a magnificent church; but this, as I said, was pillaged and
destroyed in part by the barbarians. The four massive granite columns
which sustain the roof are, however, believed to have belonged to the
Roman temple.




                              CHAPTER VI.


Heights of Fourvières--Difficult Descent--Trade in Relics--Our Lady
  of Fourvières--Saving Lyons from Cholera--Lunatic
  patients--Dungeon where the first Christian Bishop was
  murdered--Roman Ruins--The Christians' early Place of
  Assembly--St. Irénée--A Coffin--Subterranean Chapels--Bones of
  the Nine Thousand--The Headsman's Block, and the Murmur from the
  Well--Bleeding to Death--Marguerite Labarge--Her Abode for Nine
  Years--Her Return to upper Air Cause of her Death--Her Family
  rich Residents in Lyons--Mode of saving the Soul--Body dispensed
  with--The Pope's Bull good for ever--A Friend's Arrival--Jardin
  des Plantes--Riots of November, 1831--The Préfet's Mistake--Capt.
  de----.--Defence of the Arsenal with Unloaded Cannon--The
  Murdered Chef de Bataillon--His Assassin's Death--The Grief of
  his Opponents--Their usual Cruelty and their wild Justice--Their
  eight days' occupation of Lyons--Capt. de ----'s defence of
  Arsenal--Bearer of Proclamation--Danger--Saved by a former
  Comrade--Interview--Threats--Empty Cannon effective--Invitation
  to Dinner--Retreat--The Hôtel de l'Europe closed against its
  Master by a National Guard--Three Hundred killed in St.
  Nizier--The Cathedral--Second Council General--Jaw of St.
  John--The Ivory Horn of Roland--Privilege of the Seigneur of Mont
  d'Or--The first Villeroy Archbishop--Refusal to accept him by the
  Counts of Lyons--His Text and the Dean's Reply--Lyons Refuge for
  the Pazzi--Their Monument destroyed in anger by Marie de
  Médicis--The last Prince of Dauphiné becoming Prior of the
  Jacobin Convention, Paris--Procession in St. Nizier--Chapel of
  Ste. Philomène--Place des Terreaux.

                                                             15th May.

The news of the disturbances in Paris has set all Lyons in a ferment.

                                                             18th May.

The weather has been burning. We attempted riding by the steep streets
to the summit of Fourvières; but having accomplished half the ascent,
it became so rapid, and the sharp pavement so slippery, that we were
obliged to dismount and lead the horses under the walls of the
Antiquaille, and up a road which is rather like a stair to the church.
Not willing to confide our companions to the tender mercies of the
mischievous boys, who as usual flocked round us, we led them within the
court which surrounds Notre Dame, and up to the low terrace wall.
Grizzle, with her ready appetite, devoured the few weeds and moss which
grew among the stones; and Fanny looked as attentively at the view, as
if she were considering her distance from the inn which was in sight,
and the difficulty of getting back again. The hill is here almost
perpendicular. The streets we had taken to attain the height, abrupt as
they seem, are zigzags cut in the side of the mountain; and the city,
with its two rivers, spread like a map below our giddy elevation. The
air was particularly clear, except over the Alps, where a haze has
provokingly hung ever since our arrival. We could read "Hôtel de
l'Europe" distinctly on the front of the inn on the opposite side of
the Saône; the Place Bellecour was just behind it, its equestrian
statue looking at this distance like a toy; then the broad Rhone, the
faubourg, with its gardens and promenades, and the Grande Route we are
to travel towards the mountains, a white line crossing bare hills,
which seem uninteresting and interminable. A little to our right was
the Pont d'Aisnay, traversing the Saône to the arsenal, a low
insignificant looking building. Farther, in the same direction, the
race-ground of Perrache was visible. About the year 1808 the people of
Lyons presented this land to Napoleon, and he accepted it as the site
of an Imperial palace! Still beyond we could distinguish the junction
of the Rhone and the Saône, no longer in precisely the same spot as
when Hannibal crossed the Rhone at the head of his army, where the
currents met at Aisnay.

The view to the left is less extensive; the jutting ground of
Fourvières in some degree narrows it; but it is fine notwithstanding,
and the Jardin des Plantes, green and blossoming as it is now, appears
to advantage on the steep side of the opposite hill among the confusion
of houses and church towers. It was impossible to return by the same
road, and none of the stupid inhabitants of the hovels about us could
point out another. Merely knowing the direction, we found our way among
hot lanes, between stone walls, till, after an hour's windings, we
issued from them opposite the pretty churchyard of St. Just. A
labouring man, answering our question, said, "There was a road that
way, certainly, but a very bad one for horses, as it was yet only
partly paved." I should have thought no one knowing the pavement of
Lyons would have considered it an advantage. Taking that way, though he
strongly advised returning as we came, we passed below the extensive
fort, in the completion of which numbers are still employed, and a few
minutes brought us on the magnificent road, cut for the sole purpose of
making an easy communication between it and the town, (it winds in
broad zigzags, the whole way commanding a splendid view,) and arrived
at the quay, beneath Pierre Encise. This new work has also contributed
to diminish the rock; from the river it must have been a striking
object, when the hundred and twenty steps cut in its stone led up to
the fortress crowned with a large round tower, whose proportions were
of such perfect symmetry.

We returned on foot to Fourvières this morning; on either side of the
narrow lane which leads directly to the church are standings without
number, covered with what seems on this hill the chief staple of
trade,--I mean chaplets, crowns, and bouquets of dyed artificial
flowers; coloured prints, framed and glazed, of saints in various
attitudes; little waxen heads, legs, and arms, or whole figures; votive
offerings, which the faithful present at the shrine of their patron
saint, and find here ready at the church door.

The church is kept locked, and we merely read again the inscription
above its entrance, which gratefully thanks our Lady of Fourvières, who
saved Lyons from cholera. We went up the square tower, D---- to the
top, I to the first floor half way, from whose windows the prospect is
perhaps as agreeable. The guide pointed to the Antiquaille, directly
beneath one of them; it contains, as I told you, an hospital and
penitentiary, and also an asylum for lunatics; we could distinguish two
of these in the court-yard belonging to the end of the building facing
us; one was leaping with all his force against the rails, uttering
howls rather like an animal than a human being; we heard him
distinctly; the other close by, and quite undisturbed, was on his knees
praying, and had been there immoveable (the man said) for the last two
hours. The more tractable are allowed to walk with their keepers in the
fine gardens adjoining. It is said that the dungeon beneath the
Antiquaille remains unchanged, as in the time when St. Pothin, first
Bishop of Lyons, was tortured and murdered there; they pretend to show
the very fetters he wore.

From this same window, which looks south, you can also distinguish the
remains of a Roman amphitheatre, and the commencement of a Roman
aqueduct, whose vestiges can be traced three leagues further. Still on
the brow of the hill is the square tower of the church of St. Irénée,
built over the subterranean chapels where the Christians assembled in
the early days of persecution. We left the observatory to go thither,
passing on our way four or five broken arches of the aqueduct
constructed by the army of Julius Cæsar, whose massiveness in ruin puts
the perfection of modern buildings to shame. What I thought a long
walk, with innumerable windings, and here and there a beautiful glimpse
back to the hills of Burgundy, brought us to the dirty faubourg, where,
with some trouble, we found the church. A long flight of steps leads to
a rather uninteresting modern building; on either side of the choir are
two highly ornamented chapels, one having a finely painted window; and
between the choir and the chapels are appended to the wall, framed and
glazed, on one side a list of "Indulgences," annexed to St. Irénée; on
the other a bull of his Holiness Pius the Seventh. I thought the latter
worth copying; but in the nave there was a coffin, covered with its
pall and surrounded by high candlesticks, the black banner with its
silver scull and cross bones attached to each. It certainly was a
melancholy companion, and D--'s imagination representing to him that
the inmate had perhaps died of some contagious malady, he hurried me
out. A side door and a narrow flight of steps led to a court at the
back of the church, at the extremity of which, and the very edge of the
hill, commanding here the most glorious view of Lyons I have yet seen,
is the Calvary, on a raised platform, inclosed by a railing. Steps led
up to it, (as do others to the vaults below, in which is a
representation of the Holy Sepulchre;) the Saviour on the cross, the
thieves on either side, the Virgin standing in an attitude of despair,
and the Magdalen kneeling at its foot, are large as life, and finely
sculptured; and of all the similar groups I have seen, this certainly
is most impressive, perhaps from its position, looking down on a world,
with the blue sky for a background. Round the court are the stations,
each a small covered altar, a basso relievo in white marble affixed to
each, representing a scene of the Passion. The little dwelling of the
Concierge is close by, and he came to unlock the gate at the top of the
stair which leads to the subterranean chapels. They are beneath the
church, opposite the Calvary. The light of day penetrates so faintly,
that descending these steps it was difficult to distinguish what
objects we saw piled behind a grated window on the right hand; it is a
mass of human bones, filling a room of considerable size, those of the
nine thousand massacred in the year 203, with their bishop, St. Irénée,
the greater part in these chapels.

Turning to the left, we entered the first and most ancient; a small
vaulted chamber, on whose bare walls are inscriptions copied from the
writings of the saints, and the Pagan accusations brought against them.
One of these sentences asserts, that St. Polycarpe preached here at the
age of eighty-six years. The chapel beyond was constructed a century
later; it has an arched roof, supported by ten heavy columns. A few
steps lead up to the altar built over St. Irénée's tomb, who, it is
said, was recognised after the massacre. There is a massive stone bench
fixed against the wall on either side, and in the centre of the floor a
well of extraordinary depth. Tradition tells that these stones served
for headsman's blocks to the assassins, and that down the well so many
bodies were thrown as to gorge it to its mouth. Some good Catholics
believe that, stooping the ear to the floor, a gushing sound is
sometimes heard, like that of bubbling blood. I confess I could hear
nothing; but the gloom of the spot is well fitted to such terrible
tales, though it is now in some degree dispelled by the construction of
a new chapel below the new church, extending behind St. Irénée's tomb,
with bright ornaments and painted windows, having no associations of
its own, and robbing of their solemnity places indeed consecrated by
the blood of men who died for their faith there.

Beyond this chapel is another small chamber, of the same date as
itself; a recess contains a hollow stone. The caprice of the assassins
bled to death many of the martyrs, and their blood cast out here found
an issue in the streets of the faubourg. A broad stone in the centre of
the floor marks the tomb of one Marguerite Labarge, who died about
1692. There is a door in this room, opposite to that opening on the
chapel; and mounting a few steps, and climbing over rubbish in the
obscurity, we distinguished with some difficulty an aperture to which
our guide pointed, large enough for a human being to creep through, and
concealed at will by a door of stone, which when he closed I could not
distinguish from those which surrounded it. Within there is sufficient
height for a person to stand, and space to lie down. Her bed was a
stone likewise; I did not see it, (though it remains as in her time,)
for not a ray of light penetrates; she lived here nine years, having
determined on self-sacrifice at the age of thirty-six. It is presumed
that at night she left her den to walk in the adjoining chapels, and
sought there what food had been left in charity by such as revered her
for her unfortunate fanaticism; but her means of subsistence were never
exactly known. When nine years had passed, a popular commotion taking
place forced her to leave her cell. She appeared again among the
living, and, strange to say, among the sane; but, her constitution
having long resisted the want of air and necessaries, the returning to
their enjoyment seemed a worse shock, and shortly after she died. Her
family was then in straitened circumstances; some of its descendants
(become rich) are still residents in Lyons.

The Concierge laid great stress on the "Indulgences" annexed to St.
Irénée; and twice told me that any Catholic having died in "état de
grâce" for whom a mass should be said before its high altar, would be
immediately transferred from purgatory to Paradise. His information
reminding me of the coffin in the church. I asked him "who it
contained?" he answered "nobody." A mass for the soul of a deceased
priest was performed the night before, and, knowing it was therefore
among those of the blest, he had shown some laziness in matters of less
moment, and failed to remove the pomp and circumstance. I returned to
copy the pope's bull:--

               Bref de notre très Saint Père le Pape Pie
                   VII., pour la perpétuelle mémoire.

"Paternellement attentif au salut de tous les hommes, nous enrichissons
quelquefois du trésor spirituel des Indulgences des lieux sacrés; pour
faire jouir les âmes des fidèles décédés des mérites de Notre Seigneur
Jésus-Christ, et des suffrages des saints, qui leur étant appliqués
peuvent, par la miséricorde de Dieu, les faire passer des peines du
Purgatoire au bonheur éternel. Voulant donc honorer par un don
particulier l'eglise paroissiale sous le vocable de St. Irénée, située
sur la montagne de ce nom, appelée le Calvaire, hors et près les murs
de la Ville de Lyon; par l'autorité que le Seigneur nous a donné, et
pleine de confiance en la miséricorde de Dieu tout puissant, en
l'autorité de ses bienheureux apôtres Pierre et Paul, nous voulons que
toutes les fois qu'un prêtre séculier ou régulier de quelque ordre,
congrégation, ou institut qu'il soit, célébrera au dit autel une messe
de mort pour l'âme d'un fidèle quelconque décédé en état de grâce,
cette même âme obtienne par voie de suffrage l'Indulgence tirée du
trésor de l'Eglise, et qu'elle soit délivrée des peines du Purgatoire
par les mérites de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ, de la bienheureuse
Vierge Marie, et de tous les Saints.

_Malgré tous les Réglemens contraires_, les présentes _vaudront à
perpétuité_.

Donné à Rome à St. Pierre, sous l'anneau du Pêcheur, le 13 jour de
Décembre, 1816; la 17^{eme} année de notre Pontificat."

Pour le Cardinal Braschio de Nonestis,

                                        G. BERNIUS, _Sous Secrétaire_.

Avons vu et permettons de mettre à exécution, et en vertu du présent
Bref voulons que le Grand Autel de l'Eglise de St. Irénée sur la
montagne jouisse du privilége.

Lyon, Juin 23, 1817.

                                 (Signé)   COURBON, _Vicaire Général_.

                                                             19th May.

We were sitting at home owing to the heat of the day, when the door
opened suddenly and our friend entered. He was just arrived from Paris,
and had found D----'s letter at the barracks, and came to seek us
instantly; we were all glad to meet again, for it had been likely that
we should never do so, as before Captain de ---- went with his regiment
to occupy Ancona, from whence they are just returned, he passed four
years and a half of constant fighting in Africa. For the sake of
talking over old times, D---- has determined on remaining till the
30th: Captain de ---- gave us last night some interesting details
respecting the riots which took place in Lyons in the year 1831; we
walked to the Jardin des Plantes, which from its situation, rather than
its size, is extremely beautiful. It occupies the side of the hill, and
two long flights of broad steps lead to the entrance gates; from the
nature of the ground, the garden is made in terraces, and shaded but
very steep walks lead from one to the other. In the artificial flat
made in its centre there is a basin, and in the basin a fine swan.
D---- and myself commented sometime on the apparent want of harmony
subsisting between him and his companion, before the latter issuing
from the water we discovered by the colour of his legs that he was--a
goose! The broad terrace at the summit commands the town below.
Fourvières, now on the right, and the other shore, Mont Pilatre in the
distance, and the Alps on the left, seen distinctly though delicately
through the green branches of exotics and trees just in leaf and
blossom.

Entering the gardens, the Rue de la Grande Côte is on the left,
bounding that side, for the workmen's wretched rooms look down on it.
The street is continued far above and beyond, and issues on the Place
des Bernardines: it is so steep that a charge of cavalry having been
commanded, was found impossible, at least farther than a side-gate of
the jardin, where many of the horses fell from exhaustion and some
died. How artillery could be dragged, as it afterwards was, to the top,
it is difficult to imagine. On the Place des Bernardines, since 1831,
has been built a fortified barrack, thus separating at will Lyons from
the Croix Rousse, which is on the other side of the Barrière: at the
time of the riots no such separation existed. The Place des Bernardines
had been occupied by military from the first moment in which tumult was
expected, but evacuated by the préfet's order, who appears to have been
strangely mistaken as to the state of the town. Our friend Captain de
---- was ordered to the Hôtel de Ville with his company about three in
the morning; the Hôtel de Ville looks on the Place des Terreaux, and is
at no great distance from the Jardin des Plantes on the town side.

Having lost some of his men, he commanded hardly more than seventy
soldiers, when he joined his colonel there.

The general and the préfet had their rendezvous at the Hôtel de Ville,
and, important as their meeting was, it seemed difficult that it should
take place, for the Place des Terreaux had gradually become thronged;
the people having commenced collecting at daylight, continued to pour
in from every issue, and more and more menacing every moment, prevented
the bataillon beyond from joining its comrades. Aware of the danger of
approaching the Hôtel de Ville, the colonel's anxiety increased.

"What will you give me to clear the place?" asked Capt. de ----. "What
do you demand?" exclaimed the colonel. "Five minutes."

At this time there were present certainly ten thousand, but unarmed to
all appearance, and as yet undecided as to their future movements. "Use
the butt-ends of your muskets," said Capt. de ----; "knock down as many
as you can and pass over." The knot of men obeyed, following himself
and his example as he headed them, distributing blows with the flat of
his sabre. The crowd opened and retreated, astonished and hardly aware
of its own strength, and bore backwards towards the steep streets and
the Croix Rousse: and the bataillon which had been unable to pass moved
across the Place des Terreaux. At this juncture it was first
recollected that the arsenal was without protection, and left to the
mercy of the mob; it had been forgotten. "Capt. ----," said the
general, "conduct your company there immediately; if it is occupied by
the workmen, retake it; if it is still free, occupy and defend it."

Capt. de ---- marched his few men to the arsenal along the quays, and
through multitudes who covered them, not without difficulty, and
arrived in time. The Pont d'Aisnay is exactly opposite the arsenal, and
the mob, well armed, occupied the other side of the Saône, and had
raised a barricade at that end of the bridge: it was necessary that the
insurgents should remain ignorant of the weakness of the force which
was to oppose them. A piece of cannon, by Capt. de ----'s order pointed
on their barricade, in some degree served to hold them in awe, though
they kept up a pretty constant fire: they had no means of knowing that
the piece was unloaded, and the few artillerymen of National Guard, who
had joined the soldiers, were unable to manoeuvre it.

During this time it had been necessary to dislodge the rioters from the
position they occupied in the Rue de la Grande Côte, and others leading
to the Croix Rousse; and here many fell, fired on from the houses, all
which the mob occupied. A man deeply regretted was the Chef de
Bataillon Martines, who received a ball in his chest, in the upper part
of the Rue de la Grande Côte, where an advancing house forms an angle.
As he fell from his horse the soldiers stopped vowing vengeance, but
saw none on whom to exercise it. The light smoke which followed the
discharge issuing from the wall of the entresol floor betrayed the
murderer, and some of the men of Martines' company rushed into the
house. The assassin had bored a slit in the wall, and when the soldiers
caught sight of him was quietly and safely reloading. Seeing them, and
expecting no mercy, rather than wait their approach, he rushed up
stairs into a room on the third floor, and, as the soldiers who had
followed reached the door, flung himself out on the pavement. The fall
did not put an end to his existence; he was able to rise and crawl on a
few paces. It was not likely he would meet pity from men whose beloved
officer he had killed: they finished him with their bayonets. The fire
had by this time become unceasing, and poor De Martines, who had died
instantly, was necessarily left by the regiment where he fell. After
its passage the corpse was discovered on the pavement by a party of the
insurgents: he must have been a good and amiable man, for by some of
these he was recognised and deplored deeply as by his own soldiers.
They raised his body and carried it to a church, where they obliged a
priest to perform the mass for the dead; and thence, bearing it to the
burying ground, interred it with military honours, themselves firing a
volley over his grave,--these very men, and at that very time, were
towards their opponents in general guilty of the most atrocious
cruelties, torturing and drowning the wounded.

As an instance of the prevailing feeling, I may mention that a young
man had been disabled by a shot in the leg, which had however caused no
dangerous injury. He was found stretched on the pavement by a woman,
whose pity he bespoke, hoping she did not belong to the furies he had
seen maltreating his companions: wanting a weapon, she murdered him
with blows of her sabot! Still, infuriated and merciless as they were,
they in some things exhibited a feeling of wild justice: before the
doors of such manufacturers as had kept faith with them, they placed
sentinels, and lives and property were respected. Such as, on the
contrary, had broken through the agreement made, they pillaged without
remorse. Mr. Pauche has told me, that he saw in the streets piles of
silks and velvets burning. Several workmen, who attempted to carry away
plunder, were shot; and the owners, sought after with as much
perseverance as rage, barely escaped with their lives; concealing
themselves in cellars, where they remained in disguise and
half-starved, afraid to show themselves during the eight days the
workmen held possession of the town.

As I said, Capt. de ---- had entered in time, and held the arsenal. The
third day the chef de bataillon, his superior officer, arrived: he
brought a proclamation, addressed to the insurgents by the préfet and
the general.

"Capt. de ----," he said, "you must find among your men some one who
will be bearer of this, it may put a stop to the riots."

Our friend turned to his company:--

"Is there one among you," he said, "who, not in obedience to my order,
as I do not command it, but of his own free-will, will take charge of
this paper?" The soldiers did not answer; he repeated his question, and
they remained silent.

"Well then," he said, "I will go myself."

His men opposed his leaving them with all their power; they said he had
defended them for three days, and they would not suffer him to depart.
He called them cowards, took the proclamation, and went.

Between the bridge of Aisnay and the arsenal there is a little Place
belonging to the latter, and closed by its own barrier. The bridge is
no inconsiderable length; and as Capt. de ---- advanced along it, and
under the fire of the barricade, he waved the paper above his head, but
it was unlikely it would neutralize the effect produced by an officer's
uniform. Arrived at its extremity, and at the barricade which concealed
from him all that was passing behind, he leaped on and from it, and on
the other side found himself in the midst of armed men, the greater
part intoxicated. He was received, not as an envoy, but with shouts of
fury; those nearest him rested their bare knives and bayonets on his
breast, and those more distant took aim at him with their muskets: he
thought it was all over.

At this moment a young man, dressed like the others, as a workman,
forced his way to Capt. de ----, threw himself into his arms and
embraced him.

"Ah! mon pauvre lieutenant," he exclaimed, "vous êtes perdu." Capt. de
---- looked at him, and recognized a private of the Royal Guard who had
served in his own company before the Revolution of 1830. The affection,
so little looked for, softened him for a moment, but his firmness did
not forsake him; he took advantage of the pause.

"Stand back, and be silent," he said, in a tone of authority; "I have
something to read to you."

The men obeyed, half-drunk as they were, but closed round him again as
he ceased.

"Who is to answer for the execution of these promises," they said
ferociously, "is it you?"

"You are fathers or brothers," answered Capt. de ----; "you have others
dependent on you, and it is important that you should leave the false
position in which you have placed yourselves. As to me, a life more or
less signifies little to our cause."

The rioters were not disposed to listen to reason, and their menaces
grew more and more alarming; but the private again interposed, and by
soothing some, and repulsing others, managed to hold them back while
his old officer again passed the barricade, which a few moments before
seemed likely to be his monument.

During the same day he had a second interview with some of the
insurgents. One of their leaders sent to request a parley; they met in
the centre of the same bridge of Aisnay, Capt. de ---- alone with only
his sabre, the adverse worthy accompanied by four comrades, and armed
to the teeth. Capt. de ---- desired he would order them to retire. The
other repeated his words rather scornfully: "You will either give the
command this moment," exclaimed Capt. de ----, who was very much
exasperated, "or I will fling you over the parapet."

The workman looked at him, and judging, I suppose, that he was
sufficiently powerful, and besides seemed quite willing to do so, he
was intimidated, and obeyed.

"And now," said Capt. de ----, "what do you want with me?"

"You must yield the arsenal."

"That is out of the question."

"Then we will take it."

"Impossible; look there," said Capt. de ----, pointing to the empty
cannon, which had an imposing aspect behind him; "I might, had I
pleased, have exterminated you long since, I was only restrained by
mercy. Who are you who make such a demand of me?"

"I was in the Imperial Guard."

"That is untrue," said Capt. de ----, coolly; "an old soldier of the
empire would not act such a part, or command a drunken rabble."

The man looked at him for a few moments, and said after a pause, "You
seem a 'bon enfant;' you should come and dine with us."

"I thought the workmen were starving," replied the officer.

"Their pockets are now full of money; we dine on the quay opposite,
(naming the auberge;) we will entertain you well.

"As you were in the Imperial Guard, you must know that a soldier cannot
quit his post; but I will, if you like, send you some one," said Capt.
de ----.

"In that case, I give you my oath we will not attack you again
to-night."

They parted; Capt. de ---- returned to the arsenal, where he found the
ensign of his company, who had managed to join him in plain clothes. He
sent him to dine with the workmen, desiring him to eat and drink, and
bring back what information he could, but make no promises. The rioters
did not keep faith notwithstanding; they renewed their fire. At
midnight came the order for retreat; and having hid all arms and
ammunition, excepting only a few muskets, they marched from the arsenal
and the town in good order. Lyons remained in possession of the
insurgents eight days. The Duke of Orleans and Marshal Soult joined the
66th regiment outside the town. Capt. de ---- received the cross of
honour from the former's hand, and shortly after promotion. When, in
company of other troops, the 66th returned to occupy Lyons, it did so
with artillery in its front, and matches lighted, and exasperated to
such a degree, that a single shot fired by a townsman might have
changed the city to a heap of ruins.

In France tragedy and comedy are often near neighbours. The royal
family, when they go to Lyons, are always lodged at the Hôtel de
l'Europe. The Duke of Orleans was there, whether after the disturbances
of 1831, of which we have been speaking, or those of 1834, I do not at
this moment recollect, but the circumstance M. Pauche told me himself.
He is a good hearted but violent man; abuses angrily all beggars who
come to ask relief, and who listen to him with great humility, quite
sure the lecture will be closed by a shower of sous. Not being highly
educated, when excited, he swears between each sentence, and, the oath
escaped, takes off his hat and begs pardon, which lengthens a story and
renders it rather obscure.

"The Duke came with his staff," said Monsieur Pauche, "he staid a long
time, neuf repas, (French innkeepers count time by meals;) and as I had
so much to do, ----, (the hat off,) I beg your pardon: I got my 'pièces
montées' from the confectioner, and being in a hurry, ---- (the hat off
again,) I ran out for them myself in my cook's costume, as you have
seen me, in my white night-cap and apron. When I arrived back at my own
porte cochère, ---- (I beg your pardon,) there stood National Guards
with crossed bayonets; would not let me in again, ---- (this was a
furious oath); said I, I am Pauche, and that is my hôtel, and the
Prince is waiting for his second course, and how do you think he is to
get it if you won't let me in?" The sentries did not recognize him; it
was all in vain. "And ---- and ----, said I, (the hat off a third
time,) I wish I had my kitchen carving knife."

Finding remonstrance useless, he at last seized a national guard by the
collar, and made a forcible entry, dragging him after him to the scene
of his culinary labours.

"And now," said Monsieur Pauche, catching up a long ladle with his free
hand, and pointing to his row of cooks, and then shaking it at the
half-choked national guard, "Now do you believe I am chez moi?"

On our return to the Hôtel de l'Europe we passed again across the Place
des Terreaux, and before the church of St. Nizier. In the latter, in
the year 1834, a terrible scene was acted; the troops having at last
obtained the mastery, the insurgents were pursued here, and two or
three hundred killed within these quiet walls. The disturbances of 1834
appear, by Monsieur Pauche's account, to have been equally terrible,
for a time, with those of 1831. The rioters had taken up their position
on Fourvières, where they had even posted cannon. When they were at
last dislodged, a great many escaped by letting themselves drop from
the terrace wall to the vineyard below,--no slight fall, but probably
on soft ground. It was possible from the hôtel to see them execute this
manoeuvre, and having performed it, slip away in safety among the
bushes. At this time there were incendiaries among the disaffected, for
Monsieur Pauche, naturally fearing for the lives of all in his hôtel,
which was just opposite Fourvières, wisely went to his country house,
and at the moment he passed saw several houses in flames between the
Place Bellecour and the Pont de la Guillotière.

You will wonder that I have yet said nothing of St. Jean, the
cathedral, yet there I have been many times. We visited it again
yesterday. The architecture of the nave is of the time of Philip
Augustus. The choir is celebrated as the spot where Gregory the Tenth
held the second council general of Lyons, in the year 1274. Its members
occupied themselves with the union of the Greek and Latin churches, and
in memory of this reconciliation two crosses, one Greek the other
Roman, were placed at the extremities of the high altar. Among the
treasures preserved by the church are the lower jaw of St. John the
Baptist, (you may remember I saw part of his skull at Amiens,) and the
small ivory horn which belonged to Roland, nephew of Charlemagne, and
Ariosto's hero. The house of Mont d'Or, which took its name from the
fertile mountain which rises just outside Lyons, and extends into
Beaujolais, still bearing the same name, prided itself on tracing its
descent from Roland. Before 1562 this family was one of great
consequence, and the seigneurs of Mont d'Or had the right of repairing
to the abbey of St. Barbe on Ascension Day, and taking from the hands
of the abbot, who at that period had it in keeping, the famous ivory
horn, which they might twice sound and exhibit to the people. During
the war of 1562, between Catholics and Huguenots, this relic was lost,
and continued to be so during two hundred years, when it was once more
recovered, and placed in the treasury of St. Jean. In one of the side
aisles is a clock, greatly admired by the good people of Lyons--marking
hour, day, year, temperature, and I do not know what beside, and having
figures, which, when the hour strikes, perform various evolutions; it
is a frightful machine, between thirty and forty feet high. Near the
principal entrance is the beautiful chapel of the Bourbons, with its
arched and fretted roof, and fine stained glass, commenced by Charles
of Bourbon, cardinal, and archbishop of Lyons, who was godfather to
King Charles the Eighth, and who lies interred in this chapel, beneath
a white marble mausoleum; it was finished by his brother, Peter of
Bourbon, called Sire de Beaujeu, who married Louis the Eleventh's
daughter, Anne. The motto of his house reappears everywhere: "N'espoir
ne peur." They held ambition, as well as fear, beneath their dignity.
The delicate carving of the stonework reminded me of Scott's
description of Melrose; for one might indeed fancy that some fairy had
wreathed the leaves and flowers and petrified them by a spell. A
circumstance concerning this cathedral I must mention to you. When the
first Villeroy, whose family has since filled honourable posts in
Lyons, was raised to the dignity of archbishop here, the members of the
chapter (who, from the third century, when they counted among their
body nine sons of kings and one of an emperor, had been men of the
proudest families of France, and styled themselves not canons, but
Counts of Lyons) demurred ere they admitted to be their archbishop, one
whose birth did not rank with theirs, as his great-grandfather was the
first of his name who had held any employ, and his father the first who
had borne a title. Notwithstanding the refusal of the counts, Louis the
Fourteenth found means to force them to obedience. When the archbishop
harangued the chapter, he took for text the words of the Psalmist:

"The stone which the builders rejected has become the headstone of the
corner."

The discourse which followed was an insulting one for the canons, but
the dean had sufficient presence of mind to reply only by reciting the
next verse of the same psalm:

"This is the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes."

We re-crossed the Pont de l'Archevêché on our way to St. Nizier. Almost
behind the Hôtel de l'Europe is a "Place," and the theatre of the
Célestins, where once stood the monastery. The family of the Pazzi,
illustrious in Florence, and the Medici's mortal enemy, had taken
refuge in Lyons, and been followed here by many of their faction. In
the church of the Célestins they erected a superb monument; and Marie
de Médicis, on her arrival at Lyons to espouse Henry the Fourth,
visited the churches of the city, and perceived this mausoleum. In
indignation at finding so splendid a memorial of those whose ancestors
had been the assassins of some of her own, she commanded it to be
broken, and only a few of its ornaments escaped destruction. Not far
from the Célestins there formerly stood another monastery, that of the
Jacobins, or Dominicans. Humbert de la Tour, last sovereign prince of
Dauphiny, ceded his province to Philip of Valois, in despair at the
death of his only son, André. It was said he had been its cause; for
that sojourning at Lyons, and playing with his child at a window which
overlooked the Rhone, the boy slipped from his arms, and fell into the
rapid river.

In the year 1345 Pope Clement the Sixth preached a second crusade.
Humbert obtained the command of this expedition, and embarked at
Marseilles with his wife, who insisted on sharing his fatigues and
dangers. On their return from the Holy Land, where he had been
successful against the Saracens, she died at Rhodes, and some time
after this second loss he took the vows in the Dominican monastery at
Lyons, and was afterwards prior of the Jacobin convent in Paris.

The outside of St. Nizier has been partly modernized. Within, it is
remarkably beautiful. We found a procession of priests and children,
who had made their "première communion" in the morning. The little
girls marched first very peaceably, and looking pretty, with white
frocks and veils; of the foremost ten chosen for good conduct, the
first carried a silver crucifix, beneath a miniature tent bed, from
whose top depended long white ribands, which the remaining nine held.
After the girls came the boys, ignoble looking ragamuffins, not having
the advantage of veils to hide their sunburnt faces, pushing for their
places, and squabbling for the streamers in a way not edifying. The
male and female troop joined in the psalm with the priests and enfans
de choeur, making altogether an indescribable howl.

I mentioned to you the votive offerings I have remarked in some
Catholic chapels, but nowhere have I seen them abound as in one here
dedicated to Ste. Philomène; the walls are literally covered. Among a
multitude of dolls' heads, hands, and arms, I noticed a garland of
artificial roses, framed and glazed; this was entitled, "Voeu de
Reconnaissance." A little picture beside it represented a little lady
in blue, kneeling by a red bed, looking to an angle of the ceiling,
where stood (air-supported) a saint, crowned, and wearing a gold
petticoat; below, "Voeu à Ste. Philomène."

The grandest of the water-colour drawings was the "Chasse Miraculeuse
de Ste. Philomène." Its upper part was divided into various small
compartments, each representing an episode of her life. In the first
she stands before a tribunal, below, "Jugée;" in the second, tied to a
tree, stuck all over with arrows, below, "Percée;" in the third,
tumbling over a bridge, below, "Précipitée;" in the fourth, taken out
of the torrent, and her head cut off, below, "Décapitée." At the bottom
of the picture she is placed on the Chasse Miraculeuse, finely dressed
and her eyes open, I presume all attempts to murder her having failed.

The Place des Terreaux is at no great distance from the church of St.
Nizier. The Hôtel de Ville forms one side; in its vestibule are two
fine groups in bronze, by Couston:--the Rhone, a majestic male figure,
resting on a lion; the Saône, gentle as her own course, couched on a
lioness. The chief interest of the Place des Terreaux for us was, in
its recollections of the death of De Thou and De Cinq Mars, who
perished here on the scaffold, one like a saint, the other like a
Roman.[2]

The weather has suddenly changed from oppressive heat to the bitter
north-east winds which accompanied us here. I suppose the heat took
leave on the wings of last night's thunder-storm.

-----

Footnote 2:

  See Appendix.




                              CHAPTER VII.


Place Bellecour--Louise Labé--Clémence de Bourges--Her desertion
  by her lover--His Death--Her own--Rue de la Belle
  Cordière--Abd-el-Kader--The fat Cantinière Captive--Presented
  to the Emperor of Morocco--The Emperor's Love--Her
  obstinacy--Application made to the Consul--Her Oaths and
  Blows--Her Return--The Savoyard Regiment's fidelity--Marquis of
  ---- and Dogs--Cat Massacre--Indignant Landlady--Pont de la
  Guillotière--Bridge at the same spot broken beneath Philip
  Augustus and Richard Coeur de Lion--Leaving Lyons--Mont
  Blanc--La Verpelière--Its Accommodation--La Tour de Pin--A
  lovely Country--An Auberge--Destructive Storms--Pont du
  Beauvoisin--Curious Landlady--Leeches en poste--A smiling
  Country--A wild Pass--La Chartreuse--Valley des
  Échelles--Grotto--Cascade of Cours--Chambéry.

The evening promenade of the fashionables of Lyons is under the trees
of the Place Bellecour, and capricious as fashion is called, she was
enthroned here three centuries ago. Louise Labé was a native of Lyons;
from her childhood remarkable for genius and personal attractions; at
fifteen, a fearless, vain, beautiful girl. Her father's pride bestowed
on her an education beyond her sex and century, and an imagination
unchilled as her temper was unrestrained by control, joined to the
consciousness of her own superiority, induced her, from this early age,
to seek to rise above her sex, and laugh at all the barriers which
custom had raised between it and glory. Her hours of recreation, from
Greek, Latin, Italian, and Spanish studies, she passed in attaining
perfection in all military exercises, and the command of the most fiery
horse. At the age of sixteen, and during the campaign of 1542, she
appeared at the army. The Dauphin commanded the siege of Perpignan, and
Louise disdained to treat fatigues or dangers as obstacles when
distinction was before her. Her dauntless courage soon made her known
by the name of Capitaine Loys. After the siege, abandoning the
profession of arms with the same caprice which led her to adopt it, she
returned to Lyons, to cultivate letters with more enthusiasm than
before; for with her all tastes were passions.

Many sought her hand; it was said she had given her heart while at the
army to a young officer of family, but no fortune. She,
notwithstanding, on her return, accepted a rich rope merchant, named
Perrin, whose riches might afford fresh means of celebrity. In her
spacious gardens, near the Place Bellecour, crowds assembled to see
her; men of learning, poets, and artists. The subjects of their
meetings were science, poetry, and the fine arts, of all which she
seemed the beautiful genius by turns; and a knowledge of music and a
fine voice were added to these gifts of a higher order, like the wand
to the enchantress.

Among those who sought her society was her friend, Clémence de Bourges.
Much younger than Louise; of not inferior, though a different style of
beauty, of equal genius, timid as was its possessor. To her Louise Labé
dedicated a volume of poems, and became in turn confidante of her most
secret thoughts. The one was the observed of all observers, a sun round
which worlds might revolve; the other, with all her talent and
loveliness, was a mild, soft-hearted woman, content to single forth "a
bright particular star," and make it that of her destiny. She was
betrothed to the object of her first love, a young officer, of the name
of Jean Dupeyrat, whose profession often absented him from Lyons; and
during these absences it became the habit of Clemence to pass much of
her time with Louise in discourse of her lover, sometimes showing to
her in confidence the sweet verses her affection addressed to him. At
last the officer returned; Louise's curiosity was excited, and Clemence
was proud and happy to make him known to her. Woman's vanity prevailed
over woman's friendship. She tried the powers of her fascination, and
Dupeyrat was dazzled by the wit which shone from heartlessness, and
Clemence was too deeply interested to struggle long, for her hand was
paralyzed by feeling her life staked on the throw. Next she was
neglected;--the friends parted, and then she was alone; and while
Dupeyrat was following the footsteps and listening to the magic voice
of her brilliant rival, adding one more to her court, young Clemence
pined and grew pale in her solitude, but lived on still, for hope had
not quite deserted her. At last Dupeyrat left Lyons to join his
comrades at the siege of Beaurepaire, and while Clemence trusted that
absence might bring back thoughts of other times, she received news of
his death; he had been killed during the storm. She did not survive him
long, and was borne to her grave with her fair young face uncovered,
and her head crowned with white flowers, and followed to it by the
regret of all Lyons.

Louise Labé, not formed of the "porcelain of human clay," inherited the
fortune of her deceased husband, and died about forty years of age.
From the most celebrated of her works, a kind of drama, entitled "Love
and Madness," Lafontaine took the plot of one of his fables. After her
decease, her house was taken down, and a street occupies its place. It
is still called after her, "Rue de la belle Cordière."

                                                             27th May.

We are to leave the day after to-morrow, and our friend spent last
evening with us. He told us a story, which, though it certainly has
nothing to do with Lyons, I cannot forbear telling you, who have no
chance of hearing it from himself. You know that since we saw him he
has passed four years and a half in Africa, fighting against
Abd-el-Kader. In Capt. de ----'s regiment there was a cantinière, not
handsome, but a very stout, robust woman of about thirty, with a
powerful arm, and sufficiently red face not to belie her calling. In an
engagement which took place between the French and Arabs, our friend,
Capt. de ----, was at no great distance from the poor woman when she
was taken prisoner. He was with his men too fully occupied to be able
to assist her, and spite of her screams and struggles she was borne off
to Abd-el-Kader. When he saw her, he thought of his ally, the Emperor
of Morocco, who is a great admirer of fat women, and Abd-el-Kader
exclaimed, "C'est mon affaire," and commanded that the captive should
be with due care and attention conveyed to his imperial Majesty, and
offered him as a present. The cantinière was placed on a camel, and
transported to the Emperor of Morocco.

Arrived at her destination, the emperor, struck with her appearance,
fell in love, but ere she could be placed among the ladies of his
harem, it was necessary that she should change her religion, and here
her royal master failed. She swore at him;--either he did not
understand, or the interpreter thought translation unnecessary, or love
was deaf as he is sometimes blind; for the emperor essayed all means of
conversion, and having loaded her with presents in vain, tried the
power of threats.

During this time her husband, who was a soldier in the regiment, was
inconsolable, and in spite of many of his comrades, who laughed at him,
obtained leave and set off for Toulon, to the consul, who in
consequence made application for the liberty of the captive cantinière.
The emperor had become greatly embarrassed; for having threatened to
cut off her head, she said he might if he would, but he could not make
her an apostate. He gave her slaves to attend her: she beat them
vehemently; to his gentleness she replied by oaths. Fresh from the
66th, it was useless to beseech her to be a sultana, she chose to be a
cantinière; so that when the demand for her freedom arrived, he was
rather glad to be rid of her. The poor woman, rewarded for her courage
and constancy, rejoined her husband. Capt. de ---- said, that if he
would have taken her back to Oran, all the officers there had become so
interested in her fate, that a large subscription would probably have
been raised; but her husband preferred remaining in France; he feared
his rival, the Emperor of Morocco.

We have staid here long enough to become accustomed to the place and
people, and I am sorry to go away. The landlord's pretty daughter is an
accomplished singer, and her good old aunts tell me stories in the hot
evenings on the terrace. The fat civil waiter, Ambrose, is a Savoyard,
and was a private in the regiment of Savoy at the time when the present
King of Sardinia, then Prince of Carignan, conspired against the last
monarch, his uncle; and when all the Sardinian troops went over to the
Prince, the Savoyard regiment disbanded itself and the men returned to
their mountains. I have even made acquaintance with the young pet
donkey, who follows round the yard for the bits of bread which first
won his good graces. The mention of pets reminds me of an anecdote, for
whose truth I will not vouch, but which I repeat, as it made me laugh.
The Marquis of H----, who passes through Lyons once a year on his way
from England to Italy, has several dogs of a large strong breed,
favourites to the degree that they always occupied cushions in the
carriage, till medical advice, in consequence of their loss of health,
obliged them sometimes to run behind. Mortal enemies to cats, I was
rather surprised, when desired to guess how many they had destroyed on
their way from Rome, to hear a thousand francs' worth, "pour mille
francs de chats." Most cat proprietors placed the lame or infirm in the
way of his lordship's dogs, and set their own value on them after the
massacre. It, however, once happened, that an ancient landlady thus
lost a large Angola, an old friend of the family, and, in her wrath and
sorrow, for the Marquis of H----'s dinner she served up its mangled
remains before him in a basket.

                                                             29th May.

Left Lyons this morning; our trunks sent on as before, and our only
baggage contained in the valise Grizzle carries, leaving behind us, as
we crossed the Pont de la Guillotière, the splendid Hôtel Dieu, and the
green avenues which edge the rapid river. The bridge is the longest in
France (excepting that of the St. Esprit, over the Rhone also); its
length is two hundred and sixty toises. There existed one at this spot
in the time of Philip Augustus, King of France, but it was not then of
stone, and when the French king departed from Lyons for the Holy Land,
in company of Richard Coeur de Lion, it gave way beneath the numbers who
formed their suite, and many were drowned. The widening of the Pont de
la Guillotière, which has heretofore been dangerously narrow, is now in
progress, and the usual carelessness of the French, and their
confidence in their quiet horses, leaves for the present a great part
in its original narrowness, but the parapets taken down. We luckily
dismounted as we reached this part, for a man pulling a cart entangled
his wheel in that of a heavy waggon, and as the horses were backed to
disengage him, and the assistants swore and pulled with all their
might, we expected to see them go over. As to Fanny, she started so
violently that I feared being obliged to let go the rein.

However we passed in safety. Burning weather as we rode through the
faubourg, and ascended the long hill, whence the view back to Lyons,
the Rhone's windings, and the mountain of Fourvières, is very
beautiful. The square tower of the latter we distinguished for miles,
diminishing by degrees, seen through vistas of poplars with which the
broad road (the best we have yet travelled) is often shaded. We lost
this prospect as we descended, but the Alps were visible, and Mont
Blanc, a little to the left, towering above them.

As we had quitted Lyons late, and loitered during the heat of the day
in the shade, it was evening when we approached La Verpilière. The deep
red clover is in blossom, and the haymaking has begun; and the dew
falling heavily, the breeze which sprung up brought with it a fresh
sweet smell. The near hills had become bolder and wooded, and a ruined
castle crowned one to the right. I asked to whom it belonged, when we
stopped to water the horses at a stone reservoir by the road side. The
peasant only knew that its name was Vavilliers, and it was not
furnished or inhabited, which is not extraordinary, as there only
remain a hollow tower and outer wall. The human race here improves as
much as the country, but the villages are still the same. This one at a
distance looked deceitfully well, having neat houses at its entrance
among clumps of chestnut trees, and I hoped the Chapeau Rouge might
prove one of them; but the street twisted and narrowed into an
abominable alley with its vile variety of odours, and there was the
inn. The landlady's doze was disturbed as we rode into her yard, and
she came forth ungracious and scarce awake. The garçon d'écurie was at
work in the fields, and her husband she said was by trade a fiddler,
and as he was ill, moreover, there was little chance of his help, and
D---- led the horses into the barn, while I followed the hostess across
the yard and unpromising kitchen, and into the street, and then up a
stone staircase, like a ladder, to the bedroom door. Over the bricks,
unwashed and unrubbed, I picked my steps as if in the street, and I
hesitated ere I laid my gloves on the three-legged table. There was a
velvet chair which I avoided, and a wooden one, and beds with dark red
curtains so thick with dust and generations of spiders, that I feared
to desire they should be disturbed; she opened the window to show me
complacently that it faced the street, preferring the peep down into
its gutter, or opposite into the garret, to the plains and mountains.
There were no jugs or basons, and I asked for them; she at first looked
embarrassed, and then, as if a sudden thought had struck her, said
"Ah!" and desired me to follow, which I did with resignation, once more
into the street, and arrived in the kitchen, where, having ejected some
kitchen-stuff from a pan of green earthenware, she said triumphantly
"voilà!" and wondered when I declined, as it was more "commode" she
observed; but finding me obstinate, went to the crockery-shop to
_borrow_ the articles required, which her hotel did not possess.

The next difficulty was dinner; she made a favour of serving it at the
usual prices, and then I found there was nothing to eat. "Soup?" she
would be very happy if it were Sunday, but malheureusement, it was
their only day for the pot au feu "à rôti:" there was a "restant" of
veal, she said, and truly it proved a picked bone rebrowned; a fresh
salad was provided, and a chicken which could scarcely have been
fledged, basted with bad oil; yet she was so certain we were satisfied,
it would have been a pity to complain. She paraded before us her sick
husband in his black cap and six pretty dirty children, and fearing we
might be dull alone invited us to the kitchen for the sake of their
company. We found that politics have some trouble in penetrating
hither, for D---- happened to mention the disturbances in Paris of the
12th of this month, and she asked with great curiosity to what he
referred, not having heard of them before.

We went to bed on mattresses resembling ploughed fields with their
clods unharrowed, and this morning, when the horses were brought out
uncleaned and uncombed, she desired we would remember her house and
stop here on our way back. I sincerely hope I may never see her face
again; we intended to-day (the 30th) going only as far as Latour du
Pin, but the road was so good, shaded by fine walnut trees, and
particularly after Bourgoin, two posts from our Chapeau Rouge, winding
through so sweet a country, the day cooled by clouds and soft showers,
that in enjoyment of them and fear of the inn, we determined on riding
on. Met a load of turf, and a barefooted girl carrying her shoes--a
memento of Ireland.

At Bourgoin the Grande Route turns, and the mountains rise straight
before; a valley to the right, watered by a narrow river, bordered by
trees, and winding through waving corn and most flowery meadows, which
stretch themselves at the foot of wooded hills dotted with habitations,
which at first reminded me of those near Ryde, in the Isle of Wight,
but grow bolder. The rising ground on the left was planted with vines,
and tiny clear streams shine along the hedge-rows, for there are
hedge-rows here full of elder blossom and wild thyme.

The villages are no longer crowded pest-houses, for the cottages are
mostly detached, each with its neat garden; and the peasants themselves
are a handsomer and happier looking race. We generally saw the women as
we passed assembled under the old trees, with distaff and
spinning-wheel, and the children herding the few sheep at the road
side, and neglecting them to run after us, and laugh at the strange
sight. There was one girl of about seventeen, standing at her door in
the large straw hat worn here, who, with her Italian eyes and Grecian
features, was perfectly lovely.

At an auberge outside the Tour du Pin we stopped to feed the horses and
eat an omelette. I declined the solitary little room wherein the pretty
girl was raising clouds of dust to prepare it for us, and chose the
more airy kitchen, where while I waited I might observe their attention
to affairs spiritual and temporal. The temporal appeared first in
order, in the print hung at the door, of a cock with extended wings,
perched on a dial plate which marked five minutes to twelve, the verse
below warning pennyless travellers:

                   "Quand ce coq chantera,
                    Crédit l'on donnera;
                    Mauvais payeur tu auras crédit,
                    Quand l'aiguille marquera midi."

The other print, (the spiritual,) pinned above the snow-white pillow of
the bed in the corner, exhibited a large eye, inscribed, "Dieu voit
tout;" a great ear, "Dieu entend tout;" a man spurning a beggar, "un
moment;" the same man seized by devils, "l'Éternité;" I suppose this
exhortation to charity does not apply to wayfarers.

All the fine corn and promising vines we have passed on our road, will
be unproductive this year, in consequence of the hail storms which
visited the country during our stay at Lyons. The ear has been beaten
empty, and the bunches of grapes broken; the season's loss in this
department is computed at three millions of francs, and the peasants
are planting potatoes, it being too late for any other seed. The town
of La Tour du Pin is of course as disagreeable near, as picturesque at
a distance, but the remainder of our road was so lovely, that we many
times found ourselves exclaiming at its contrast with the gloomy flats
and hills of the Isle de France and Burgundy; for here we had the chain
of mountains, range above range, which the snow topped and the clouds
sailed before, and where their view first opened on us, a foreground of
fertile valleys, covered with cottages and clumps of old chestnut
trees, the abrupt bank on our right, crowned with and shaded by them,
while on the left, where they border the road also, they form with
their fresh green branches a fitting frame for the prospect; it would
be a pity to travel this road otherwise than on horseback, on a sunny
spring evening.

Recommended by M. Pauche to the Hôtel de la Poste, at Pont du
Beauvoisin, we made our way thither through crooked streets
innumerable. All the front rooms were already taken. I warn you against
the No. 1 on the ground floor, at the end of a long passage, with one
small barred window, looking into the narrow yard where the post horses
are cleaned, for it fell to our lot. Having been told that the landlady
was exorbitant in her demands, I rang for her, specified what we
wanted, and asked her charges. No answer, but a promenade round me with
candle in hand, as it was dark when we arrived. I repeated the question
when I thought the inspection over.

"You have had no disputes on the road, have you," said Madame, taking
hold of the skirt of my habit and shaking it, to ascertain its weight.

"None."

"Very well, then you won't dispute with me; where are you going?"

"To Chambéry."

"Is your husband your age?" This time raising her flambeau under the
rim of my hat, so as to blind me.

"He is some years older."

"How many?" asked the indefatigable landlady.

"I can't tell exactly at this moment," I said, getting tired, as I
never before saw so much curiosity lodged in one fat human being.

"Not tell; you must know his age; is he thirty, thirty-five,
thirty-eight; where is he?"

"In the stable, and I dare say ready for dinner."

The hint took her to the door, but I unhappily undid the valise, and
she rushed back to the table and asked what was in it. I answered
rather impatiently, that she had better wait while I unpacked it, so
she took me at my word, and when it was quite empty said, "bien," and
went away. The air was insupportable; but for this there would have
been little to complain of, for the people are civil,--the landlady's
inquisitiveness, perhaps, excepted,--and the cooking excellent. I
imagine the unusual light dinner they served us might be accounted for,
by our arriving so late; we commenced dining to the sound of a sweet
chime, which was the Angelus ringing in Savoy. To sleep was out of the
question; for as I told you, the post stables were on a level with us,
and over our heads was lodged a commis voyageur, who started at
daybreak. D---- saw his saddle and portmanteaux, weighing altogether
three hundred pounds! The landlord strove hard to induce us to stay; we
are driven out to breathe. Madame, who peeped into my room before I was
up this morning, came to inquire, "whether I kept a regular note of
expenses along the road, as everybody ought." Monsieur praised the
excursions within the reach of horse travellers; but the inn stable,
large and handsome as it is, is choked at its entrance by heaps of
rotting manure, and into it is emptied all the kitchen refuse. I
mounted Fanny in a hurry, for close to me in the yard were two enormous
tubs of water, into which a man was emptying (there to take their
breakfast) bags full of leeches, which arrived last night en poste! I
should think no other animal would feel an appetite here.

Away we went to the frontier. The tiny bridge, with the French sentinel
on one side and the Savoy soldier opposite, seems a strange division of
countries to those used to sea and sickness. Here were formalities to
go through on account of the horses. D---- received back the fifty-five
francs paid at Calais, and deposited seventeen francs duty on entering
Savoy. There is a lovely glimpse from the bridge of the Guier, gurgling
along the bottom of its ravine. We were detained some time at the Savoy
douane, though they were not at all troublesome, but the horses'
description was to be copied; and (witness the wisdom of the King of
Sardinia, or his delegates) notwithstanding that Savoy is so poor a
country, they receive ungraciously, and would eject unceremoniously,
strangers who bring English horses. The custom-house officers were in
the first instance about to bind us to quitting the territory within
three days; however, when D---- represented that I required some rest,
and asked for ten, they consistently inserted two months.

The road from the pont is very good, and the country fertile and lovely
as we ascended the hill, and the Guier wound far below in its wild
ravine. The mountains at every step grow more grand; the fine trees,
which abound, are mostly chestnut; and the cottages, now built in the
Swiss style, with jutting roofs and outside stairs and galleries, hide
themselves among them, sometimes betrayed only by a stream of light
smoke. Their gardens are even neater than in England, and we have a
luxury which you perhaps will hardly comprehend, in cooling our horses'
feet in the innumerable mountain streams which sparkle along at every
step. Arrived at the summit of the hill, look back towards the pont and
France, (an extensive and fertile view,) before the road turns
suddenly, and the scene, the very air changes at the narrow road, with
its giant wall of rock on the left hand, and on the other a low
parapet, from which the precipice goes sheer down to the Guier, foaming
angrily at its bottom, and warring with the crags, which, towering
again on the other side, have opened hardly enough to leave it way.
This is the Pass of Chailles, very grand, and I thought rather fearful,
as Fanny continually started from the cliff and towards the parapet.
The road, such as I have described it, winds a considerable way, and
before us, in the space the advancing rocks leave, were mountains white
with snow, which an old peasant said were those near La Chartreuse. The
mountain wind was chill certainly, but we confessed it had a "freshness
and life" which revived. The sky, which had been cloudless, suddenly
changed, and the clouds came rolling over the crags, bringing a
muttering of thunder and then a loud clap, augmented and prolonged by
all the échos. The horses trembled, and promised to be troublesome, and
we got on faster; but the storm had rushed on above our heads, and
settled on the top of a purple peak far away, before we reached the
cottage, which stands where this wild pass ends, and the roaring Guier
becomes a quiet stream. Fear, I suppose, had made me thirsty and
hungry; I bought some fresh milk in a clean bowl, and Fanny sprang
aside from a yoke of oxen, and covered her mane and my habit.

We had intended sleeping at Les Échelles but, as at La Tour du Pin, the
inn looked unpromising, and we merely fed the horses and went on to
Chambéry. Last Thursday was the Fête Dieu, and the wreaths of box,
which only a few feet asunder hung across the narrow street above our
heads, looked uncommonly pretty. The Valley des Échelles opened before
us as we left the town. Fancy the long fertile vale surrounded by
mountains, which enclose it except at the spot where you enter--behind
you and the town they are towering and snowy, while those which skirt
the road you pursue the whole length of the valley are milder and green
and cultivated, a contrast to the range of bare and broken cliffs on
your right and parallel to them.

In front at the extremity of the vale, which it crosses like its
barrier, is the hill which terminates it; the road you must travel cut
along its edge and crossing two bridges; the last so high that the head
turns to look at it, for it arches over a mountain stream, and its
white line seen from below looks like a branch of bent osier. A gradual
ascent leads to it, and, arrived there, you have no terror left but
much wonder, for fifty paces beyond the road seems to terminate. The
rock is before, and the precipice below, and you forget the grotto cut
through.

Beneath the bridge the stream rushes turbulently down, forcing a narrow
passage among trees and stones, and gushing far under the stone arch
into the valley; the loveliest view of the valley itself is from this
high bridge: you see it terminated by distant snow peaks and guarded by
its mighty frontier of rocks having strange forms, in which you may
fancy castle towers and cathedral portals, contrasting with the sweet
mild plain below them, every yard cultivated; the glittering church
spire rising among clumps of trees, and the river alternately hiding
itself among its own fringes, or shining like a white riband through
luxuriant corn-fields and meadows resembling flower-gardens; patches of
turf under the fine old trees like dark green velvet, and cottages
which, as you look down on them, make you say of each--"I could live
there;" it is like the happy valley, only one would not want wings to
fly out of it.

The gallery is at no great distance from a kind of passage formerly
used by foot-passengers to arrive at the long ladders which were then
the road to the valley, a descent of more than fifty metres; they gave
it its name, des Échelles.

The entrance to the grotto is, as I told you, but a few steps further;
a magnificent project nobly accomplished: it was finished only in 1813,
for the passage constructed by Charles Emanuel in 1670 was not at this
spot; it exists, and is still visited for its romantic beauty, but we
did not see it. The grotto is blown through the solid rock, which forms
its walls, and its arched roof, and is about eight hundred feet long;
as it receives no light save through its two apertures, it was so dark
about the centre that I could see the ground, over which Fanny trod
very unwillingly, only where it shone with pools of water, which
distils through the crevices and dripped on our heads all the way.
Issuing from it, we found a wilder and less beautiful road, without
verdure or habitation, winding among masses of grey rock, which must
have a savage aspect in winter, but are now covered with purple
columbine and the red ragged robin. Here and there we saw a feeble
beggar or young peasant herding the few sheep or small cows perched
among the crags. After a time these crags are interrupted by green
knolls and brushwood, then by old trees and cottages, and we came again
on a river winding through a wooded dell, a magnified copy of the
Dargle in Wicklow. The road thence to Chambéry is varied and beautiful
beyond expression, always good for our horses' feet, but sometimes very
ill protected from precipices, which, if not the most terrible in
Savoy, are sufficiently so to break the neck of horse and rider. Not
far from Chambéry is the Cascade of Cous, falling from the rock on the
right about two hundred and fifty feet. It has no great volume of
water, but is exceedingly picturesque, foaming or shining as it breaks
against the uneven stones on the cliff's side, or springs over them and
down to the clear pool at its foot, whence it throws up a spray light
as smoke, and then supplies the bright stream which passes beneath the
road to the river, which we had followed some time, and was here still
on the left, dashing through wooded defiles, turning romantic mills and
murmuring down diminutive falls. Where the road is narrowest, some
solitary peaks of granite stand by its side among trees and bushes,
detached from the crags behind them like their outposts. We crossed a
handsome bridge and broader stream before we caught sight of Chambéry,
which lies embosomed in mountains; a bold and beautiful view, but not
matching that of the Échelles. Behind the town, which lay before us,
rises a line of fine frowning mountains--the Beauges; that which seems
to hang over Chambéry, presenting at its summit a succession of seeming
towers and ramparts like a mighty fortification. Far away to the left
shone the lake of Bourget, on the road to Geneva. The valley is
fertile, and the vines trained in arbours. The road close to the town
has been changed, and as we crossed the new broad bridge, the abandoned
one made a pretty feature in the landscape.

Entering Chambéry, we rode under the old palace of the Counts and Dukes
of Savoy, with its high terrace shaded by magnificent horse-chestnuts,
and a still most royal looking tower, which stands alone, and whose
hollow walls have defied time and two fires. The governor's palace is
modern, and joins at its extremity another portion of the ancient
building, which must once, from the traces remaining, have occupied the
entire platform. The chapel remains, that part which rises above the
narrow street, built in the Gothic style: the façade has been altered
to the Italian taste and spoiled. We passed before fine boulevards and
extensive barracks, containing at present three thousand men; and,
unlike travellers worn and weary, entered the town at a gallop.




                             CHAPTER VIII.


Chambéry--the Cathedral--the Château--the Chapel--the Holy Shroud
  distilling blood--Mules' refusal to carry the relic away--Respected
  by the flames--St. Charles of Borromeo's pilgrimage to its shrine at
  Turin--Its authenticity denied by Calvin--Drawing made of the Saint
  Suaire by desire of Philip the Fifth of Spain--Artist on his
  knees--Savoy--Peter of Savoy favourite of Henry the Third of
  England--Savoy Palace, his residence--The Green Count Amedée--His
  tournament--The Emperor Charles the Fourth's passage--Homage done to
  the Emperor--The Banquet served by Horsemen--The Carmelites'
  whitewash--The Crusade--The Green Count's embarkation--The Red Count
  Amedée--his Death-wound in the forest of Lornes--Poison--Physician
  beheaded--Duel between Estavayer and Grandson--Its real cause--Place
  of Combat Bourg en Bresse--Otho conquered--His tomb at Lausanne--Duke
  Amedée's retreat to Ripaille--His authority delegated to his Son--Six
  Knights his Companions in the Monastery--Astrologers'
  prediction--Author of Peace of Arras--Elected Pope--His renouncement
  of the Tiara--His return to Ripaille, and death--His Tower and those
  of four of his Knights still standing--Fête Dieu--The Priest
  commander of the forces--Les Charmettes--The young Abbé--The old
  Governor--Censure--Severe Laws for small
  offences--Rejoicings--Montmeillan--Abymes de Myans--The Black
  Virgin's power--Chignin--Iron Collars--Fortress of Montmeillan--Its
  resistance--Sully's stratagem--Proof of the King's
  Catholicity--Treason of the Governor--Christina of Savoy's Confessor
  a captive--His vain intrigues against Richelieu--Richelieu's anger
  chiefly excited by a satire written by Père Monod--Monod's
  death--Bourget--Amedée the Fifth--Hautecombe--Sepulchre of Counts of
  Savoy--Tomb of Amedée, who defied to single combat three English
  Earls--Abbey changed to a Manufactory--Spectres of the Sovereigns of
  Savoy--Its Restoration.

                                          Hôtel de la Poste, Chambéry,

                                                           1st June.

We find ourselves so comfortable that we have determined on remaining
at least a week. The weather is intensely hot, the country lovely, and
the cleanliness of the inn, as it forms a contrast with those we have
of late inhabited, made me start last night when I first caught a
glimpse of its floors. The horses have a good groom, a rarity also, and
a comfortable stable; by which we wish them to profit, though they
performed without fatigue their seventy-five miles' ride from Lyons,
and are quite ready to go on.

We have been to visit the cathedral, a gothic edifice, which by no
means pleases me, and has been mercilessly decorated by Turin
scene-painters, so that hardly a foot of its walls and ceiling remains
pure of flourished ornaments on a bright blue ground. We remained but a
few minutes, and then found our way to the château. As, according to
ancient custom, it was built on an eminence commanding the town, that
part of the castle chapel which forms the choir, a few green trees, and
a grey archway way, seem to hang over the narrow street which crosses
and terminates the Rue de Boigne, built by the benefactor of Chambéry.
A flight of narrow steps at this place conducts to the archway I
mentioned, and thence to the green esplanade occupying the space
between the façade of the chapel, the modern palace, and the mighty
round tower. Beyond the tower is a most delicious promenade, which
seems frequented only by a few students. The double rows of magnificent
chestnuts surround a small park, or, rather, square field, which
occupies the remainder of the hill on which the château stands, and
commands, on two of its sides, lovely views. Perhaps the finest is that
towards the Échelles; we sate some time gazing at it, for under the
thick branches it was cool and dark, even to-day.

Returning to the chapel, we put aside a very shabby curtain of common
ticking, which hangs within the open doors, and forms a contrast to the
gilding; though where it is ornamented it is rather tawdry than
handsome: it is worth visiting from the extreme beauty of its tall
narrow windows, painted in gorgeous colours. This church formerly
possessed extraordinary privileges, and we read a long list of
indulgences appended to one of its walls. The holy shroud, since
transported to Turin, was long kept here. Its historians assert, that
when the Christians were forced by Saladin to leave Jerusalem, they
carried away with them all the sacred relics in their possession, and
the Saint Suaire was thus conveyed to Cyprus by those to whom it
belonged, and Geoffrey of Charny, there purchased it: it next belonged
to his son and grand-daughter Margaret, who married a Seigneur of
Villars, one of the "premiers gentilshommes" of Amedée, first duke of
Savoy. During a journey she made thither, she was attacked by robbers,
and all her baggage plundered; but it is told that when the thieves
touched the holy shroud, drops of blood distilled from it, their hands
became deformed and crippled, and in terror and remorse they fled and
abandoned their booty.

Margaret was well received at Chambéry; and when she quitted it they
implored her, but vainly, to leave the relic in their city. When,
however, she was about to depart, the mules who carried it absolutely
refused to pass the gates; and Margaret, believing the circumstance to
be a manifestation of the will of God, yielded the treasure, which was
deposited in the chapel.

In 1553, the chapel took fire; and the fire committed such ravages,
that even the silver case, which contained the saint linceul, was
melted, but the flames appeared to retreat from the linen itself; and
such as touched it, thinking it would scorch, were bathed in a fresh
sweet dew.

The holy shroud was transported to Turin by Emmanuel Philibert, of
Savoy, in 1578, to spare a long walk to St. Charles of Borromeo, who
had vowed to make on foot a pilgrimage to its shrine.

The clergy and people of Milan accompanied him to the gates of the
city, where he changed his long cloak for a belted robe; gave his
blessing to the crowds prostrated before him, and then, assuming the
pilgrim hat and staff, set off with his companions. On their way they
took only sufficient food to support life, and as they walked sung
hymns and recited prayers. During their hours of rest they performed
divine service, and after four days' march, they arrived in Turin, and
accomplished their vow.

Among those who contested the authenticity of this relic, the principal
was Calvin,--who reminded his hearers that the Hebrews were in the
habit of enveloping their dead in bandages, not in shrouds; and gave
also a list of the various places in which are exhibited a shroud and
the cloth which covered the face, as those worn by the Saviour. He even
hinted that the object of his discourse was not the same bestowed by
Marguerite de Charny, as that had been consumed in the great fire at
Chambéry, and this one substituted.

There have been always great objections made to allowing the curious or
pious to approach too near, in order to observe the stains on the
linen. Philip the Fifth, king of Spain, when he allied himself to the
house of Parma, obtained, with great difficulty, permission to have a
drawing taken of the saint linceul. The reliquary was displaced with
great ceremony, and illuminated by a multitude of wax lights. The
artist remained on his knees the whole time, and executed his sketch
while eight bishops said each a separate mass at the eight altars which
surround the chapel.

Savoy passed from the possession of the Romans to that of the
Burgundians, and next formed part of the kingdom of France ere it again
became incorporated in the new kingdom of Burgundy.

In the tenth century this last was united to Germany, and Savoy, then a
part of the empire, was governed by counts whom the Emperor named. It
was made a duchy in 1417, when ruled by Amedée the Eighth; in the time
of Francis the First its southern part belonged to France; become
German once more, hostilities recommenced between Duke Charles Emmanuel
and Henry the Fourth of France; and the peace of Vervins, which put a
stop to them, lost several cantons to Savoy. It was this circumstance
which induced the dukes to turn their eyes toward Italy; but when
Piedmont had gradually asserted her superiority, the emissaries of
France knew how to profit adroitly by the discontent her arrogance
awakened. In 1792 Savoy gave herself to France, and remained French
till the treaties of Vienna and Paris of 1814 and 15.

The founder of the house of Savoy was Humbert of the White Hands, who
died about 1048, and was buried before the portal of the church of St.
Jean de Maurienne.

Peter of Savoy (who was born at Suza in 1203) saw a path opened to his
ambition by the marriage of Henry the Third of England with his niece
Eleonora of Provence. In 1241 he hastened to the British court, where
he soon won the feeble monarch's confidence, was placed at the head of
the administration, created Earl of Richmond, and loaded with dignities
and honours, till the jealousy of the nation being roused by this
treatment of a foreigner he was obliged to return to his own country.
The palace in the Strand, which was pulled down not many years ago, and
called the Savoy, was bestowed on and named from him. He died in 1268
in the castle of Chillon, which had been built by his order.

The most chivalrous of the Counts of Savoy, and the one of whom the
recollection is most forcibly recalled by the ruins of his castle, was
Amedée the Sixth, called the Green Count, from the colour he had
adopted. On his return from a successful campaign in Piedmont, he held
a magnificent tournament in Chambéry. The spot chosen was that which at
present serves as exercising ground for the troops, and fashionable
promenade, the Vernay; before Amedée's time, who changed the stream's
course, it was the bed of a destructive torrent, the Leysse, which now
flows calmly, hid in its deep channel, far under an alley of plane
trees. Opposite this alley, I mean on the other side of the Champ de
Mars, is the ancient grove of tall thick trees, the favourite walk of
the inhabitants of Chambéry: all round are mountains, near and distant,
green, or barren, or snowy; whose variety of colouring is increased by
what painters call accidents of light, which, caused by their position
and the clouds they attract, alter and add to their beauty every
moment. It was here that the lists were prepared in 1347 or 48; the
city was crowded with the fair and the noble, who came as spectators or
sharers in the festival: the tournament was to last three days. There
were nineteen champions, the chief among them young Amedée himself; and
the first day they entered the ground prepared for them, each knight on
his war-horse, and by his side the lady, whose colours he wore, mounted
on a lively steed, and holding in her hand the end of a slight silken
string with which she led her champion. Count Amedée appeared in green;
the plumes of his helmet, his surcoat, the housings of his charger, the
dresses of his squires and pages were all green. He bore away the
praises of all, and in remembrance of that day thenceforth adopted the
colour, and was called the Green Count.

In the year 1365, the Emperor Charles the Fourth, desiring to return to
his own states, prayed Amedée to grant him a safe reception and passage
in his lands. The count held himself highly honoured, and conducted the
emperor to Chambéry, with all due solemnities. Near the old palace had
been raised on a high scaffolding a throne; and on it sat Charles the
Fourth, surrounded by his court, and wearing the insignia of empire.

The Count Amedée, richly dressed and nobly mounted, and preceded by six
horsemen on beautiful palfreys, each of whom carried a banner, rode
within the gate of the castle, and dismounted at the steps of the
imperial throne. The first of the banners was that of St. Maurice; the
second, that of his ancestors, a black eagle on a golden field; the
third bore the arms of the marquisate of Susa; the fourth, those of the
duchy of Chablais; the fifth, those of the duchy of Aosta; the sixth,
exhibited the silver cross, adopted by himself as his own arms. Two and
two after him followed his barons; each bearing a pennon, on which
shone the white cross. The rest of the nobility came in like manner on
horseback, filling and surrounding the space. Arrived before the steps,
they dismounted, and Amedée ascended alone, and kneeling before his
majesty did homage as his vassal. The emperor invested him with all his
honours and dignities one by one,--that is to say, that, one after the
other, he returned to the count's hands those banners he presented.

The emperor's people next took them, and tearing them, cast them to the
ground, according to custom; excepting only the banner which bore the
silver cross: for the count requested of the emperor that he would not
desire the ceremony, as regarded this last, should be accomplished,
saying, "it never had sunk to the earth, and never should, with the
help of God."

The homage offered, the count entertained the emperor at a splendid
banquet in the great hall of the castle. Amedée and his barons mounted
on tall chargers, bearing the viands, served his imperial majesty: the
greater part of the meats were gilded, and, among other curiosities,
there was a fountain which night and day cast forth red and white wine.

The above account is extracted from the Chronicle of Savoy by Guglielmo
Paradino. Pity the old hall is down. A memorial of the tournament long
remained: the names, arms, and devices of the champions had been
painted on the cathedral walls, but the Carmélites whitewashed them!!

In 1366, when the pope had preached another crusade to succour the
Greek empire, and many had promised aid but held back when came the
time for performance, the Green Count, still the flower of chivalry,
alone kept faith; with his own funds equipped at Venice a considerable
number of galleys, and embarked with his army of cavalry and infantry,
crossbowmen and archers. An ancient chronicle describes the pomp and
ceremonial of this embarkation. By order of Count Amedée, the chiefs of
his army and his horsemen were dressed in doublets of green velvet,
richly embroidered, and himself attired in like manner, walked from his
hostelry to his galley, followed by his barons, two and two, and
preceded by music: the sounds of the multitudinous instruments often
drowned in the voices of crowds pressing to see him, and shouting
"Savoy! Savoy!" while to the flourish of trumpets, the count ascended
his vessel, raised anchor, and made all sail for Corinth.

At Gallipoli he planted his banner, notwithstanding an obstinate
defence--went thence to Constantinople, where he was received by the
Empress Mary of Bourbon, who wrote of him, "the presence of the Green
Count _alone_ is worth two thousand lances;"--and departed from her to
prosecute his victories, and deliver from captivity the Emperor John
Paleologo. He died of plague in 1383.

His son Amedée the Seventh, called the Red Count from the colour he
adopted, succeeded his father, aged three-and-twenty. He resembled him
in chivalrous disposition, and was looked upon as the model of knights
when with seven hundred Savoyard lances he went to aid the king of
France, Charles the Sixth, in his war against the English and Flemish,
and praised as most "frank in manner and fortunate in arms."

Returned from the wars, he had gone to hunt in the forest of Lornes,
which lies on the shores of the lake of Geneva, below Thonon; he was
aged one-and-thirty; and as he followed the wild boar at the full speed
of his horse, the animal fell with him, and rolled on his rider. The
count received a wound on the left thigh, and was carried to Ripaille,
where, some days after, he died. Savoy long wept for him, for he was
generous and gentle as just. His death following so quickly on the
injury he had received woke a suspicion of poison, but though many were
enveloped in the accusation which ensued, all were acquitted except
Pierre de Stupinigi, the count's physician, who on this mere suspicion
was beheaded. His innocence was acknowledged years after, and, by order
of Amedée the Eighth, the unhappy man's corpse was disinterred from the
criminal's fosse, and laid in consecrated ground.

Six years had passed since the death of Amedée the Seventh, when the
report, which had died away, was revived as the cause of a duel famous
in the Pays du Vaud. Gerard of Estavayér was the accuser, and the
defendant Otho of Grandson. The former had a beautiful wife, and, on
his departure for the wars, Otho, who was sixty years of age, offered
her the protection of his own walls till her husband's return. Gerard
gladly accepted, and departed in confidence, unconscious that Otho's
admiration of his fair lady had alone prompted this seeming kindness.
While he was away, she attempted several times, but in vain, to escape
from the castle where he held her captive and abused the rights of
hospitality; and when her husband returned, and she was once more
suffered to seek her own roof, she revealed to him, with tears, the
treatment she had suffered during his absence.

Burning with rage, whose real cause he would not divulge, Gerard of
Estavayér branded Otho (whose dislike to the late count had been well
known) as his murderer, and offered to prove the truth of his assertion
in single combat.

The place appointed for the duel was Bourg en Bresse, chosen by the
guardians of Amedée the Eighth, who was still a minor, and was there
present with his statesmen and chief nobles. The quarrel had excited an
interest which brought crowds from all countries to witness its issue.
The adversaries were matched in hatred; unequal in strength and age,
for Otho had been ill, though he disdained on that account to refuse
the challenge or defer the combat. Arrived in the lists, he spoke aloud
to the assembly; recalling to the memories of all there that the
particulars of the Red Count's death had already been brought before
them in the course of a solemn trial, which had in no manner stained
his own honour.

"Nobles of Savoy," he exclaimed, "relatives and vassals of the reigning
house, if I have done this deed, why have you left retribution to
Gerard of Estavayér? he is a false liar; be it the worse for him as it
is well for me." The young Count of Savoy rose and made the sign of the
cross. "In the name of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost," he said, "let the
signal be given, and God show the right!"

It was the 7th of August, 1397: the two champions met in the lists,
each armed with a lance, two swords and a dagger, and a terrible fight
ensued, till Otho, weak from his sickness and advancing in years, fell
beneath the strokes of his young and vigorous adversary. According to
the justice of the time, he was declared guilty, and the castle and
lands of Grandson seized by Amedée of Savoy. His marble tomb is in the
cathedral of Lausanne. The armed figure lies couched on it, but the
hands are cut off; for thus were represented those vanquished in
judicial combat.

This same Amedée, whose life had been a series of successes, and who,
according to Olivier de la Marche, his contemporary, so ruled his
states, that in the midst of those which were a prey to foreign war and
civil dissensions, there only were found safety, wealth, and happiness;
Amedée, for whose sake the Emperor Sigismund had created the county of
Savoy duchy, abdicated in the year 1434. The causes assigned for this
weariness of the world's honours, in whose pursuit he had been ardent
heretofore, were the loss of a wife to whom he was tenderly attached,
Mary of Burgundy, who died at Turin of the plague, and an attempt made
on his life by a nobleman who had been his friend. He had founded some
years before an Augustine monastery at Ripaille, half hidden in the
forest which covers the tongue of land advancing into the lake near
Thonon. Repairing thither in the year 1434, he summoned the principal
prelates and nobles of those dominions which called him master, and
seated on a throne, his sons Louis and Philip at his side, and Humbert
bastard of Savoy at his feet, and the two marshals of the duchy
present, he spoke at length concerning all that had been done since his
accession to the dukedom, and concluded by informing them of the
resolution which was to wake the wonder of Europe. Calling Prince Louis
near, he bade him kneel down and conferred on him the order of
knighthood. Binding on his sword and embracing him according to the
custom of the time, he formally created him Prince of Piedmont and
viceroy over his dominions, exhorting him to protect the church,
preserve friendship with relative and ally, to administer impartial
justice, and, above all, to keep faith inviolably.

It was his express command that, in all important negotiations, Louis
should resort to himself for counsel. He next bestowed on Philip the
title of Count of Geneva, which was that his brother had held before,
and dismissing the illustrious assembly, he retired to his apartments
with six knights--men in the decline of life, who had heretofore shared
with him the cares of government, and now chose to be companions of his
solitary life. The day following, he and they in the church of Ripaille
took the hermit's garb from the hands of the Augustine prior. They
neither shaved their heads nor beards, their dress was a tunic of fine
grey cloth, and a scarlet cap, above which, like the antique hermits,
they wore a cloak with a cowl. They carried the pilgrim's staff, and
the only tokens of their primitive grandeur were golden belts and
crosses. Thus was instituted the knightly order of St. Maurice: the
necessary requisites were noble birth and an exemplary life, and the
number of its votaries could not exceed seven, including the president;
it is believed that of those he selected thus, Amedée determined to
form the secret council of his states during his own life. They
remained five years in the quiet of a retirement, which some thought
more devoted to politics than religion; while others attributed his
abdication to the prediction of an astrologer which promised him the
tiara.

Be this as it may, Amedée retained the ducal power beneath the hermit's
cowl. He was author of the famous peace of Arras and its mediator;
freeing France from the presence of the English, and closing their long
discords. In 1439, the fathers of the council of Bâle, who had deposed
Pope Eugenius the Fourth, elected in his place the retired sovereign;
twenty-four prelates, at whose head was the Cardinal of Arles, bore
their decree to Ripaille. Unwilling to create a schism in the church,
it is said that Amedée refused and burst into tears, and that his
resolution was changed by the eloquence of the messengers, who proved
to him, that on his acceptance depended the reform of the church and
the well-being of the faithful. In the same chapel of Ripaille they
clothed him in the papal robes and saluted the first duke of Savoy as
Felix the Fifth. Thonon and Ripaille barely sufficed to lodge the
ambassadors who came from all parts to tender him homage. He held his
court in Geneva, but in 1447, Eugenius the Fourth being dead, Nicolo
the Fifth, elected by the cardinals then in Rome, sat undisturbed in
the papal chair, and Felix, anxious to put a stop to the divisions
which brought dishonour on the church, dissolved the council at Bâle
and publicly renounced the tiara at Lausanne which he had worn nine
years, and returned to his solitude at Ripaille, and the six knights
still living there.

He survived his abdication but eighteen months, and died in Geneva; he
was buried at Ripaille, and a noble mausoleum raised above his ashes,
which in 1538 the Bernese soldiery broke in search of plunder. His
bones were then transferred to the cathedral of Turin, where they lie
beside those of Emmanuel Philibert and Christine of France. The duke's
tower and those of four of his knights are still standing; the convent,
surrounded by a deep ditch and strong walls, resembles an antique
castle seen from the lake, and rising above the oak forest. We returned
by the rue de Boigne, a handsome street whose arcades form a shady
walk. Part of the high castle terrace terminates it at one extremity,
and at the other is a fountain which forms a monument in honour of
General de Boigne. His statue stands on the column which four
demi-elephants support, and though it is not in the best taste or most
perfect proportion, it has altogether a picturesque effect. A boulevard
of most fragrant lime-trees leads from it to the Champ de Mars and
promenade of the Verney.

                                                             June 2nd.

Fanchette just now called me to see the procession of the Fête Dieu,
this being the first Sunday following the festival; for processions are
observed here as rigorously as they once were in France, though, if I
may judge from what I saw to-day, they inspire small devotion. A number
of little girls walked first, each troop headed by a nun in her
monastic habit. The children were dressed in white frocks and veils and
crowns of flowers; the youngest held a crucifix under a tiny arbour of
artificial roses. Long lines of women followed in white robes and
cowls, the foremost bearing banners and the rest lighted torches: a
bevy of young boys, decked out like the girls, and of men attired like
the women, came next; and then the priests preceding the host which
their superior bore beneath the dais. Two of the former carried each a
pole, at the top of which was a lantern; four others threw up their
censers, perfuming the street (_not_ superfluously), and each time
their office ended, performed a strange movement towards the host, not
a curtsey or a bow, but a bob; and a fifth, whenever the priest beneath
the dais elevated the host, opened and clapped close a wooden book to
warn the people.

When the dais was stopped at the end of the street that the benediction
might be given, it would have been an imposing sight to see the white
robed figures who lined it, and the people before their doors all
kneeling, if one could for a moment have supposed them more attentive
than absolutely necessary to the show; but they were talking and
looking about and thrusting their torches in the faces of their
acquaintances. These white ladies and gentlemen belong to no religious
order, but merely to a society; they are mostly peasants, and when a
procession takes place, their services are required. At one time, the
seeming penitents left an undue space between their companies, and the
priest who marshalled them came up in loud anger scolding and driving.
The alarm disconcerted the poor women, and running to make up for lost
time, they broke their ranks and could not form them again, and there
was a thorough rout.

Although I acknowledge I feel small interest in Rousseau, yet hearing
that the walk to the Charmettes was one of the prettiest within our
reach, we went thither this afternoon, passing on our way Buisson, the
residence of the late General de Boigne, which is beautifully situated,
and at the very gates of Chambéry, its park filled with fine trees, and
ornamented by a picturesque tower. A steep path leads up the hill to a
lane shaded by old chestnut trees, which cover the banks on each side
and completely exclude the mountain view, or indeed any but of
themselves and the little brawling rivulet. In this an old woman was
washing, and we asked her where stood Les Charmettes: "Oh," said she,
"you are going to Jean Jacques' house, there it is," and she pointed
out an unpicturesque mansion built on the high ground to our right.
Continuing to climb over rough paths and through a wood, we fancied we
were conquering a mountain, but found, when arrived breathless, that we
were merely at the top of the low hill, which scarcely seems one
looking at it from Chambéry. From the little plain all over wild
flowers, we had a view of the glittering city (for the tin, of which
they make so liberal use on roofs and church-spires, never rusts in
this climate), and a lovely prospect of the country round and beyond it
to the Mont du Chat and the lake of Bourget. While we were admiring it,
the rain commenced; we fortunately found an ancient tree, whose
charitable old age had provided a hollow trunk, which served for
mansion during two wearisome hours while the shower fell pitilessly,
and the fog hid every object within twenty feet of us; at last however
it ceased, and as, during our imprisonment, we had listened to the
Chambéry clocks, and were aware the dinner hour was nigh at hand, I
advised making a short cut instead of returning by the way we came. We
went on rapidly, and the road looked auspiciously for a time till it
grew steep, and we had some difficulty in clambering among trees and
clinging to them, and when the point and the contemplated short cut
seemed attained, we took one step more and arrived in the bed of one of
the million streams which spring everywhere: very clear and very
bright, but considerably above our ankles.

                                                             June 4th.

Our mode of travelling throws us very much for resource on the
agreeability of such companions as chance procures, and we sometimes
make amusing and cordial acquaintances.

Among these are an old officer of the empire and a young abbé from
Montelimart. The day on which the latter arrived was a fast, and there
were at table two English gentlemen, who (either wilfully in bad taste,
or not wilfully in bad French) made remarks and asked questions which
embarrassed the poor priest, who is a well-informed, mild-mannered man.
By attempting to soften them down or explain them away, we became
acquainted, and you would have smiled to see our intimacy this evening,
sitting in the yard in the starlight, as the stifling heat renders the
house insupportable. The abbé has a leave of four months, which he
employs in travelling, and enjoys like a boy, after the mournful duties
of his profession. The old officer speaks with contempt of the
fanfaronnades of la jeune France; and the priest with horror of the
increasing immorality of French literature, and its spreading
influence. "If you heard what I hear," he said, alluding to confession,
"you would tremble--la France est malade, bien malade."

This morning, when I was wakened as usual by the parrot screaming in
the yard, "As-tu déjeûné, Jacot, oui, oui, oui," I found the whole
establishment in commotion, for Chambéry had received orders to
illuminate and be gay for the return of its governor, Count Victor
Casazza di Valmonte. He is something between seventy-five and eighty,
and having become a widower three months since, losing a lady of
suitable years, he made a journey to Turin, whence he now brings a
young wife. It is whispered he will receive a charivari, but the town
will hardly venture on so rash an act, though he is by no means
popular; it is perhaps independently of his will that all precautionary
measures are enforced so strictly, and only Piedmontese hold any
employ. One of these prudential rules forbids all newspapers, saving
the Gazette de France, to enter the territory. At the library many of
the books we asked for were on the prohibited list. The fine theatre,
the donation of General de Boigne, will be opened next month, but the
repertory is exceedingly small, and the chance stars, who every year in
the French provinces shine and make money, dislike acting here, where
all pieces, ere they can be played, are submitted to the governor and
the bishop, and none pass the ordeal unscathed.

On the wall of the dining room hang the list of Sardinian laws, and the
permission granted to Mons. Friul to keep the hotel, which must be
renewed at the end of each year, as the leave is only given for that
period. Among the first are some bordering on the ludicrous; for
instance, "whosoever shall make a noise in the streets at night, _sans
chandelle_, will be punished." "Whoever shall dance bear or monkey, or
play the mountebank, without permission of the governor, &c." We rode
along the Montmeillan road after dinner; the judges and officers had
gone long before, and we met the escort and its object about a mile
from the town, but in clouds of dust, through which and the drawn up
glasses we could scarcely see his thin withered face, and hers not at
all. By the time we got back they had been received with discharges of
artillery, and were ensconced in the castle, the music on the terrace,
but no charivari; so we went home to change our dress, and issued forth
once more to see the illumination, accompanied by the priest and
officer. It was a beautiful, breathless night, and the town and
boulevards, all lighted and thronged, looked well, though it was true
that the urn made of coloured paper lamps, in the rue de Boigne, lost
much of its beauty on close inspection, and the painted shield, placed
under the castle terrace, (coats of arms and cyphers on a black
ground,) resembled a hatchment, while a silly inscription began with
"Happy those he governs," which it seems is not the case, and ends by
wishing long lives to bride and bridegroom, which the latter has
already enjoyed, and seems unlikely to do over again.

As we stood watching, the Governor's open carriage drove down the
street at a foot's pace. The ancient bridegroom was all smiles; the
bride was dressed à la Parisienne, graceful, dark haired, and pretty,
but pale, and I thought sad. The abbé was loud in his indignation at
her self-sacrifice, and continued his murmurs until we arrived at the
hotel.

                                                                 June.

The three roads, to Les Échelles, whence we came, to Turin by the Mont
Cenis, and to Geneva by Aix, meet at Chambéry. We took the Turin road a
few evenings since, intending to ride but a short distance, and were
lured on by its excessive beauty, mile after mile, till we reached
Montmeillan, a road good as in England, winding among cultivated
fields, under noble chestnut and walnut trees and acacias in blossom.
The range of the Beauges on the left, with the vine growing high up its
sides; and on the right, beyond the broader valley, the Granier, whose
chain extends as far as Grenoble, which lies in the hollow. The nearest
mountain facing Chambéry is strangely hollowed at its summit, in an
immense semicircle, and the ground beneath, for nearly a league, a
succession of dells and hillocks, now covered with vineyards, bears the
name of Abymes de Myans, in memory of the catastrophe of 1248, when in
the month of November the mighty mass, loosened as if by the grasp of
an evil spirit, descended, a fall of five thousand feet on the small
city of St. André and fifteen villages. The records of the time say,
that the devastation ceased at the foot of an image of the Virgin,
called the Ethiopian, because her face is black, to whose shrine the
devout still flock, even from the near villages of France. Monsieur
Friul told me that, in the midst of one of the vineyards which cover
the buried houses, the top of a church steeple is still to be seen, the
single tombstone of many victims.

Fording a bright stream instead of riding over its badly paved bridge,
we were in sight of the castle of Chignin. The hill on which its four
remaining towers still stand hangs over the village, and the road is
henceforth close to the base of the mountains. These castles, which
crowned rock and height the whole length of the valleys of the Arc and
Isère, were the telegraphs of the middle ages; and in time of war, by
fires lighted on their high turrets, gave and repeated signals from
province to province. At Chignin, among the rubbish of its ruins, was
found a heavy iron collar, now preserved in the museum of Chambéry; it
fastened by a secret spring, and within was furnished with sharp
points, which at every movement made would wound the neck of the
captive, who taken in fight was detained till he paid his ransom. A
little farther than Chignin, but a season or two ago, a large portion
of rock fell between two cottages, providentially touching neither, and
as it reached the ground splitting itself into a thousand fragments,
which lie scattered among the vines, and are mostly too large to be
moved. We rode down the green lane to look at it, and found an old man
at work, who said nobody had been injured. An avenue of poplars brought
us by sunset to Montmeillan. The hill stands alone on the plain, a
miniature they tell me of the Righi. Of the strong fortress which once
crowned it, we could distinguish scarce a vestige; seen from this side,
it is not a very striking object; to be aware of its importance it must
be viewed from the other, I mean that of Turin. The road thither
extended to our right, through and over wooded hills, with the snowy
mountains high above them, reaching to Mont Cenis. On the left, the
Beauges which we had followed since Chambéry, and before us, as we
stood below the rock of Montmeillan, the valley through which winds the
Isère, seeming shut in by the white range of the Maurienne. As we stood
admiring, a shower which had long threatened fell over the distant
extremity of the valley; the setting sun was bright, and the rays
crossed the rain which the wind blew in a contrary direction, and
through sunbeams, and rain, and rainbow, shone the snow.

The fortress of Montmeillan was of extraordinary strength in 1535; it
would have successfully resisted Francis the First but for the
treachery of the Neapolitan governor. In the year 1600, besieged by
Henry the Fourth, it was taken through Sully's fair words and bribes,
his wife being his ambassador to Madame de Brandis, wife of the
commandant. Before its capitulation was agreed on, a battery had been
with enormous labour posted on the rock which commands Montmeillan.
Henry was standing there, in the midst of his generals, when their
white plumes betraying them to the garrison, by a sudden discharge of
artillery striking the rock above, they were covered with earth and
splinters of stone. In the first moment of surprise, the king crossed
himself, and Sully said with a smile, "Now I see your majesty is a good
catholic." During this time Madame de Sully, by her husband's desire,
had managed to become acquainted with Madame de Brandis, to whom she
made various gifts, and passed much of her time in her society. At
last, when intimacy had grown to friendship, she hinted at terms of
surrender, to which De Brandis traitorously agreed, (though troops were
at the time approaching to his aid by forced marches,) and bore his
shame and his gold to France. Slighted there as a man marked by infamy,
he repaired to Switzerland, where he carried off a nun from the convent
of Bellon, whom he, nevertheless, soon deserted; and in sorrow and
remorse wandered back to Italy, where he was imprisoned at Casale, and
afterwards conducted to Turin. His end is unknown to me.

The Père Monod, confessor and favourite of Christina of Savoy, Henry
the Fourth's daughter, was prisoner in the fort of Montmeillan. Victor
Amedée, duke of Savoy, and Christina's husband, who had taken the title
of Altesse Royale, despatched the jesuit to Louis the Thirteenth's
court, charged to enforce the rights of the house of Savoy on the
throne of Cyprus; and in consequence to demand that at each audience
granted to his envoy, the regiment of guards should be placed under
arms as for one from royalty; and also, that through the king's
mediation, the same honours should be accorded by the pope to the
ministers of Savoy, as to those of royal courts. Père Monod was, in the
first instance, desired to come to an understanding with the Marquis of
St. Maurice, Victor Amedée's ambassador to France; but, neglecting to
consult him, he acted alone; and, with his natural impetuosity,
insisted on at once obtaining what might have been the result of time
and persuasion. Richelieu opposed his demands, wearied by his
importunity; and the angry jesuit strove in return to ruin him at
court, intriguing for that purpose with Caussin, the king's confessor,
and Mademoiselle de la Fayette, one of the Queen's ladies of honour.
The cardinal, as usual, discovered and disconcerted the plot formed.
Mademoiselle de la Fayette was enclosed in a monastery, Caussin exiled,
and Monod obliged to retire from court, his conduct disavowed by Victor
Amedée. After the latter's decease, Richelieu determined, through
Christina become regent, to be revenged on the rash jesuit; and
Christina, who had refused to deliver him up, saw herself obliged to
exile him to Coni. The Père Monod, irritated by her conduct, held
secret communication with the Marquis of Leganez, governor of Milan for
Spain. He agreed to carry him off by force and conduct him to Madrid,
where his knowledge of the affairs of Savoy ensured him a cordial
reception. The day before that on which their project would have been
accomplished, it was discovered,--and Father Monod, the 8th January,
1639, imprisoned in the fort of Montmeillan. The jesuit intrigued once
more, and was transferred to Miolans. Christina wrote to Richelieu,
"That he had no longer reason to reproach her, for Father Monod's
tongue was tied and his person in custody."

Pope Urban claimed him, through the bishop of Geneva, as one who could
be judged by an ecclesiastical court only; but while this last dispute
was in agitation, the priest died. He was a man of great talents and
profound knowledge. It was said that Richelieu's desire of revenge was
most excited by his having written a Latin poem, satirizing the mighty
cardinal, rendered by his self-love on all points vulnerable, who
envied the cid, and was vain of being a dancer.

It was dark long before we reached Chambéry, where we arrived but just
in time to escape an awful thunder-storm, having ridden twenty miles
for our evening's excursion.

Yesterday, turning off from the road to Turin, we rode to the Cascade
du Bout du Monde; so is named the fall of the Doria into the river
Leisse, where the latter rushes along its narrow bed, shut in by high
mountains, which form the base of the Dent du Nivolet; and the crags,
which enclose the clear stream, feathered to their feet. We passed on
our way the old castle of Chaffardon, on a height to the right hand,
and a picturesque village. The peasantry of this, almost the only
fertile portion of Savoy, are fair and well-featured, and certainly
more courteous than any we have met with as yet. We did not see the
fall: for to do so it was necessary to pass through a paper-mill
erected here, and up a dirty stair of broken planks, leaving our
horses: not choosing to do so, we returned through the heat, which was
tremendous, and swarms of wasps and flies, whose stings made the horses
stream with blood.

This morning it was cooler, and we profited by the weather to visit the
lake of Bourget,--mistaking, however, our road, and taking the steep
stony one which continually mounts and descends the range of hills
covered with chestnut-trees, which form a line from the town to the
lake. Close to its shore are the ruins of the castle of Bourget, where
Amedée the Fifth was born, and the village.

The lake itself, small and beautiful, lies buried between mountains,
the Mont du Chat (the passage of Hannibal) on the left hand--a bare,
stern mountain, except at its foot and at one spot, where a promontory,
covered with old trees, advances as if to admire its solitary beauty in
the clear water. The walls of the monastery of Hautecombe, founded in
1125, lie hidden among them. It can be approached only by the lake or
by a steep path on the mountain side, dangerous except to the natives.

The church of Hautecombe, thus wrote an author in 1807, was destined
for the sepulchre of the first counts and dukes of Savoy, who there
raised two magnificent Gothic chapels. There were to be seen among its
many monuments the white marble statue of Humbert the Third, who died
in 1188; the bronze mausoleum of Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of
Canterbury, and primate of England, who died in 1270; those of the
fifth, sixth, and seventh Amedée, of whom the last, when he journeyed
into France during the unhappy reign of Charles the Sixth, defied to
single combat three English earls, and was each time conqueror; of the
Earl of Huntingdon with the lance, the Earl of Arundel with the sword,
the Earl of Pembroke with the battle-axe. All those curious to learn
the history of Savoy visited this church, which was a chronicle in
stone. In the times of devastation and delirium the abbey did not
escape. A national agent came to open its tombs and rob them of
whatever precious things had been interred with its skeletons: the
bones were thrown back into the earth. A year or two after, weeds and
ivy had already half concealed the shattered monuments and prostrate
pillars, and drooped over the chapel's broken arches. A porcelain
manufactory was next raised on the very spot, to profit by the stream
which rushes down the hill from the intermitting fountain to the lake,
but the speculation proved a ruinous one; and this also went to decay,
and the place was left desolate. It was at this time a popular story,
that the men who, during the silent hours of night, guided their rafts
laden with wood across the lake towards the Rhone, often saw, by the
faint moonlight, colossal forms standing on the ruined roof of the
abbey, holding shield and lance, and seeming to strike them in sign of
vengeance. Since then all is changed once more. Carlo Felice, last
sovereign of Piedmont and Savoy, has restored it to its primitive
splendour--its walls rebuilt--its statues and mausoleums replaced in
the taste of the old time. It was finished in 1826, and is now again
one of the most interesting sights in Savoy. Issuing from the
monastery, a narrow path leads through the vines to a forest of ancient
chestnut trees; an ascent which conducts to a rock still under their
shadow, from a cavern of which springs the fountain, called the
Wonderful, because it intermits at uncertain times, and, at each period
it flows, ejects the same quantity of water.




                              CHAPTER IX.


Well merited attentions to St. Anthony--The young Countess de
  S--.--Leeches paying postilions better than the English--General de
  Boigne--Lemenc and its antiquities--Droit de dépouille of the
  Bénédictines--Their agreement with the nobles of Chambéry--Ancient
  vaults beneath the church--Colossal statues feared by the good
  people of Chambéry--Tomb of an Irish Primate--Calvary--Monument of
  General de Boigne--His low birth--His struggles--His success in
  India--The death of his benefactor Sindiah--His gratitude shown
  towards his heir--The story of his betrayal of Tippoo Saib
  unfounded--His arrival in England--His marriage with the Marquis of
  Osmond's daughter an unhappy one--His return to Chambéry--His
  benefactions--Created Count--His death--Aix--Its antiquities--Tower
  and Cascade of Grésy--The friend of Queen Hortense--Her fate--Her
  monument--Rumilly--Its convent--Siege by Louis the Thirteenth--The
  courage of a nun--The three privileged houses and discipline of a
  French soldiery--Frangy, an impertinent innkeeper--Fanny's
  wisdom--L'Éluiset--A sweet evening--A bad night--A welcome
  dawning--Geneva--The fusillades of 94--The Secheron.

Another procession in honour of St. Anthony, a tribute of gratitude he
would merit were all tales true. I said we had ridden to the cascade du
Bout du Monde, which lies on the left of the Montmeillan road, green
lanes and crooked paths leading thither along the bank of the river.
Once on a time the rapid melting of the snows caused the cascade's
sudden increase, and the river overflowing, threatened destruction to
the faubourg Montmeillan. In their fear the inhabitants besought St.
Anthony, who was no sooner invoked than the waters stopped at the
entrance of the faubourg. This day was the anniversary of the miracle.
The street was lined with green boughs, and hangings depended from its
windows; one of them, opposite our inn, was a hearth rug on a curtain
pole--grenadiers and military music preceded long ranks of young girls
in white veils carrying lilies in token of the saint's purity; but as
white lilies are scarce, those only of the priests, which are
artificial, bore the virgin hue, all the rest being orange-coloured! A
priest carried in the palm of his hand a small gilded St. Anthony.
Instead of the white-robed men and women, we had the whole contents of
the monastery of begging friars in their gowns and cowls of
unwholesome-looking brown serge, with half shaven heads and dirty
beards and soiled feet sandalled--mostly fat, notwithstanding their
condition of mendicants. After the procession followed breakfasts,
their expense defrayed by collections made by and _for_ the faithful
who eat them in the saint's honour.

Those who make Chambéry a residence find it cheap and agreeable, as its
society is good and not difficult of access. It is surrounded with
chateaux, many of which are let on reasonable terms, while furnished
apartments in the town itself are to be had from 600 to 1000 francs
yearly. Meat is 7 sous a-pound. Forage extremely low, fruit and milk to
be had almost for the asking, good wine 8 sous a bottle. We had a proof
of their being a kindly, unceremonious people. In our rides we have
sometimes met a young lady on horseback, the Comtesse de S----, with
her brothers. We were told she was anxious to make our acquaintance,
and that it was the easiest thing in the world, as we need only ride up
to her chateau, where we should be well received; but as we are to
remain but some days longer, we are unwilling to do what would merely
be a source of regret, particularly as we know her history. She is a
sweet looking, fair girl; her family one of the most ancient and
richest here: her father is a very old man; her mother died in her
infancy, and she was almost brought up by a sister ten years older than
herself, who was, I am told, a beautiful and amiable young woman. They
had three brothers, all in the army, and were a very united family. The
youngest daughter was eight or ten years old, when her sister, who had
always been remarkably pious, one morning went to mass as usual, but
when it was over did not return. The terrified father, for her brothers
were each with his regiment, sought for her in vain; she had not been
seen in her usual place at church, nor was she to be heard of
elsewhere. The next day a letter arrived, dated from the convent at
Annecy: "she had," she said, "accomplished a project formed many years
before," and was never again to return to the home she had quitted, or
the child to whom she had been as a mother.

She merely told her resolution, and desired that such necessaries as
she had not with her should be sent without delay. The convent to which
she had gone was a branch of that of Lemenc, and her arrangements had
probably been made beforehand. The nuns, who should have refused to
receive the mistaken girl, encouraged her resolution, persuaded her of
the truth of her vocation, and rendered vain the prayers and
remonstrances of her heart-broken parent. He remembered that, when a
child, she often expressed her intention of becoming a nun, and his
sorrow was increased by the despair of his remaining daughter, who also
determined on leaving a world in which she felt forsaken. The brothers
were summoned home and opposed her resolution as they had vainly done
that of the novice. The latter had taken the veil, and her family one
day visiting her, she received them standing behind her convent grate,
while a nun remained to repress by her presence any emotions which
might seem hurtful to the weal of the order. Its heartless laws forbade
her touching the offered hands of her father and brothers, and they
quitted her with a still stronger determination to save their young
sister from a like sacrifice. One of her affectionate brothers for her
sake abandoned his profession, fearing the loneliness of her home; a
second has obtained a prolongation of leave to aid in watching over her
till she is settled in life. She is not fond of general society, but
mild and timid; and of all the amusements she has been induced to share
in, likes only riding, and passes almost every evening on her small
chestnut horse in her brothers' company. As she is rich and sovereign
in her father's house, her joy and occupation lie in providing for a
multitude of poor people who depend on her for all--she appears to be
almost worshipped in Chambéry.

More leeches arrived to-night, post. This hot weather renders
travelling mortal to many, and as lingering on the road is fatal to
them, we hear that they pay postilions even better than the English!!!

Passing the General de Boigne's monumental fountain and the boulevard,
and crossing the bridge which leads to the Geneva road, we ascended the
hill instead of following it, and walked to the church of Lemenc, one
of the first raised to Christianity. The antiquities found here prove
that the village was very anciently inhabited. When Hannibal had led
his army across the Mont du Chat, he arrived hither and went hence to
Montmeillan, passing up the valley of the Isère and entering Italy by
the Little St. Bernard. There are two monasteries, one adjoining the
church which belongs to it, another at a short distance. I believe the
latter to be the Benedictine, of whose prior and chaplain the Knights
Templar, who established themselves here in 1199, were obliged to ask
or buy permission ere they erected an oratory. The Bénédictines
formerly exercised an extraordinary right, called by a fit name, "Droit
de dépouille." When in Chambéry or its environs the head of a family
died, the monks received his best suit of clothes, with which his
survivors were bound to present them; the custom awoke murmurs,
particularly when, in addition, they claimed the bed on which the
deceased expired. Early in 1400, the Bénédictines of Lemenc came to an
agreement with the Syndics of Chambéry, contenting themselves with
receiving the suit of clothes or its price. A noble might redeem it
with eight florins of Savoy; a burgess paid five; an artisan two, and a
poor man one!

We had been told that beneath the church were vaults of great age,
probably those in which the Christians of early times assembled. A
flight of steps on each side the choir leads below. A few rude pillars
sustain the roof; on a tomb lies a colossal figure of the Saviour
sculptured in stone by some unskilful artist of gone by centuries; it
is surrounded by nine others of like size, which stand in various
attitudes about the tomb. All have been more or less mutilated, but
bear traces of having been painted long ago. This giant group has a
startling effect on entering the dimly lighted chapel, and the good
people of Chambéry hold the figures in fear and reverence. The priest,
our acquaintance, told me he too had visited Lemenc, and not knowing
his way thither, took a guide, a fine tall fellow. Arrived in the
subterranean chapel, Pierre, who above had manifested no extraordinary
devotion, prostrated himself in sudden fervour, and recited a De
Profundis fast, and tremulously. The Abbé inquired "What ailed him?"
"Don't you see them, Sir," said Pierre in a whisper, pointing to the
enormous effigies, "and don't you know that you and I are here alone?"

In one of the chapels of the upper church are the bones of one St.
Concord, whose real name was Couchouars, archbishop of Armagh and
primate of Ireland; his figure is exhibited within a glass case or
shrine, dressed in pontificals, and with a waxen face and hands!

Walking higher up the hill, we passed several stations leading to a
Calvary, supposed to be very ancient also. An inscription assures, that
whoever shall visit them with due devotion, gains the same indulgences
as are attached to the holy places at Jerusalem, an advantage which
would save trouble. Beyond, the ground is covered with blocks of flat
stone, which leave between them no room for vegetation, and you must
beware of breaking your legs by slipping into their holes and crevices.

We went on till we arrived at a giddy height, hanging over the road to
Geneva, and the view repaid us for our climbing. I forgot to mention,
that opposite the Irish Saint's chapel in the church of Lemenc is a
monument to General de Boigne. When I arrived in Chambéry, where he is
naturally and properly remembered with respect and affection, I yet had
some trouble in learning his true history, so that I will save you the
like.

He was born in this town in 1741; his father was a hide-merchant, who
could bequeath him no fortune, but bestowed on him a good education in
his native college, and destined him for a lawyer. Young Benoit chose,
notwithstanding, the career of arms, first entering the Irish regiment
in the service of France and accompanying it to the Mauritius. He was
generally liked, as well for the physical advantages he possessed, for
he was tall and handsome, as for his character, whose extreme
gentleness contrasted with its fire and unwearied activity, and
firmness of purpose not to be shaken.

Having obtained little promotion during the five years passed in the
French service, he offered his resignation, and obtained letters from
the Sardinian minister to Admiral Orloff, who then commanded in the
Archipelago the land and naval force of Russia. Orloff at once, with
the promptitude of perception belonging to an old officer, appreciated
the new comer at his true value, and placed him as captain in one of
Catherine's Greek regiments. During a sortie of the garrison, at the
siege of Tenedos, in 1780, the company he commanded was cut to pieces,
and himself taken prisoner. Conducted to Constantinople he suffered the
hardships of a cruel captivity during seven months, and the peace which
freed him, also destroyed all hopes of further promotion; and having
received the rank of major in reward of his gallant conduct, he threw
up his commission once more, and departed for Smyrna, where he made
acquaintance with the French consul, and also with many foreigners
lately returned from India; and listening to the recitals of the
latter, he felt all the dreams of his youth and its love of adventure
revive within him. He returned to Constantinople, journeyed thence to
Alexandria and Aleppo, to join a caravan starting for Balsora, and the
caravan being unable to proceed by reason of the war between the Turks
and Persians, again repaired to Alexandria and embarked, but fortune
being unfavourable still, he was shipwrecked at the mouth of the Nile,
and cast on the Arabs' mercy. Instead of being, as he expected,
stripped and murdered, they received him with the most generous
hospitality, and conducted him under their protection to Cairo. Thence
through the kindness of Mr. Baldwin, the English consul, he was enabled
to reach India by the isthmus of Suez, and went to Bombay first, and
then to Madras, where, being a foreigner, he obtained no employment,
and to earn his bread gave lessons in fencing, an art in which he
excelled. At last he received an ensign's commission in a native
regiment in the Company's service. In a skirmish which took place soon
after, between some of Hyder Aly's troops and of those of the India
Company, De Boigne's corps was almost wholly destroyed, and himself
only escaped, because he had been detached with orders a few moments
before.

Discouraged by this last event, which rendered his chances of promotion
more distant, he gave in his resignation, and resolved on returning to
Europe, and doing so by land, trusting to his intimate knowledge of the
geography of the country, and of its various dialects. His superior
officers, who liked and esteemed him, furnished him with
recommendations to Lord Hastings, then Governor of India, and from the
sudden change in his projects and alteration of his fortunes, as well
as from other circumstances, it was presumed that he had offered his
services as envoy or mediator to the different princes, enemies or
allies, and that Lord Hastings furnished him with instructions, and
also with means of accomplishing a mission, for which his intelligence
and courage, and also his speaking their various languages with
facility, rendered him so well fitted.

He went first to Lucknow, where the English ambassador presented him to
the Nabob, Assefed-Daulah; then to Delhi, and at last determined on
offering his services to one of the native princes, and selected in the
first instance the Ranah of Gohed, who was about to make war with
Sindiah, the most powerful of the twelve princes who formed the
Mahratta confederation. Lord Hastings opposed at first his
determination of taking service, and he was recalled to Calcutta, and
employed by the English once more. He then went to Delhi, where by the
counsel of the English ambassador, Brown, who himself made the
proposals necessary, he offered himself to the same Sindiah, whose foe
he had almost been so shortly before. Boigne was to raise and
discipline, after the European manner, a portion of Sindiah's army. In
providing soldiers there was little difficulty; much in bowing the
Indian character to military discipline; yet in the space of five
months he had accomplished the task, and the superiority of his troops
was proved at the siege of Callindjer.

From this moment date the successes of De Boigne, and the commencement
of his colossal fortune. But Sindiah, who had gratified his officer
with riches and honours, yielding to the insinuations of his courtiers,
soon evinced suspicion and jealousy, with which he was unable to bear,
and sent in his resignation, which being accepted, he retired to
Lucknow. Sindiah soon felt his loss, for his preponderance in the scale
startled the remainder of the Mahratta confederation, and Holkar, one
of its chief members, raised an army to dethrone him.

It was then that, aware of his folly and injustice, he despatched a
message to De Boigne, requesting him to return, on whatever conditions
he might please to make, consenting beforehand to them all. Boigne
started without hesitation, and had no sooner appeared before the
troops, than his old officers and all the soldiers came crowding round
him. He obtained the most complete success. Good administrator as well
as warrior, he introduced regularity and economy into the army;
repressed the depredations of tax-collectors, and enforcing military
discipline, punished pillage severely.

This same year brought him other triumphs. The Rahjad of Djaipour
having revolted, he marched against and defeated him, then besieged him
in his capital. The frightened rebel submitted; paid the arrears of his
tribute, and an indemnity of twenty millions. The General himself
signed the treaty, and made his triumphal entry into Djaipour, mounted
on an elephant covered with gold and embroidery, and followed by a
brilliant staff. Sindiah believed he could not better reward such
signal services than by making him governor over these conquered
provinces, with share of the tribute. India was pacified; from the
confines of Lahore to the sea of Cambaye, all had submitted to Sindiah.

While the power of the house of Savoy ebbed from the encroaching arms
of the Republic, and King Charles Emmanuel could only in the island of
Sardinia unrol his standard, its white cross gleamed victoriously along
the banks of the Indus. The fortunate Savoyard possessed unlimited
power over the Mahratta states to the north of Cumbul, but a blow was
struck in the midst of his prosperity, for Sindiah died, leaving the
crown to his great nephew, on the twelfth of February, 1794. With him
expired all hopes of further conquest; the soul of his thoughts, the
motive of his actions had departed: his "occupation was gone," and with
a heart almost broken with the loss of his friend and benefactor, he
resolved on returning to Europe. The greater part of the conquered or
tributary sovereigns burned to recover their independence. The Great
Mogul and the King of Caboul first felt of what importance might be De
Boigne's support, and sent him an embassy, offering the place of prime
minister. Far from accepting these terms, or seeking to dismember the
states left by Sindiah, he gave his successor all advice and
instructions necessary to their preservation, and, to consolidate his
work, deferred his departure for two years. These past, and his health
permitting no further delay, he bade adieu to his brothers in arms, and
started for Calcutta with the regiment of Persian cavalry belonging to
himself, and which Sindiah's nephew would have bought, but refused to
pay for till he should return. Not accepting these conditions, the
General offered it to the India Company, by whom it was purchased for
nine hundred thousand francs.

It has been foolishly asserted that De Boigne's betraying Tippoo Saib
to the English had caused the former's downfall; but the Sultan of
Maissour's ruin took place in 1799, when the General de Boigne had been
three years returned to Europe; and during his long stay in India, he
never held communication with this prince, who resided at a distance of
five hundred leagues from the country where himself acquired glory and
fortune.

He went to settle in England, where he was well received in the first
society, and married the daughter of the Marquis of Osmond, who had
formerly been ambassador from France to London; but this ill-assorted
union did not afford the General a day of happiness. Abandoning the
noisy pleasures of cities, he sought repose in his own country. Large
fortunes are rare there; and in his delicious residence of Buisson at
the gates of Chambéry, he lived like a man of moderate means; and thus,
without diminishing his capital, he was enabled to make public and
private benefactions.

His native town owes to him her theatre, her new streets, scientific
foundations, donations to sapeur pompiers, the enlargement of its
hospitals, and of the Jesuits' College. Commiserating the indigent old
age of such as had been born to better fortunes, he founded a house of
refuge, and gifted it with a dotation of 900,000 francs. Forty persons
past the age of sixty, of either sex, are received within, and not only
provided for, but treated with respect and care, to which their earlier
days have been accustomed.

He bestowed 650,000 francs on an establishment for the reception of the
poor wanting work, to put a stop to mendicity and its consequences; and
400,000 more on an hospital for the insane.

His marble bust, executed during his life, was placed by the king of
Sardinia's order in the public library. He was at the same time created
count, lieutenant-general, and grand cross of the military orders of
St. Maurice and St. Lazare. He left one son; the fortune bequeathed to
him was computed at 37,678,000 francs. De Boigne died June, 1830.

                                 June 18th. Geneva, Hôtel du Secheron.

We took leave the evening of the 15th of the abbé, who departed for
Aix, and the old officer who is gone to Geneva; and ourselves left very
early the next morning, while the mist still hung heavily over the town
and along the base of the Dent de Nivolet, at whose foot the road
winds, and a great part of the road to Aix forms a wall of cliff like,
as I said, a mighty fortification, with vineyards and châteaux in its
shadow. The grande route, which is broad and handsome, is mostly shaded
by old trees, walnut and sweet chestnut. When we arrived at Aix, which
is the fashion and extolled by guide-books, I was disappointed, as the
mountains had lost their boldness, and the lake was not visible; nor
did I see anything remarkable, as we rode through it, but the
magnificent trees of its promenades. It is famous for its warm
sulphureous waters, and for the splendid remains of Roman baths; a
temple of the Ionic order, thought to be dedicated to Diana; and a
Doric arch, raised, according to its inscription, by Pompeius Campanus.
At a short distance from Aix the country again becomes beautiful, and
there is a grey ruined tower on the right hand perched high among the
woods, and commanding a ravine and its narrow mountain stream. Some
villagers ran out from their cottages to tell us that this was Grésy,
and to hold our horses while we visited the cascade, which is near the
road but not visible from it: with it is connected a melancholy story.

Queen Hortense, when sovereign of Holland, visited it in company of
several of her ladies, among whom was one she particularly loved, the
Baroness de Broc, a very young and beautiful woman. Too curious and too
bold, her foot slipped as, placing it on the wet plank, she refused the
hand of the guide, and she fell into the torrent below. Her scream of
terror was the last sound from her lips her royal friend heard. At this
spot are deep cavities hollowed by the waters in their violent fall.
All endeavours to raise the poor victim proved vain for half an hour:
life had long departed. A stone bearing the following inscription has
been raised to record her death:--

"To the memory of the Baroness de Broc, aged twenty-five years, who
perished before her friends' eyes, June the 19th, 1813. Oh you who come
to view these spots, and hang over their abysses, beware how you
venture your lives. Think of those who love you!"

From Grésy to Rumilly the road continues interesting, though less so
than that from the Échelles to Chambéry. Rumilly is a dirty town: we
met at its entrance a postilion looking for prey, who conducted us to
the hôtel de la Poste, which has just now no innkeeper; as he who kept
it is ruined, and has lately run away; and the two servants left in
charge, an elegant mannered young "chef" and a woman, have too much to
do, therefore we got little attendance. The house will soon follow the
master, for a beam in the room where we slept was so awfully cracked
across its centre, that I commenced speculating on the weight it would
bring down with it; and D---- consoled me by saying it would probably
last till morning! Entering the town, we passed some traces of former
fortifications, and an old convent, the only one in the town, stood
(the servant said) just behind the tumbling house. So knowing the
localities, I will tell you a part of their history. In 1630 Louis the
Thirteenth's forces had entered Savoy: Chambéry and Annecy opened their
gates; Rumilly, more brave than strong, resisted: the French forces
were commanded by the Marshal du Hallier. The troops forced their way,
and not until the extermination of the town had been commanded, did the
officer who gave the order recollect that _there_ resided three young
relatives of Du Hallier, the demoiselles de Pessieux de Salagine, one
of whom was a Bernardine nun. He sent to warn them of their danger,
inviting them to take refuge in the camp; but they replied, "they chose
to share the fate of their fellow-citizens, and would not abandon them
in their extremity." At this time the principal inhabitants, who had
hastily assembled, decided on deputing the nun, guarded by some of
their own body, to their besiegers' head-quarters. She was beautiful
and young, as well as high-spirited and full of talent. Arrived at the
camp, her loveliness, her eloquence, and firmness, aroused the
officer's pity: he retracted his sentence as the noble woman knelt
before him, and she returned to her town to inform those who waited her
in hope and fear, that it would be plundered for the space of one hour
only, and that the soldiers were enjoined to respect the houses
containing the three sisters, confided to the safeguard of French
honour.

The demoiselles de Pessieux employed the time which was yet to
intervene in assembling all the young of their own sex, and all
portable property of value in their three several houses. The soldiery,
accustomed to severe discipline, forbore to approach the privileged
mansions containing the sisters, who were called in truth the guardian
angels of their native place.

We slept in a thorough draught on account of the bad air, and rose long
before sunrise to travel on; but to very little purpose, as no one
followed our example. The garçon d'écurie after a long search was
discovered under the manger, too sound asleep to be wakened by ordinary
means. After an hour's riding, when the heat was becoming painful, and
the flies beginning their persecution, which both do before nine
o'clock, we missed the second valise, which I had packed and D----
carried down, and both of us forgotten. We began by considering which
of us was most in fault, then we decided the lazy people of the house
were alone to blame, and then we wondered how we were to get it again;
which was embarrassing, for we preferred losing its contents to
travelling back; but not impossible, for there is an extraordinary
honesty along the road, and nothing is stolen, though there is often
neither gate to the yard nor fastening to the stable. As we arrived at
the old castle with two grey towers, which, standing at the road side,
is now converted into a post-house, we met a postilion who was going
back for something forgotten by the diligence, and promised for two
francs to bring it that night to Frangy, where we intended to sleep.
Frangy is only three posts distant from Rumilly, yet, when we commenced
descending the hill, which commands a beautiful wild view of mountains
of all shapes and forms, with the town nestled beside the river in the
Valley of the Usses, we were completely exhausted by the heat, which
was intense. The steep, unshaded road seems unending, as it is cut in
zigzags on the mountain side, and the shining steeple at the bottom
appeared to grow more distant as we went on.

Arrived at the hotel, and D---- with his horses gone to the stable, I
found myself opposite an impertinent-looking personage with his hat on,
who gave a list of prices which certainly could be justified by nothing
to be procured at Frangy. As he would hear of no others, I said "very
well," and ordered breakfast; which was bad: and we and the horses
being fed, the latter, to the surprise of the innkeeper, who believed
the hot sun would reconcile us to his dirty rooms, reappeared at the
door.

"Monsieur and Madame," said he, looking doleful, "you shall stay at
your own prices." "Monsieur," said we, "you should have thought of that
before: good morning!"

The heat, till we got out of the valley, was tremendous; but as the
road is next carried over the ridge of Mont Sion, where we had air once
more, and numbers of fine trees, we did not suffer. Little Fanny, who
daily increases in wisdom, having been stopped beneath them once or
twice, while we mustered courage to brave the sun again, the remainder
of her journey of her own accord trotted towards shade, and arrived in
it, regularly stopped a few seconds to refresh herself. L'Éluiset, to
which we were bound, is a pretty looking hamlet, of a few detached
houses, but the post-house is not, as we had been told, an inn; and the
two auberges, which stand opposite one another, merely receive
rouliers. We examined their exterior ere we decided, and fixed on the
Balance, of which beware. The little room, to which we ascended by a
species of ladder, looked clean, and might, we thought, for one night,
be bearable, though the jutting roof of the broad balcony prevented the
air from entering at the open windows. There was no room in which we
could dine; but behind the house was a just-mown hay-field, with noble
walnut-trees, and a mountain view; and there we sent the dinner table,
and agreed we had not yet had a saloon we liked as well. We passed the
afternoon pleasantly; and when the moon got up, there would have been
nothing to prevent our going on to Geneva, but for the custom-house,
which was closed then, and not to re-open till seven in the morning.
The valise arrived in safety, it had not even been opened,--a poor
fellow having brought it all the way on foot in expectation of only a
two-franc piece; and his hot face shone with pleasure when D---- gave
him something more for his five-and-twenty miles. You might have envied
us our evening, with the wind in the trees and the moon in the sky, and
the glow-worms shining in the corn, and the pretty laugh of the
children, who gathered in the hay-field to watch us and to play; but
you would not have envied the night which was to follow. We went to
bed, and I had been asleep five minutes, when a start at the other end
of the room roused me, and there I saw D---- sitting upright, the
pallid image of inquisitive horror. "What is the matter?" exclaimed I.
"The devil," said he; and glancing at my own sheets, which I praised as
I lay down, because they smelt of wild thyme, there were the demons, in
companies, regiments, armies. We made a bed on the floor, and
surrounded it by a flood; but the very floor was alive; and dressing in
despair, we recollected the balcony down to which we could jump from
the window, and there we transported our baggage and ourselves, and sat
longing for day, and to get into the hay-field; but the great house-dog
lay across the threshold, and at every movement we made looked up, and
growled ominously. The dawn came at last, shining on the lake of
Geneva, only two leagues and a half distant, but we were not disposed
to admire. I have seldom felt happier than when the sleepers were
roused at last, and I found myself in my wished-for field, and could
lie down on the grass, though it was wet with dew like rain. The dog
came to inspect me carefully, a ceremony I could have dispensed with;
but having satisfied himself I was no thief, and licked my hand to tell
me so, he sat down opposite as a guard, gravely gazing at me from four
to seven. At seven the custom-house opened, and we rode away. Beyond
L'Éluiset you pass over neutral ground, which, lying between
Switzerland and Savoy, and subject to neither, is the contrebandier's
paradise. Exhausted by the heat, we got some milk at a cottage, for it
was impossible to take anything at L'Éluiset. Arrived at St. Julien,
where passports are examined, we hoped to pass through without being
noticed; but were hailed by a red-nosed employé, and kept broiling in
the heat while it was visé. Of the road from St. Julien to Geneva I
know very little, being at last so weary, that I absolutely fell asleep
on Fanny's back, and was wakened by knocking my head against D----'s
shoulder.

We passed through Carouge, which has become a town, and has nothing
picturesque; but houses with green shutters and verandas, and neat
gardens, like an English watering-place. Entering Geneva by the Porte
Neuve, we rode before its strong fortifications, now perfectly
repaired, (in consequence of the threats of France last year, when
Switzerland sheltered Louis Bonaparte,) and the ramparts, which form
beautiful and shady promenades. Near the Porte Neuve is the botanic
garden, terribly celebrated; as the spot that it occupied was that
where in 1794 took place the fusillades and executions which decimated
the respectable citizens of Geneva under the direction of a member of
the Comité du Salut Public, from Paris. We crossed the Rhone, which is
here so deep and bright a blue, that I at first looked to see whether
any dyeing establishment were near, and then smiled at my folly in
supposing it could act on the rapid river for a further space than a
few feet. As we took the steep streets pointed out to us as the
shortest way to the Porte de Cornavin, and the road to Lausanne, our
first impression of Geneva was less favourable than it would have been
choosing the longer and better way by the quays and new bridge, which
affords a view of the lake. The hôtel du Secheron is about a quarter of
a mile from the gate on the Lausanne road. The heat when we arrived was
already excessive, though it was hardly nine o'clock, and we felt the
luxuries of its quiet and cleanliness. These windows command a splendid
view of the lake, framed by the fine trees of the park which stretches
down to its shore, of the mild green hill on the other side, dotted by
villas, among which is Lord Byron's; and the mountains of the Salève,
near Geneva;--those of the Voiron, and the blue pointed Mole farther
away; and between them, and though far beyond, seeming to stand forth
before in its brightness and purity, Mont Blanc. The Secheron is a
better inn than any I have met with even in England, and,
notwithstanding its expensive reputation, is more reasonable, as well
as more comfortable, than the Bergues, according to the account of an
acquaintance we met in Geneva. I do not comprehend how any stranger can
prefer the stifling streets and their noise to the shade and quiet
here, particularly as we find every facility for making excursions.
Monsieur Dejean supplies the town with carriages, and keeps thirty
horses in his stables, and the hôtel having its own boat and boatmen,
we are landed on the quay in five minutes.

Notwithstanding these advantages, the Secheron, from being accused of
high charges, and from its nickname of Hôtel des Têtes Couronnées, has
made little money of late. The old proprietor, in whose family it has
been many years, for his great-grandfather planted most of its trees,
resigns himself, saying, that if not an inn it will be a country house.
We wish him success, for, unlike his brethren, he refuses to turn out
his servants at the approach of winter: he never sells an old horse,
and has latterly fed and lodged for some days, and for nothing, a
traveller who had no means of payment.




                               CHAPTER X.


Early history of Geneva--Constitution--Duke Amedée the Eighth--Attempt
  to become master of Geneva--The Bishop inclined to cede his
  rights--The opposition of the citizens--Charles the
  Third--Berthelier--Alliance with Fribourg--His courage--Geneva
  taken--His refusal to fly--His arrest--A tooth-drawer named his
  judge--His execution--The news of his death causing the impression he
  had hoped for--Treaty--The Mamelukes--The Confrères de la
  Cuiller--Advance of Berne and Fribourg--Charles the Third's forced
  concessions--Want of generosity in the Bernese--Noble conduct of
  Geneva--Protestant religion gaining strength--Bonnivard--Seized on
  the Jura--Cast into the dungeons of Chillon--Disputes in Geneva--The
  Grand Council decides that mass be abolished--Francis the
  First--Berne declares war against Savoy--Her alliance with
  Francis--The Duke of Savoy's losses--Berne's renewed
  misconduct--Proud reply of the Genevese--Bonnivard
  delivered--Calvin--His early life--His flight from Paris--His
  reception by Marguerite of Navarre--Persecution of Francis--Calvin's
  reception by Louis the Twelfth's Daughter--Geneva--His over
  severity--His expulsion--His return--His iron rule--Michael
  Servet--His irritating conduct towards Calvin--Calvin's vow to be
  revenged--Servet's arrest--His escape--Tracked by Calvin--Taken
  prisoner on his passage through Geneva--He is accused--Calvin's
  valet--Burned at the stake outside the walls of Geneva.

The early history of Geneva; its foundation by the Allobroges; its
increase under the Romans, Burgundians, and Franks, till it obtained
privileges from Charlemagne, and held fairs; formed part of the second
kingdom of Burgundy, and passed, along with its other relics, into the
feeble power of the German emperors, is too long and uninteresting in
its details for me to call it to your mind now. During the confused
changes of these long revolutions, the clergy had found means at Geneva
as well as at Sion, Lausanne, Constance, and other towns of the empire,
to join to its spiritual jurisdiction a large portion of temporal
authority; and the bishops obtained from the emperor the title of
prince and sovereign of the town, and a part of the land surrounding it.

The inhabitants generally preferred his rule to that of the warlike and
turbulent princes who owned the territories adjoining theirs; not only
because they expected it would be mildly held, but because their own
voices, joined to those of the chapter of his church, elected him, and
having no military force under his command, he found moderation a
necessary virtue. Besides this restraint, the bishop acknowledged
others. He could not exercise authority alone; he was the emperor's
vassal, and the administration of justice was disputed with him by the
counts of Geneva, who, from being merely imperial officers, had become
the bishop's first vassals. The people, profiting by their frequent
discords, established their own power, and held fast the privileges
granted by divers emperors. They elected four syndics and a treasurer,
who chose in turn their principal assessors. They deliberated on taxes
to be levied, alliances to be formed; on all important affairs
interesting the general welfare--so that Geneva, being an imperial
town, shared the exercise of sovereign power between her bishop and her
citizens.

This already complicated constitution became still more so, when Amé
the Fifth the Great, count of Savoy, strove to become master of Geneva.
The Genevese, fearing the efforts against their liberty made by their
bishop and the count of Geneva, who was his brother, had had recourse
to Amé's protection, a circumstance by which he profited. He obliged
the bishop to cede to him the office of Vidomne, in virtue of which he
became judge (from whose decision there was no appeal) of all civil
causes.

Amedée the Eighth, afterwards Pope Felix, united in his person the
necessary powers for following up this project of usurpation. The count
of Geneva had sold him his rights and lands. Created by the Emperor
Sigismund duke of Savoy, he proposed to the bishop to cede to him his
rights also. A bull of Pope Martin the Fifth authorized the latter to
abdicate his sovereignty, but he was sufficiently just to demand, ere
doing so, the consent of the Genevese assembly: "Inasmuch," the four
syndics replied in the name of the citizens, "as Geneva, subject to the
power of the church, has been governed peaceably and mildly for four
hundred years, it seems neither useful nor honourable for church and
bishop, but rather dangerous to the state, to admit a project of
alienation. We will never suffer, while in our power to oppose it, any
foreign domination. Ourselves and our children will continue beneath
the rule of the church, with our bishop for sovereign, requiring of
him, that, according to his duty and his oath, sworn at his accession,
he shall govern faithfully, and preserve his right as heretofore,--the
syndics and citizens of Geneva, on their side, promising him assistance
in case of need, as also to all his successors who shall be elected
canonically, that is to say, by the people in general council."

The dukes of Savoy who succeeded Amedée the Eighth renewed the attempts
made by their ancestor. They sometimes succeeded in causing the bishop
to be chosen among the princes, the children, and even the bastards of
their house. Philip of Savoy, brother of Philibert, was thus elected
bishop at the age of seven. Growing older, his childhood was regretted,
for he showed a stirring disposition, and a love of arms, which led him
to sacrifice his subjects' repose, and urge his brother's taking
possession of Geneva. Philibert, wiser and more just, voluntarily
abandoned the design, and fixed his residence at Chambéry.

The reign of Charles the Third, who succeeded him in 1504, was that
whose oppression and cruelty finally roused Geneva. He proved himself
the citizens' open enemy, attacking their liberties in every way, and
unweariedly. Seconded by the bishop, who was his relative, he made
various pompous entries into the town, winning over some few,
intimidating others; seizing the citizens who even faintly opposed his
will, and flinging them into dungeons, where they perished by famine or
torture.

Berthelier, one of the Genevese council, had obtained letters of
"bourgeoisie" at Fribourg, as a safeguard from the duke's tyranny, and
found them useful when, in 1517, having become involved in a private
quarrel between André Malvenda and a judge named by the duke and
bishop, others implicated like himself were punished by a light fine
only, while he was attacked with a rancour which obliged him first to
conceal himself, and then to escape to Fribourg. The citizens of
Fribourg made an appeal in his favour, insisting on his being tried by
his proper judges, the syndics of Geneva; and returning thither, he was
absolved by them. But during his stay at Fribourg he had negotiated an
alliance between that republic and his own country; and as it protected
the independence of Geneva, (the inhabitants of each town styling those
of the other co-citizens,) the angry duke strove to conceal his
disappointment, and to bribe Berthelier to support his interests by the
most seducing offers.

Notwithstanding the peril in which his refusal placed him;
notwithstanding that an army of seven thousand Savoyards assembled at
the gates of an unfortified town, and the inhabitants of Fribourg had
sent deputies to declare that the Bernese and the whole of the Swiss
confederation pressed them to break through their just concluded
treaty, Berthelier, without a chance of flight or a hope of resistance,
rejected the duke's offers with disdain; communicated his own courage
to the assembled council, and the alliance of Fribourg was confirmed,
in the midst of menace and danger. The first of April, 1519, the herald
at arms of the duke of Savoy, entering the assembly and seating himself
above the syndics, declared war in the name of _his master and theirs_.

The Genevese armed and prepared for defence; but a message from
Fribourg informing them that its army could not arrive in time to save
them, they suffered the duke to enter their town, this time without his
exercising much violence, for the Fribourg soldiers had advanced into
the Pays de Vaud, and seized on hostages there. Charles the Third
adopted another course: the bishop was prince of Geneva, and had rights
the Fribourg citizens would not contest. He levied an army in Faucigny,
and entered the town the 20th of August. Once more the friends of
Berthelier implored him to fly: "No," he answered, "our voices are not
loud enough to reach Fribourg; they will hear and they will act when
the blood of a victim calls upon them." Far from concealing himself, he
every day went to walk in a garden near the entrance of the town.

The third day after the bishop's arrival, Berthelier met the Vidomne on
his road, surrounded with soldiers come to arrest him. He advanced to
meet them coolly; the Vidomne demanded his sword; Berthelier presented
it: "Keep it carefully," he said; "you will be called on to account for
it." He said no more, and allowed himself to be conducted to prison
with perfect calmness. The syndics claimed him as within their
jurisdiction; but the bishop, who with his soldiers held the town,
rejected their demand, and created provost a tooth-drawer of his suite,
to proceed against him. This new made judge vainly questioned the
prisoner: "I am ready to reply to the syndics," he answered; "of you I
know nothing."

He was condemned without further trial. Led forth from his prison to
the place near it, he breathed a short prayer, turned towards the
people, saying, "Ah citizens of Geneva!" stooped his head to the block,
and received the death blow. The executioner raised it by the hair, and
showed it to the crowd, saying, "This is the head of a traitor; let the
sight of it be a warning to you." His body was hung on a gibbet, but
carried thence and buried.

In consequence of this murder, and that of others, victims like him,
many took refuge in Berne, Fribourg, and other towns, and the recital
of what had passed made, as Berthelier had hoped, a strong impression.
Berne and Fribourg sent deputies to Geneva. A new treaty was entered
into by the three towns, and solemnly ratified, the two cantons
engaging to defend the Genevese in their persons, their liberties, and
properties. Geneva in like manner bound herself to assist and protect
Berne and Fribourg, but, being the weaker party, she was to do so at
her own expense; while, on the contrary, she defrayed all that might be
incurred in her favour by her allies. The duke of Savoy opposed the
treaty strongly, but vainly. The office of the vidomne, who
administered justice in the duke's name, was abolished, and his
partisans, whom the Swiss called Mamelukes, because they said, like the
satellites of the sultan of Egypt, they were the pillars of tyranny,
having retired from the city, and refused to return, were proclaimed
traitors. Their only means of vengeance lay in joining themselves to
the Savoyard nobles, who, under the name of Confrères de la Cuiller,
ravaged the possessions of the Genevese, and the environs of their
town. They had adopted the title at a banquet, where, assembled and
intoxicated, they ferociously engaged to eat them as spoon meat, and
since that time, and in memory of his vow, each of the brotherhood wore
a spoon appended to his collar.

The bishop at this period was Pierre de la Baume, an immoral and
inconsistent man, who, having served the duke at the expense of the
citizens, with like caprice abandoned his cause, and sworn a solemn
oath to consult no interests but theirs, broke it ere the year had
passed away, and, on their refusal to renounce the alliance and restore
the vidomnat, became their implacable enemy and the duke's friend once
more. His intrigues with Berne and Fribourg induced them to send
deputies to Geneva, offering to cancel the treaty should the Genevese
agree to doing so. But when, admitted before the council, they had
discharged their task, and each member, raising his right hand, swore
rather to die than consent, the ambassadors felt that their unanimous
courage at least commanded esteem, and that, consistently with their
own honour, their native towns could not abandon one so worthy support
and liberty.

The surrounding country ravaged; the insulted faubourgs; the discovery
of divers conspiracies for taking the city by storm, and putting its
inhabitants to the sword, left the cantons no excuse for delaying to
grant their promised assistance. Their army arrived at Morges, while
ten thousand men commanded by the duke besieged Geneva; and, though the
allies were inferior in number, these last, on the news of their
approach, retired in haste and without order, for they were chiefly
recruits and mercenaries. The Swiss came on notwithstanding; pillaging
all on their way, and burning the castles of the brethren of La
Cuiller. The duke sent an ambassador charged to throw the blame of all
that had occurred on the last mentioned fraternity. The conferences
were held at St. Julien, and Charles the Third saw himself obliged to
acquiesce in the conditions proposed to him, engaging that all
hostilities should cease, and placing in the power of Berne and
Fribourg the Pays de Vaud as pledge of his sincerity, abandoning in
their favour all rights he possessed over it, provided it were proved
that he had not fulfilled his part of the treaty.

These concessions made, the chiefs of the allied army thought their
most pressing business in Geneva consisted henceforth in demanding
payment of the expenses of their expedition. The starved and pillaged
Genevese solicited the patience due to their situation, yet by an
effort worthy them and their love of liberty, divesting themselves even
of necessaries, a portion of the debt was defrayed. When the army of
the cantons marched from the town, they found themselves reduced to
seek a last resource in their unshaken courage, which was most
efficient of all. The troops had hardly retreated, ere the duke again
attempted to cut off supplies, and levied a considerable corps with the
design of employing it against them. Some time after, notwithstanding
the alliance made and confirmed at several times, the duke's intrigues
at Berne influencing the cantons, they again ungenerously proposed its
dissolution; giving, as a reason, that the Genevese were not rich
enough to pay for the assistance they would require at each fresh
attack. This proposal was made in a form painful as was its spirit to
those by whom it was received; for the three deputies who were its
bearers accompanied it with various menaces; yet the small and
struggling nation, in its worst extremity, bore up bravely. "The more
we may be threatened," they replied, "the more will we be firm and
constant; forasmuch as dying for the right, we will hold ourselves
happy. Nevertheless, we so trust in God and the citizens of the two
towns, believing they will observe the oaths made in presence of their
Creator and fellow-men, that we will satisfy our debt, even if, so to
do, we shall be obliged to pledge all our worldly goods, even to our
wives and our children."

It was after this that Berne and Fribourg, having vainly attempted to
temporize, and striven to adopt a middle course, which the Genevese
proudly rejected, returned to better feelings, and refused to renew
their alliance with the duke, who had failed to pay to themselves the
sums which he had forfeited. The Protestant religion was now gaining
rapid growth, animating the Swiss with fresh zeal for the liberty it
favoured, and deepening the duke's hatred, as it changed to a kind of
crusade what had been a mere spoliation. Though Geneva has since borne
the title of reformed Rome, Zwingle and his associates had disseminated
their doctrines over the rest of the Swiss states before it reached
herself in 1528: for its entrance here grew out of the ill conduct and
scandalous lives of their bishops and ecclesiastics, and such
observations as the citizens made during the frequent journeys their
commerce necessitated into Switzerland. Bonnivard, prior of the abbey
of St. Victor, situated close to Geneva, esteemed for his pure life and
profound learning, exhorted the Genevese to reform their conduct and
enlighten their minds, to dare to speak and think freely. Fribourg
(remained faithful to the Catholic creed) employed threats as well as
prayers to prevent their allies falling away; but the Bernese soldiers,
during the brief time they had spent in Geneva, had taught the people
to insult the outward signs of their old faith, to fling down for
firewood the rude wooden statues which decorated the churches; and the
people, finding their bravadoes unpunished, repeated and exaggerated
them daily. In 1530 Bonnivard was betrayed to the duke of Savoy, some
say by false friends, others by bandits, who seized and rifled him on a
wild tract of the Jura; and, delivered to Charles the Third, he was
cast into the dungeon of Chillon. The bishop was leagued with the duke,
though secretly, to make war on Geneva, and the proofs of his collusion
were not wanting. Farel and Saulnier, both reformers, preached publicly
to the excited multitude; and the little state divided by religious
fury, the hand of the father was lifted against his son, and brother
betrayed brother.

The Catholics conspired, and the Protestants resisted; conflicts in
broad day and assassinations in the dark continued; while the laws of
the magistrates were useless, and words of peace were despised. At last
an order in council enacted "that every one should enjoy liberty of
conscience, avoiding to create scandal." But this species of truce did
not last long. The Catholic priests provoked fresh sedition, and in the
tumult which followed in the streets, a citizen of Fribourg was killed.
Long disputes ensued, the Bernese taking part with the townsmen, the
men of Fribourg with the bishop; till the latter, feigning or feeling
fear, quitted Geneva to join the duke, and returned thither no more,
the citizens shortly after publishing their resolve no longer to
recognize him for their superior. His grand vicar published a charge,
which commanded, on pain of excommunication, the burning of all French
and German Bibles. The Bernese insisted that permission to preach
should be granted to the reformers; and the sermons of Farel, delivered
in consequence in the church of the Cordeliers, attracted multitudes
and converted many. The bishop had excommunicated the citizens as
hardened heretics, and these last could only procure food at the
sword's point, when the grand council, after long debates, commanded
that the celebration of mass should cease in the city till _further_
orders.

An edict ordained that God should be served according to the rules of
the Gospel, and that all acts of papistical idolatry should be
interdicted for ever.

Geneva was again besieged in 1535, and reduced to the last extremity,
when Francis the First, king of France, not that he hated the heretics
less, but that he hated Savoy more, offered assistance to the Genevese
on condition of their putting him in possession of the rights their
bishop had held. They rejected his proposals, saying, "They had
suffered all things in the cause of freedom, and recommended it to his
generosity."

A few levies of troops were consequently made in France; but the
Savoyards closed the passage to Geneva, while the duke declared "he
would never permit the Genevese to change their religion without
permission of the pope; and also, that his nobility, of whom he was in
this instance master, was determined on sacrificing life and land to
exterminate the Lutherans." Under these circumstances, and also because
an ally of the duke's had made violent inroads on the Bernese
possessions, Berne, aroused at last, declared war against
Savoy,--representing in her manifesto as sole reason for so doing the
"oppression of Geneva, with which it was impossible to bear longer; her
own honour being interested in protecting a people persecuted for their
common religion,--as to abandon her ally would cast upon herself an
ineffaceable stain."

As the Bernese army came on, the ducal troops fled. Advancing
unresisted, the former burned the castles of the brotherhood of La
Cuiller, and, entering Geneva, brought with their presence the term of
its sufferings and long perplexities. Francis the First, reviving a
former claim made on the death of Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan,
despatched at this time (1536) an army to invade the Milanese
territory, which on its march occupied Bresse and a great part of
Savoy. His alliance was offered to Berne and accepted, and the
unfortunate duke lost to France, Bresse, Turin, and Piedmont, as well
as almost all which remained to him of Savoy. The Bernese were wanting
in generosity once more. Their gain in booty and increase of territory
had been great: the Pays de Vaud, with little pains, had become theirs;
yet they demanded of the Genevese, as theirs by _conquest_, the rights
and revenues of their duke and bishops. The Genevese answered proudly:--

"If we could have borne the yoke of a master, we could have spared
ourselves the struggles and expenses our liberty has cost; we will not
lose the fruit of them. We conjure you, who aided us in its
maintenance, not to persist in a demand which tarnishes your glory: by
all reasonable means we will strive to repay your services."

A treaty made greatly to Berne's advantage--9,917 golden crowns paid
ere the close of the year--the cession of all which Geneva had
conquered from Savoy, kept this promise. Henceforth free, the citizens
profited by the long wished-for calm to establish order and purity of
conduct, to found hospitals and colleges, and a short space of time saw
an immoral, superstitious, and ignorant population replaced by one,
industrious, serious to austerity, addicted to trades, arts, and
sciences, in all which their success became remarkable. The Bernese
army, on its march from Geneva, took Morges and Vevey, and besieging
Chillon, became masters of this last spot of the Pays de Vaud owned by
Savoy, and delivered Bonnivard, who had lain in its dungeons six long
years.

In 1536 Calvin appeared in Geneva. Born at Noyon in Picardy, in 1509,
and a cooper's son, he had been destined for the church, and, through
the protection of an abbé of his native town, had interest and patrons,
which ensured advancement; and before he had taken orders, or attained
the age of twenty, he owned titles and revenues attached to several
benefices. While pursuing his ecclesiastical studies in Paris, he
became acquainted with a young man born, like himself, at Noyon, and
his senior by only a few years. The reformed religion was making
progress in France, and Olivetan first instilled into his mind the seed
which was to spring up a giant tree. He abandoned the study of
theology, intending to adopt that of the law; but in consequence of an
harangue pronounced at the university, full of the new doctrines, and
of which he was believed the composer, he was obliged to fly from
Paris, and during the concealment and wanderings, which lasted some
months, he patiently continued his researches, and sometimes left his
retreat to preach, in public, sermons extraordinary for their success
and power. He was well received at the court of Marguerite de Navarre,
sister of Francis the First, who at that time, rather with a view to
please Rome than from hatred to heresy, had lighted, from one end of
his kingdom to the other, the funeral piles of the reformers; and, to
conciliate his allies, the protestant princes of Germany, spread abroad
pamphlets, in which it was asserted that the men so rigorously treated
belonged not to those sectarians, but to "the anabaptists, enemies of
all order as well as of all religion." In his famous work published as
their confession of faith, "The Christian Institution," he refuted the
assertions of Francis, respecting the unfortunate victims of his
policy; while entering into the subject more clearly and fully than any
reformer had yet done, he attacked Rome in all her entrenchments. After
its publication he went to Ferrara, and was well received by the
Duchesse Renée of France, Louis the Twelfth's daughter, who afterwards
became protestant. Remaining there but a short time, he preached in
various towns of Italy, and, discovered in this employment, was obliged
to depart in all haste, to ensure his own safety. He returned to Paris,
and finding his life endangered by a sojourn there also, he arrived in
Geneva, where Farel had for some months borne the whole weight of the
affairs of his church, and requested assistance, as unable to continue
his labour alone. Become his coadjutor, and leaving to him the care of
preaching, he almost entirely consecrated his time to instruction. He
determined on reforming the lives as well as the doctrine of the
citizens, and commencing this great work with too much promptitude and
severity, he roused powerful enemies,--and the faction, profiting by
the first favourable moment, demanded and obtained his exile a little
less than two years after his coming. He retired first to Berne, and
thence to Strasburg, where welcome and distinction waited him: he was
regretted at Geneva, and implored to return. Calvin objected his
engagements made with Strasburg; but deputies were despatched to the
magistrates of this town, begging his restoration to his first flock.
His sentence of banishment was unanimously revoked in the public
assembly of citizens, and in September, 1541, he re-entered the city.
Thenceforward, to the close of his life, his iron authority was
undisputed; dancing, light songs, festivals,--pleasures which had
always been considered innocent, were strictly forbidden. He, shortly
after his arrival, presented in council his proposed changes in
ecclesiastical discipline. They were adopted in the following November.
In consequence of one of these was instituted a tribunal, called a
Consistory, its members half clerical, half laymen, charged with
watching over the maintenance of pure doctrine and moral conduct. Its
power of censure extended to the most trivial words and actions. No
citizen, by his important functions, could be raised above it, or could
be sheltered from its reprimands, and the shame of seeing them
inscribed on its registers. This new police rendered Calvin master of
the occupations as well as the opinions of the Genevese; and as he
reigned sovereign in the council to which it referred, as well as in
the consistory, the judges pronounced condemnation on all who were
opposed to him.

A magistrate was condemned to two months' imprisonment for _irregular
life and connexion with Calvin's enemies_; Jacques Gruet to
decapitation for writing impious letters and libertine rhymes. The
darkest stain on Calvin's memory is the death of Michael Servet. Born
the same year with Calvin, but a Spaniard and destined for the law, he
came to Paris early in life for the sake of studying there; but soon
abandoning this profession, and also that of medicine afterwards
adopted, he abandoned himself to theological dispute, and became,
though not denying the divinity of Christ, a violent anti-trinitarian.
Having taken up the trade of corrector of the press, he made his
occupation subservient to his favourite idea, and, entrusted with a
reimpression of the Bible, he added a preface and notes, which Calvin
attacked as _impertinent_ and _impious_. Servet entered into
correspondence with him, making use of his talents and learning only to
embarrass his adversary, till the paper war grew so violent, that the
letters on either side changed to a series of invective. Servet vowed
to humiliate his rival, and shortly after brought out a work, whose
sole purpose was to call attention to a number of errors he had
detected in those of Calvin, above all in his greatest and most valued
one, "The Christian Institution." The reformer was so irritated, that
he wrote to his brethren, Farel and Viret, "If ever this heretic falls
into my power, my influence with the magistrates shall be used for his
destruction."

From that moment he held no communication with Servet, and the latter,
occupied with his system only, spent four years in the compilation of
another work attacking the doctrine of the Trinity. It was printed at
Vienna, without the author's or printer's name; but Calvin, recognising
with the opinions the style of Servet, and finding his own writings and
himself treated with contempt and bitterness, vowed vengeance on him.

Using unworthy means, he sent to the Cardinal de Tournon, then
archbishop of Lyons, and the most violent foe of the reformed faith,
some sheets of Servet's treatise: and the archbishop communicating them
to the governor-general of Dauphiné, he made every possible effort to
discover from what press they had issued, but in vain; and Servet would
have escaped had not Calvin expedited to Lyons the originals (of which
he had obtained possession) of some letters contained in the work;
affording proof positive of Servet's being its author.

He was arrested in consequence, and would have been condemned and
executed had he not found means to escape from prison. Anxious only to
flee from France and to Italy, where he hoped to live unknown, he did
not reflect that his shortest road might also prove the most perilous,
and, without fear of the consequences, he arrived in Geneva. Made
acquainted with his flight, but not with its direction, Calvin's
activity tracked his foe, and, at his demand, he was arrested. The city
laws ordained that the accuser should share the prison of the accused,
but not choosing to submit to them, this part devolved on one
Lafontaine, said to be his valet, while he reserved to himself that of
discussing the theological question. In the outset Servet appeared calm
and unembarrassed, and even confident in his judges' equity. As soon as
the law process was terminated, copies of it were sent to Zurich,
Berne, Bâle, and Schaffhausen. The advice of Zurich was the most
severe, but Calvin's assertion that the Protestant cantons pronounced
for the sentence of death, is untrue. The 26th of October, 1553, the
tribunal, sitting for the last time, condemned Servet to be burned
alive. When its decision was made known to him, the firmness he had
hitherto shown gave way, and his shrieks of terror were heart-rending.
He hoped to soften Calvin, and had an interview with him two hours
before he was led to execution, but his fate had been long decided. He
was burned at the stake in a spot called Champey, a stone's throw from
the southern gate of Geneva. He suffered two hours of fearful torments,
the wind blowing the flame from him, and cried in his despair, "Unhappy
that I am, with the golden pieces and rich collar ye took from me, ye
could not purchase wood enough to consume me quicker!"




                              CHAPTER XI.


A vain Stork--A German coachmaker--Coppet--Ferney--Voltaire's
  Church--His habitation--Crockery Cenotaph--Shoe-blacking in his
  study--The old Gardener--The morning rehearsals in tragic
  costume--The story of Gibbon--Voltaire catching his pet
  mare--Gibbon's opinion of Voltaire's beauty--Their
  reconciliation--The tree which shaded Franklin--The increase of his
  village--The marble pyramid broken--The gardener's petites antiquités
  and cross wife--Voltaire's opinions of his correspondents--His
  remains the property of a maimed Englishman--Denial to a visitor--His
  heart in the larder--Genevese pride--Swiss troops--Swiss
  penitentiaries--Genevese smuggling--The Directeur Général des
  Douaness an unwilling accomplice--D'Aubigné interred in the
  cathedral--The Cardinal de Brogny--A swineherd--Shoes bestowed in
  charity--The boy become a cardinal--The poor shoemaker rewarded--His
  compassion for John Huss--Courageous death of the latter--De Brogny's
  charity--A modest genius and tolerant cardinal.

                                                            20th June.

We are still here; detained by the charm of the place and the heat,
which exceeds any I ever felt in Paris. It has been impossible to go
out except during the very brief time the twilight lasts, when we have
made excursions on horseback in the environs to Voltaire's Ferney;
Madame de Staël's Coppet; and though last, not least, to Lord Byron's
villa Diodati at Cologny; the green heights on the opposite side of the
lake, and which must be visited if you would duly appreciate its
beauty. From among its trees you look to the right far along its clear
expanse; to the left on Geneva, by which it is closed and terminated;
while the range of the Jura stretches opposite. A few evenings since I
saw this view in the red light of a stormy sunset, which a poet should
have described.

We have had time to become familiar with the whole establishment, even
to learn that the grave stork has a sense of ridicule more exquisite
than I believed possible in a bird. He has the ungraceful walk of his
species, and D----, aware of his self-love, one day presumed to imitate
his hopping stride, whereupon he flew at him in fury indescribable. I
too insulted his dignity, and was glad to summon the German coachmaker
to my assistance. Since then the stork, who bears malice, when we cross
the yard, advances with most warlike demeanour, and when we are put to
flight, triumphantly throws his long bill backwards, and claps it eight
or ten times in token of victory.

Certainly the Germans of the lower class are strangely civilized, and
the working coachmaker and head waiters of the Secheron fair specimens
of it. The two latter are from the German cantons on the Swiss
frontier; they speak French, Italian, and English fluently as their own
language, and one of them passes his leisure hours in playing on the
flute, which he does skilfully. The coachmaker toils early and late,
almost his only time for rest being on the Sunday, and spent by him in
long walks into the country, of whose beauty he is an enthusiastic
admirer, or in reading on the lake shore, where we have found him
several times. Last night his workmen were in the boat, singing in
parts and splendidly; he was standing at the edge in meditation,
listening to their fine voices borne along it, and watching the faint
summer lightning which flashed at intervals, muttering in the pauses of
their song a poem by Kotzebue, which the scene recalled to him. When he
saw us, he was anxious that we too should acknowledge its beauty, and
tried as he went on to translate it into his imperfect French. He then
began to criticize Goethe and Schiller, and Madame de Staël,--he had
read them all.

This morning he passed in anxiety. In the coach-house roof a swallow
has built a nest, in which the gentle creature takes great interest,
watching with solicitude the young ones, who are just fledged, and
trying their wings. One of these was to-day too adventurous, and
alighted on the floor, whence he wanted strength to reascend. The
German was absent, and D----, who found the stray swallow, deposited
him on a beam near his abode, but not, to his patron's dismay, within
it. When he returned, he ascended the ladder to count his birds, and
found that one was wanting. He carried it round and round, examined
every hole and corner, peeped into all parts of the roof, and went
sadly to work, saying, "Du moins je n'ai rien à me reprocher;" but he
could not fix his attention, and every ten minutes left his occupation
to remount his ladder.

This evening, as we passed him on our way to the park, his good-natured
face had brightened; his last pilgrimage was satisfactory, the fugitive
had returned to the nest.

I have amused myself by painting from the water's edge a view of the
lake, and its opposite green shore, and distant mountains. The
coachmaker in ten minutes made me an easel, and D---- particularly
desires me to tell you that I wash my brushes in the _lake_! At first
sight it disappointed me, for I had grown accustomed to the cliffs
overhanging Chambéry, and the country round Geneva wants the boldness
which Mont Blanc is too distant to supply; but I have altered my
opinion. Seen from this spot it has a soft beauty which grows upon you;
it is clear as a mountain rivulet, and to view it in all its charm you
must sit here on a sunny evening when it is sufficiently agitated to
come murmuring in small waves to your feet, and there are just so many
clouds in the sky as to vary its water's blue with a thousand tints of
green, and gold, and pale violet, changing like a chameleon, while its
surface is dotted with boats sweeping along with their elegant peculiar
sails like the outspread wings of a bird, and those shaded by bright
coloured awnings, in which the Genevese are rowed out to catch the
evening air, and pass singing and laughing in the distance, the voices
floating to us over the expanse as if they were at our side. The
mountain, which grows higher as it nears Geneva, is the Salive; the
blue hill of a conical form, the Mole; between which and the Salive
towers Mont Blanc; and beyond the Mole, stretches along the shore the
wooded Voiron. The most beautiful effect possible is produced by a
rainbow across this range of hills. Yesterday, anxious to insert a
threatening thundercloud in my little picture, I hurried to the shore
for the purpose, forgetting that the same cloud I admired might
inopportunely discharge itself on my head. It did not fail, and I had
only time to run to the boat-house, which is close by, whence I peeped
through the arch at a most splendid rainbow: during which time the
violent shower floated my palette, and made the oil a set of useless
globules.

The weather has been constantly broken by storms, the finest and most
terrific I ever witnessed. Last night, during two hours, the thunder,
repeated by its echoes, rolled without a pause, and the Jura was
constantly illuminated with the lightnings, sheeted, forked, or like
circles of fire, which, blazing above the heads of the mountain range,
made it resemble a line of volcanoes. This evening we rode again to
Coppet; the opposite shore, at each step we advanced, becoming bolder;
and when we returned, the full red moon was just risen above Mont
Blanc, and the yellow glitter danced on the water in a long line,
interrupted only by the dark boughs of the Secheron trees, advancing on
a little promontory.

The finest view of Mont Blanc is from the hilly road which leads to
Ferney Voltaire, and the best hour to see it when the snow looks rosy
in the evening. Ferney is on the road from Paris to Gex, and distant
but a league from Geneva. We visited it to see Voltaire's château. On
the left, at the extremity of the village, is the avenue which leads up
the gentle ascent to the gates; without them, on a mound, stands the
church, which once bore the inscription, "Deo erexit Voltaire;" its
stones, dark with time, quietly going to ruin under its old trees. It
was for some time the parish church, but being no longer large enough
to contain the increased numbers, its ornaments have been transferred
to the new building which glares with fresh whitewash in the village
below, and it is itself converted into a receptacle for firewood. A
white-headed villager came to hold the horses in the shade, and we
followed our guide, who walked slowly from his dwelling behind the
church to the iron gates. He was seventy-six himself, and had served
Voltaire the two last years of his life, being his gardener's son.

On entering the house, we were sorry to be consigned to the care of a
most unintelligent lout, who exhibits the drawing-room and bed-chamber,
illustrating, by his strange replies to all queries, the proverb of
"Ask no questions and you will be told no lies." These two rooms remain
in their original state, furnished with the same tapestry chairs as
when he occupied them. In the former are the pictures so often
described, the two bad copies of Albano, and the production of an
itinerant painter, which immortalizes Voltaire's vanity; a strange
medley of nymphs and garlands, an awkward Glory, the temple of Fame,
Apollo, and the author; and in the corner the latter's enemies, whose
name seems to have been Legion, crowded under the weight of their
unsold works and the whips of various furies. Whether in jest or
earnest, Voltaire persisted in praising this production, and exalting
its composer as a worthy successor of Michael Angelo.

The windows of this room, and of the next in which his bed stands in
its old place, look on the grounds he planted himself. The narrow
bedstead is of rough common wood, and the author's curtains have been
so shortened by the thefts of tourists, that their remnant is at last
above the reach of collectors. Against the wall is erected a kind of
cenotaph in crockery, surmounted by a bad bust, with the inscription,
"Son esprit est partout, mais son coeur est ici;" above is written, "Mes
mânes sont consolés, puisque mon coeur est au milieu de vous." You know
the intention was frustrated, as his heart is at the Pantheon in Paris.
In the same room are engravings of celebrated men, remarkable only for
having been selected and hung there by Voltaire; a tapestry portrait of
the Empress of Russia, worked by herself, a bad specimen of art and
nature; one of Le Kain, the actor, crowned with bays, hangs over the
bed, and on either side that of Voltaire in his youth, and Frederick
the Great. Voltaire's is a more agreeable picture than I had yet seen
of him, for the sarcastic expression, though perceptible, is not so
forcibly marked as in later years.

That of the king of Prussia was a present from himself, and the hard
blue eye and inflexible features tell his character as well as volumes.
There are besides likenesses of Madame Denis, Voltaire's niece, and
Madame du Châtelet, who was, tradition says, the only woman he ever
loved; her appearance is by no means striking; and also those of his
sweep and laundress; (an arch-looking boy, and a girl with the face of
a Madonna,) in coloured crayons, and beautifully executed. The books of
the library marked with his own notes were purchased by the Empress
Catherine: and the little study which adjoined his bedroom is closed to
his admirer's eyes, being transformed to a shoe-blacking laboratory. We
did not remain long, our before-mentioned lout being perfectly ignorant
of all which regarded his show, and only anxious to force us to buy
some wretched lithographic drawings of this small room, and its
bedstead, and cenotaph, in which it looks as large as a reception
chamber at Versailles.

Outside the house the old gardener's part recommences; it would be
difficult to feel no interest in the faithful servant, whose life seems
to hang on the memory of his master's. He smiles and looks happy when
encouraged to talk of him, and is very downcast when he finds his
visitors less curious about Monseigneur.

He led the way to the terrace, which commands the fine view of the
glaciers and the lake shores. At some distance is a little wood, where
he was fond of walking, and an avenue, planted by his orders, leads to
it from the park. "The terrace was his place for study," the old man
said; "here he often came in the morning to rehearse the part he was to
act at night on the stage of his own theatre, and (dressed for it, to
save the trouble of a second toilet) he used to march backwards and
forwards, gesticulating and declaiming with great vehemence, and giving
doubts of his sanity to men less tragically minded." At the extremity
of the terrace is a long shady walk, a most charming berceau, for the
hornbeam is completely met over head. "Here," said the gardener,
stopping almost at its entrance, "is the very spot where Monsieur
Gibbon played the trick to Monseigneur; you recollect the story?"

We begged him to tell it. "It would do him an honour," he said, "but
his asthma impeded his doing so while he walked by our side; he would
stand by the bench while we sate there." A great deal of entreaty
induced him to sit also, but not to cover his white head; that remained
bare, partly in reverence to his listeners, but more to his subject,
Monseigneur:--

"Monsieur Gibbon was at Lausanne, and Monseigneur and he, though they
had never met, were very good friends, till Monsieur Gibbon presumed to
criticize some work of my master's, who was very angry and bought a
caricature of Gibbon, and sent it to him at Lausanne. I have often had
the honour of brushing Monsieur Gibbon's coat, and he was a very short,
corpulent man, with large head and flat nose. When he received his
picture by the post, he said he must go to Ferney, and judge by his own
eyes whether Monseigneur was not his match for ugliness. Here then he
came. Monseigneur had not forgiven the criticism, and desiring Madame
Denis to receive him, he refused to see his visitor himself. Monsieur
Gibbon said he had come to look at Voltaire, and till he could do so,
he would stay. So Monseigneur shut himself up in his study, and
Monsieur Gibbon seated himself in the drawing-room. He staid two days;
but the third Voltaire grew tired, and wrote him a note to say, that
Don Quixote and he were the reverse of one another, as the Don took
inns for châteaux, while he mistook châteaux for inns. Gibbon read the
note and went away.

"Monseigneur had a little favourite mare, who ate bread from his hand,
and allowed him to catch her when she would suffer no other person to
approach. Monsieur Gibbon spoke to the groom before he went, and said
he intended to buy her, and would not forget him if he would lead her
round when he came next morning, and let her loose beneath
Monseigneur's windows.

"The following morning at five Voltaire heard a horse gallop, and
looking from his window saw the mare, and called angrily to the groom,
who said she had broken from him; and out came Monseigneur with a piece
of bread in his hand to catch the favourite, while Monseigneur Gibbon
hid behind the hazel foliage of the terrace walk, and as Monseigneur
passed jumped out on him.

"'Ah,' said he, 'Voltaire, I have seen you now, and you are not
handsome neither;' and turned his back on my master, who was foaming
with rage: 'Run after him,' he called to his secretary: 'and tell him
to give you twelve sous for having seen the wonderful beast.'

"The secretary made haste and came up with Gibbon, who was walking down
the avenue to the village, where he had left his carriage. 'Very
right,' he said, when he heard the message; 'twelve sous for seeing the
beast: there are twenty-four, and say I have paid for twice, and will
come back to get the worth of my money.' Monseigneur stamped with his
foot, and exclaimed that some future trick would be played him. 'We had
better be friends,' he said to the secretary; 'go and ask him to
dinner.' And so, madame," added the old gardener, rising from the bench
with a bow, "as I told you, I have often since had the honour of
brushing Monseigneur Gibbon's coat." He next stopped at a splendid
tree: "This," he said, "was planted by Monseigneur's own hand, and
under it he received Franklin. My father dug the hole, and he held the
sapling, the very spring I was born, seventy-six years ago. Almost all
these trees were planted by my father, for the village stood here when
Monseigneur bought the property; it was then only of twelve miserable
huts, and he rebuilt them lower down: when he died there were eighty.
Ah!" said the old man, sighing, "but for his attacks on religion"--A
little further he stopped in a pretty green glade:--"Here was
Monseigneur's summer study; he built it here to free himself from the
importunity of visitors." When it fell into decay, the present
proprietor raised in its place a black marble pyramid, bearing, among
other inscriptions, in his honour, one recording Voltaire's horror of
the massacre of St. Barthelemy. One night, during the year 1819, it was
broken, and its pieces scattered about by persons unknown, and nothing
now marks the spot but the regrets of the white-headed gardener, soon
likely to be silent also. He was often employed, he said, to carry the
author's portfolio up and down these walks when he paced them, as was
his custom during composition. Every now and then he signed to his
attendant to approach; wrote his notes rapidly in the portfolio,
returned it to his hands, and recommenced the promenade. We left the
park, passing the basin full of gold and silver fish, which come
shooting to the surface at the old man's whistle, and passed the church
on our way to his house, which was the priest's, and where he said he
had some "_petites antiquités_" to show us, if we would honour him by
entering. He pointed out the tomb built against the church wall, in the
form of a pyramid. Voltaire had intended it should contain his bones;
but, like his heart, they have had a different destination. The theatre
was within the park wall, but a few yards from this intended grave and
just opposite; it has been taken down.

The gardener's abode was scrupulously clean, but guarded by a dame of
vinegar aspect. Her ire was excited by the arrival of other visitors,
as she feared, from her husband's lingering with us, that he might miss
the coming harvest. She had lost her keys and her memory when he
demanded the various boxes which contained his treasures; but his
positiveness conquered, and, one after the other, she produced
Monseigneur's cane, and his full-bottomed wig, and a soiled silk cap,
embroidered and folded in five envelopes. The most interesting appeared
last, in the form of a book, whose leaves were stuck all over with
seals, and a line in Voltaire's handwriting under each. He had found
means of abridging the trouble of his extensive correspondence, for
these were the correspondents' seals, taken from their letters, and his
remarks (concisely affording a comprehensive view of character) spared
him often the trouble of looking farther: one was _Fou de Genève_; I
saw little or no commendation.

Ferney is now again the property of the same family from whom it was
purchased by Voltaire; that it has once, since his death, belonged to
an Englishman, or rather been rented by one, is recorded in Monsieur de
Laborde's journey to Switzerland. He mentions, that in the year 1781 he
went to the château of Ferney; he was an enthusiastic admirer of
Voltaire, and the following are his own words:--

"I descended from my carriage; I approached, impatient to exist in the
same place where the great man lived. I rang--the gate opened--I rushed
in--I was pushed back, and entrance refused me, because the master had
given orders to admit no one.

"'What do you mean?' I exclaimed hastily. 'What kind of a master is
this who refuses to see Frenchmen? Is the château no longer the
property of Monsieur de la Villette?'

"'Sir, he has let it.'

"'Let it! let the remains of Voltaire?'

"'Only for a year.'

"'And who is the successor of our great genius?'

"'An Englishman.'

"'Robertson, no doubt.'

"'No, a London shopkeeper with one leg, one arm, and one eye.'

"'Never mind, I must speak with him.'

"'He is not at home.'

"'Will he soon be back?'

"'I do not know.'

"'And where is Voltaire's heart?'

"'On a shelf in the larder.'

"'Is it possible? let me see it for only a moment; I will give you
whatever you please.'

"'Sir, I should be turned away.'

"'Abominable varlet; may heaven confound you and your master!'"

                                                                 24th.

Wild weather latterly; the extreme heat having suddenly changed to
storms and north-east winds, the bise blowing a tempest, and the waves
of the lake dashing over the walls, they till now have peaceably lain
many feet below. We have been agreeably surprised by finding that
friends, whom we believed far away in the shade of their quiet park,
are on the continent also, and will soon join us here. The immediate
environs of Geneva so closely resemble England, with their good
macadamized roads, bordered by park palings and neat cottages with turf
and flowers, and no apparent poverty, that with my back turned to Mont
Blanc, I could have believed myself in my own country. The common
people are remarkably industrious and certainly know the value of
time,--for I constantly see young girls and old men also walking along
with a load on their backs of fruit and vegetables to be sold in the
town, perseveringly knitting the whole way. The Genevese are proud in
their own country: though when they emigrate, to make their fortunes,
they will toil without murmur. The more abject and severe labour here
is performed by bands of poor Savoyards, who arrive for the _lessive_
and the haymaking and harvest, ragged and cheerful and untiring, like
the troops of Irish who flock yearly to England. They are a more gentle
and amiable people than the money-making Genevese; but so wretched
where their unproductive territory touches that of Geneva, that,
passing the frontier and the cross with its artificial flowers, the
contrast from the clean comfort of the Swiss to their squalid misery is
striking and sad.

The Swiss troops, with the exception of the few on permanent service,
receive no pay, and perform their duty without murmur. Every year they
pass three months encamped; so that Switzerland might, in case of
necessity, find ready at her call an army of 180,000 men. No citizen
can marry unless he possesses bible, arms, and uniform. Each citizen is
an elector, and the elections take place in the churches. Their
penitentiaries (for Switzerland has no punishment answering to the
English hulks or the French galères) are conducted with a view to
future amelioration; some have a small library, reading being allowed
in their hours of recreation. It is their rule, that each man condemned
to reclusion, and not knowing a trade, shall learn one, the trade
itself resting on the prisoner's choice, and the two-thirds of the
produce of his labour, during his detention, belonging to himself: of
these two shares he is permitted to transmit one to his family. The
following notes are copied from the register of one of these houses:--

"B----, born at Bellerive in 1807, miller's man, poor, stole three
measures of grain; condemned for two years. At the end of this time his
benefice, over and above the money sent his family, amounted to a
hundred francs. Left a skilful weaver."

Under these lines the pastor of the village, to which B---- had
returned, had written the following:--

"On his return to Bellerive, this young man, suffering from extreme
humiliation, concealed himself in his father's house. His former
companions, assembling in a body, went to seek him on the Sunday, and
conducted him to church in the midst of them."

The French custom-houses are extremely severe on the article of
Genevese jewellery; but notwithstanding all the preventive measures
adopted, the importation of smuggled goods into France is considerable,
and the cleverness of the Genevese smugglers outwits even the sharp
French douaniers. It is an amusing fact, that when the Comte de St.
Cricq was Directeur Général des Douaness, he went to Geneva, and there
purchased of Monsieur Beautte, one of the principal jewellers, 30,000
francs' worth of jewels, on condition of their being smuggled into his
hotel in Paris. Monsieur Beautte made no objection, only presenting the
buyer with a paper for signature, by which he obliged himself to pay
the usual five per cent. on the sum due. The directeur smiled, took a
pen and signed St. Cricq, directeur des douanes. Beautte merely bowed,
and said, "Monsieur le Directeur, the jewels you have purchased will be
arrived as soon as yourself."

At the frontier, the Comte de St. Cricq left strict charges of
surveillance, and the promise of a reward of fifty louis to the employé
who should seize the jewels; but arrived in Paris he entered his
chamber to change his dress, and the first object he saw there was an
elegantly shaped box bearing his name engraved on a silver plate; he
opened it and found the jewels. Beautte had come to an understanding
with a waiter of the inn, who, while assisting the directeur's people
to pack the carriage of their master, slipped the aforesaid box among
the baggage; and the valet, on reaching Paris, noticing it for the
first time, and supposing it to contain some recent purchase of value,
immediately carried it to the count's private apartment. Thus, while
triple attention examined and tormented the unoffending travellers who
crossed the frontier, Mons. de St. Cricq's carriage unmolested smuggled
his own contraband purchase to his own hotel.

The exterior of the cathedral (St. Pierre) is simple to plainness,
saving the Corinthian portico, which forms on its surface a very
inappropriate patch. Within are interred D'Aubigné, Henry the Fourth's
friend; and the Comte de Rohan, a Protestant leader of Louis the
Thirteenth's time. The Cardinal de Brogny, who died in 1426, was buried
by his own command in the chapel of the Maccabees, which he founded.
Its carvings and paintings had been at his desire executed to
commemorate his low origin and remarkable history, and some of them are
still preserved in the public library of Geneva. There were a child
keeping pigs! wreaths of oak leaves and acorns, and in another place a
pair of shoes. His name was Jean Allarmet, and he was born at the
village of Brogny in the year 1342, his parents being peasants. Brogny
lies on the road from Annecy to Geneva, and he was occupied keeping his
flock of pigs, when, some monks bound to Geneva, and uncertain of the
way, stopped to question him. Struck by his intelligent eye and prompt
answers, they proposed to him to follow themselves, promising to afford
him means of study, which the delighted boy eagerly accepted, and his
father consenting to his departure he repaired to Geneva, and soon so
far distinguished himself by his premature talent, as to draw upon him
the attention of a cardinal, who proposed in turn that he should seek
him at Avignon and prosecute more serious studies under his protection.
He consented with the same ardour as before, and prepared to set
forward on his journey on foot; but he had no shoes, and he counted the
contents of his light purse in vain, he had not enough to pay for a
pair. A friendly shoemaker, aware of his embarrassment, supplied him
with the necessary article, and said laughing, "You shall pay me when
you are a cardinal." At Avignon the youth made rapid progress, and rose
to honour and reputation, becoming vicar general of the archbishop of
Vienne, and charged by Pope Clement the Seventh with the education of
his nephew; and in consequence of the manner in which he fulfilled this
last trust, created by him archbishop of Arles and cardinal. It was
then, when many years had passed, and the shoemaker had grown old and
sunk into poverty, that his humble dwelling was sought out by some
richly attired domestics, who addressed him by name, and asked him
whether he recollected the present he had made a poor student, who
would otherwise have been reduced to perform barefoot his journey to
Avignon.

"Very well," answered the shoemaker; "he was a fine fearless boy. I
could afford to be charitable in those days, and I trust I may receive
my reward in heaven, for I have had none on earth." "You are wrong,"
said the domestics; "that boy is become a cardinal, and sends to seek
you that you may fill the place of maître d'hôtel in his household."

The poor man was overjoyed, and, abandoning his deserted stall, lived
and died in the cardinal's service.

In 1414, notwithstanding De Brogny's advanced age, he repaired to
Constance, at the period when John Huss had been deluded thither by the
faithless Emperor Sigismund's safe-conduct, to defend his doctrine
before the assembled council. He presided it several times, had daily
and nightly conferences with Sigismund, and when Huss had been cast
into a dungeon and doomed to recant what were termed his errors, or to
die at the stake, the cardinal, compassionating his misfortunes,
visited him often in his cell, and implored as well as reasoned with
him. It was in vain, for the reformer's firmness was not to be shaken.
Conducted to the place of his torture, (which is still shown at
Constance,) and seeing a female fanatic hurrying forward to cast her
faggot on the pile, he exclaimed with the calmness of a philosophical
spectator, "Oh sancta simplicitas!" and when he had ascended it, and
the executioner, to spare him the sight, applied his torch to that part
to which his back was turned, he said, "You may light it before my
eyes; if I had feared fire, I should not be here now." Even when the
flames closed round his tall figure, his voice was heard from the midst
of them chanting a psalm.

It would be too long to tell you what monasteries the Cardinal De
Brogny founded, and what churches received his donations. You will be
more interested in hearing that he bequeathed four hundred golden
florins as marriage portions to poor maidens in the county of Geneva; a
larger sum to the widows and orphans of Annecy; and that, possessor of
forty benefices, he spent their revenues on public works and the care
of the poor. A rule of his house fed thirty mendicants daily, and a
codicil of his will ordered that this custom should be continued an
entire year after his death. On his return from Constance, he visited
his birthplace, the village of Brogny, and, assembling in his father's
cottage all the old men of the district, mostly companions of his
boyhood, he dined in their company, and, inquiring into their affairs,
provided for their future comfort.

He died at Rome, aged 84, and was buried at Geneva. Bonnivard saw his
statue on the tomb, afterwards thrown down by the Reformers; and a
later writer says it is a pity they did so, as one would have rejoiced
to see the features of a "modest man of genius and a tolerant cardinal."




                              CHAPTER XII.


Arrival of friends--Excursion to Chamouny--The Voiron mountain--Its
  monastery--The babes in the wood--Old castle of Faucigny--Its last
  possessor--Her rights over Dauphiny bequeathed to Savoy--Long war
  with France--Bonneville--Cluses--Wretched inhabitants--The baronial
  capital in the time of the old lords--Cavern of La Balme--The village
  of Arache, and Falquet--The Nant d'Arpenas--Sallenches--Mont
  Blanc--The lake of Chède filled up--Pont Pelissier--Les Motets--The
  Glacier des Bossons--Evening--A tranquil night--Morning cavalcade--My
  guide--The Montanvert--Fontaine du Caillet--Source of the
  Aveiron--The avalanche--Mer de Glace--Passage of cattle--Priory of
  Chamouny founded in eleventh century--The Grands Mulets on Mont
  Blanc--Character of the inhabitants of Chamouny--Return--Versoix
  destined by Louis the Fourteenth for Geneva's rival--Coppet--The
  monument--Old castle of Wufflens--Bertha--Morges--Lausanne--Cathedral
  containing tomb of Duke Amedée and Bernard de Menthon--The
  Faucon--The fat innkeeper abandoned--Vevay--Trois Couronnes.

Since I last wrote we have made a very delightful excursion, even
though Fanny was no party concerned; for our friends joining us, though
only for a few days, and anxious to make a flying visit to Chamouny, we
determined on accompanying them, and recommending our four-footed
companions, both, but particularly Fanny, to the whole establishment,
including Monsieur Dejean's sister, we set forth; all eight packed in
one of his heavy carriages and drawn by four of his heavy horses. It
was the 3rd of August, and a burning day. Just before the road enters
Savoy, (as it nears the Salève on the right hand and the Voiron on the
left, and beyond the valley through which flows the small river Foron,
you see Mont Blanc and its glaciers,) the country loses the tamer,
cultivated beauty of the environs of Geneva, and becomes wild and
grand. At the summit of the Voiron, in a desert and savage retreat,
damp and cold, and usually deep in snow, there was once a monastery. I
read somewhere that a monk, questioned as to his sufferings, said they
were such as sometimes to drive him to desperation, but that the Virgin
gave him strength and would reward him in Heaven with torrents of
felicity for the earthly torments he endured! Not long ago this
mountain was the scene of a new edition of the babes in the wood.

One stormy October two young boys were at play about four in the
evening, chasing each other over the snow. Night closed in, and they
lost their way in a thick fir-wood, unconscious of its being close to
their own home. When it had become quite dark, and they did not return,
the alarmed family searched the forest with torches and cow-bells, and
after three hours of toil and anxiety, they were found in a hole filled
with leaves; the oldest, nine years of age, had taken off his jacket,
to cover with it his brother, only six years old, and was lying on him
to keep him warm, braving himself cold and death, and already so far
benumbed as to be unable to reply to the well known voices which called
on him.

The Foron rises in this mountain, and is the Genevese boundary. We
crossed it on the wooden bridge which looks so picturesque from the
height above, and were stopped at Annemasse, a little farther, to
exhibit our passports. This is the Sardinian frontier, and we were
detained some time, but no trouble given, and the carriage not
examined. We were found en règle, for the passports had been visés the
night before, this being a necessary preliminary to visiting Chamouny,
and a profitable one to Sardinia, for each visa costs four francs.

Before reaching Bonneville, which is the chief town of the province of
Faucigny, we passed the ruined castle of its old barons, which frowns
on a commanding height to the left. Its last possessor was Beatrice,
grand-daughter of Agnes, daughter of Aymon the second, baron of
Faucigny, last male of his line. Marrying the dauphin of Vienne, she
bore with her to her husband her rights over the province, but having
attained an advanced age, family dissensions, and the ill-treatment of
her grandchildren, offspring of her daughter Anna, induced her to pray
the protection of her cousin Amedée the Great, count of Savoy. Received
at his court, and treated with attention and affection, as well as with
the honours due to her rank, she resolved on proving her gratitude by
bequeathing to him all the lands, rights, and castles she possessed
over and above her marriage portion, as well as whatever she could
alienate of her paternal inheritance. Her will, made in this spirit,
was the cause of Savoy's taking up arms against Dauphiny; the one to
defend the territory just acquired, the other to resist spoliation; and
these cruel wars once kindled did not cease entirely till Humbert the
Second, last dauphin, weary of the world when he had lost his son, took
the monastic habit, and in 1349 ceded Dauphiny to the heir of France.
The Green Count Amedée, disapproving of the presence of his new and
powerful neighbour, led an army across the mountains, and fought a
pitched battle, in which he was victorious, taking prisoners many of
the chief men there, both of France and Dauphiny. The count's prowess
and power proved, the former were satisfied with placing their
interests in the hands of arbitrators, who decided that Savoy should
remain sovereign of Faucigny and Gex, while she ceded to France all her
possessions in Dauphiny beyond the Rhone and the Guier. The old castle
passed, the road nears the Mole, which towers in all its elevation of
5800 feet, and we drove through an avenue of trees into Bonneville,
where we breakfasted not badly, despite the very poetical rhyme:

                  "Oh ye, who stop at Bonneville town,
                   Beware of feeding at the Crown,"--

which, if written in charity, is useless on the dining-room shutter.

The heat being intense, our horses were rested for two hours, during
which time the coachman failed to discover a loose fore shoe, which
stopped us on the stone bridge which crosses the Arve, just as we
started once more, and was remedied by a long nail, driven in anyhow.

Near the bridge is a lately erected column in honour of Carlo Felice,
whose statue surmounts it, ninety-five feet above ordinary mortals; and
in gratitude for the fresh embankments which restrain the Arve's fury
when it rushes from its mountain birthplace, swollen by the first
melting of the ice in spring. Near their source, (the glaciers,) these
streams are more awful than beautiful; they have the turbid hue
produced by the snows and earth they bear violently along; and in their
mildest aspect they roar in a narrow channel, amidst the broad expanse
of desolation they have made in their anger.

Our way to Cluses lay between the Mole, now near us on the left, and
Mont Brezon, whose range bounds, on the right, the rich cultivated
valley; a lovely road, but traversing miserable villages and crowds of
mendicants, the young children with the seamed and care-worn faces of
age, and dark with emaciation. The dreadful goitre is common here, and
we saw one unhappy cretin grinning vacantly as he tottered along.

Near Cluses the road is cut between the wall of rock and the precipices
which overhang the river; and a stony defile which it commands, and
partly fills, leads to the city, which has the aspect of a poor hamlet.
It was the baronial capital in the time of the old lords of Faucigny,
and conferred on those who lived there a year and a day the title and
privileges of freemen.

Leaving Cluses we entered a wild glen; rocks arched above our heads,
and the road cut in their base, or carried over their scattered
fragments, and overhanging the Arve foaming below; tall oaks springing
from half detached masses, and bowed forward, as if to measure the
height of their threatened fall; and the dark pines of each forest
looking darker from the contrasting foam and brightness of unnumbered
streamlets and small cascades.

Issuing from the gorge, the mountains retreating to the left form a
semicircle; we stopped for milk and lemonade at one of the huts, where
the cow, the goat, and the family live happily together, being the spot
whence the indefatigable traveller (to whose class none of our party
belonged) ascends by a mule path to the cavern of La Balme. They
pointed it out on the side of one of these mountains of the
amphitheatre, eight hundred feet above; Mrs. Starke, with more truth
than romance, compared it to the mouth of an oven! Within, a narrow
gallery widens to a vast hall; its length is about sixteen hundred
feet, and its effect fine by the torchlight, as the roof and walls
sparkle with stalactites, which here and there form a bright pavement
to the floor.

Between Balme and Maglan but the other side of the mountain, is the
commune of Arache. Towards the close of the sixteenth century it
produced a fortunate man, in the person of one Nicholas Falquet, who
could barely read and write when he left his father's cabin. Arrived at
Vienna, in Austria, he entered a rich merchant's service, who, noticing
his intelligence and natural talents, allowed him to share the studies
of his heiress. The young girl became attached to him, and his parents,
who had learned to consider him as their son, consented to their union;
but very shortly after some sudden malady carried off both father and
mother, and either the same stroke, or sorrow for their loss, deprived
him of his bride also. She had bequeathed to him her entire fortune,
and Nicholas returned to the valley where he was born. There was a
peasant girl, with whom, ere his emigration, he had been accustomed to
herd flocks near the village. She had never quitted it or forgotten
him, and after a time given to mourning, he married and conducted her
to Vienna. Their son was created baron of the empire, and by Falquet's
order a small but beautiful church was erected on the site of his
paternal cottage, in the village of Arache.

Three quarters of a league beyond Maglan we passed the fine cascade of
the Nant d'Arpenas; it struck me less than on our return. The volume of
water is small, but springs from a height of eight hundred feet, and is
scattered ere it reaches its first fall. When we travelled the same
road yesterday, the stream had been considerably increased by rains,
and the broad spray floated in a sunbeam, which it seemed to have
embodied with itself and to be bearing away.

At St. Martin, in the yard of the inn of Mont Blanc, we found a
good-humoured fat landlady, and the cars which were to convey us the
remainder of our journey. They have no springs, the road does not allow
of them, and are mere benches under canopies, with leather aprons,
which will protect from rain or can be tied up out of the way.

The bridge which crosses the Arve, about a hundred yards further, leads
to Sallenches, and from it there is a noble view of Mont Blanc, with
aiguille and glacier glittering above the nearer mountains, darkly
clothed to their summit, a view which every moment increases in
splendour as the postilion urges the little mountain horses over the
rough roads, and beds of torrents, and bridges of loose planks, which
they tread without start or stumble.

We passed what was the lake of Chède, and is converted, by a fall of
mud and rubbish from the mountain, into a stony wilderness, and crossed
a stream too rapid for a bridge, but which favoured us, as the water
was by no means high, and the road is seldom in a good condition for a
week.

About Servoz, where the horses rested, is a thin wood of stunted oak
and cherry trees, the latter bearing fruit of the size of a wild
strawberry, but beyond they yield to pine, and larch, and hazel. We
crossed another torrent, the Dioza, and then indeed were in a gorge not
to be forgotten. The road skirts the base of the Breven, with the Arve
on the right, washing the foot of the mound on which rises the ruined
castle of St. Michael; the pont Pelissier, under which it dashes
before; the mountains on either side covered with pines: but the bare
wild peaks shutting in the valley behind us, and the ridges of shining
snow closing it before.

Our way lay over the bridge; for beyond, the Arve raves deep below the
road, and rends itself a passage through rocks and darkness. We crossed
it on foot, and walked up a part of the steep hill leading to the
Motets, the range which divides the valleys of Servoz and Chamouny;
mighty barriers, which keep in the mind a local habitation, even when
they want a name.

We continued to toil upwards with little space to spare between the
narrow car's wheels and the precipice which hangs over the roaring
Arve: an inadvertent driver or unruly horse would ensure destruction,
but there is little danger of either. We were assailed by innumerable
beggars furnished with various excuses for extorting money--mostly
intelligent, bright-eyed children, half-clothed and barefoot,--offering
a marigold gathered in the valley, or a crystal found on the mountain,
and running fearlessly along the very brink of places my head turned
even to look down.

From the ridge of the Motets we obtained the finest view of Mont Blanc,
henceforth close to us, but its form, changed at that part called the
Dome de Goût, hides its summit; and descending through some fertile
meadows to Ouches, the first village in the valley, the glaciers became
visible also: their brightness and the purity of the atmosphere making
them appear so much nearer than they really were. I thought their size
inconsiderable, but found my mistake as the road, which now runs
directly beneath the range of this snow-king and his vassals, passed
near the Glacier des Bossons, some of whose pinnacles are sixty and
eighty feet high. Beyond us, and a league beyond Chamouny, at the head
of the valley, we saw the Glacier du Bois, which terminates the Mer de
Glace. We crossed numerous torrents on their moving and nervous
bridges, the waters of some clear and bright, of others turbid as the
Arve, here wilder and muddier than ever, and which we traversed to
continue our way along its right bank. The valley seen in the light of
the declining sun, with its fresh green meadows, its flax and corn
fields, its scattered cottages and shining church spires, and black
forests and snows for background, must be the loveliest on earth. You
and I have read descriptions of tints on glaciers, probably thinking
the enthusiasm of the traveller might slightly exaggerate; yet I was
aware they fell far short as we watched all the changes from glittering
white to pale gold--from gold to rose-colour, and then to violet; and
then the magic hues fading by degrees, but light lingering on the
summit even when the glaciers on its side were grey, and the road we
were going dusk; as if one sunbeam had been left behind, dedicated to
the dome of the mountain.

Arriving at dark, we passed the Union, which appears the best inn and
has baths adjoining, on our way to the Hôtel d'Angleterre, which is
called so, but I think must have lost its character. The landlord and
his wife are civil, and their charges moderate, but the table d'hôte
indifferent, and the beds bad. D---- met an army friend whom he had not
seen since we left ----, and the conversation became a strange medley
of private theatricals and mountain passes. Arriving latest, we were
necessarily the worse lodged: the rooms are unceiled, and, having the
stables at our backs, we had overhead two pedestrians, who packed at
midnight and put on their boots at three in the morning; and very much
added to the pleasurable sensations produced by straw bolsters and hair
mattresses, which scratch even through coarse sheets. Our party put
itself in motion after breakfast; Mrs. ---- and her beautiful young
daughter in chaises à porteurs; the rest on tall mules, to whose backs
we climbed by ladders, and whose motion is certainly the most
disagreeable in the world, particularly as, in submission to our
guides, we left the reins untouched and their noses as near the ground
as they pleased to lay them. My guide Mounier, whose name I wrote down
that I might find him on my next visit, has a high claim to the
character for civility and intelligence common to his predecessors at
Chamouny. When we had crossed the Arve and the meadows on our way to
Montanvert, the path grew rough and narrow, and rose abruptly through
the pine forest. As its zigzags are cut on the hill side, and there is
barely room for the mule and guide, and no defence towards the
precipice, it may present some alarm to persons unused to mountain
passes, particularly as the mule always chooses the extreme edge from
its habit of carrying burthens, and its fear of striking them against
the rock, which would precipitate it below. For a considerable distance
the path is composed of irregular steps of stone, several feet in
height, and up these the mules clamber with an adroitness and safety of
which I had formed no idea. Through the dark branches and broken stumps
we caught glimpses of the valley, and I thought our party looked very
picturesque as it wound along, forming a straggling line; the chaises à
porteurs gaining on us, whose mules patiently followed the guides, one
by one; a little boy, who carried some spiked sticks, holding by the
tail of the last and laziest. From a spot near the Fontaine du Caillet,
which is about half way, the vale and the river, the fields and
cottages, spread below like a map brightly coloured. The guide pointed
out on the opposite mountain the path which leads to the Croix de
Flégère, the best spot for seeing Mont Blanc in its splendour, as it is
upwards of three thousand feet above Chamouny.

A steep and difficult path leads down the mountain side to the source
of the Aveiron. We could plainly distinguish the black arch of the ice
cavern, which terminates the Mer de Glace, and through whose mouth it
forces its way, and bounds forward to fling itself into the Arve.
Passing the fountain and its gay troops of peasant girls assembled
there with fruit, milk, and lemonade, very agreeable refreshment at
that height, we crossed the track of an avalanche, a broad line of
destruction; the firs snapped at the root and carried away, or laid
prostrate beneath the weight of stones and portions of rock cast down
from above, looking as if some giant scythe had mown an avenue through
the pine forest from the mountain top high over our heads down to the
valley far beneath.

From this place the way grows more rugged, and encumbered with larger
blocks of stone, but the mules climbed gallantly; and at last, arrived
at the summit, we stopped at the pavilion opposite the older refuge
built by an Englishman, and called from him the Hôpital de Blair. The
view would have repaid us for more fatigue. The Mer de Glace was
directly beneath, and opposite, the pinnacled mountains which guard its
shore. There seemed to me no resting-place for the foot of an eagle,
yet Mounier said he had often slept out on them when hunting the
chamois. The highest of the numberless pointed rocks which shoot
upwards like white spires against the blue sky, is the Aiguille Verte,
for it is about seven thousand feet above the summit of the Montanvert.
The Mer de Glace itself is ill represented in all the engravings I have
seen, for its waves do not resemble those of the sea suddenly frozen,
while driven in the same direction by a tempest--they rather look as if
they had been tossed by whirlwinds, and are of irregular forms and
unequal height, their flat surfaces and pointed crests of the dull
white of soiled snow; for it rejects to its surface all impurities, and
only on looking down into its crevices are you aware of their pale,
beautiful green--the purest and clearest in the world. You can form no
idea of the size of these waves except by descending among them, the
magnitude of all which surrounds them deceiving as to theirs, yet many
exceed forty feet in height; and of the Mer de Glace, which is about
eight leagues in length, two are from this spot visible.

We scrambled down by a rugged path which leads to it from the pavilion,
but it is no place to tread without a guide, and it is dangerous to
advance too far on the edges of these crevices, which are often
unsupported below; and some accidents generally occur to the cattle or
their drivers when in the month of July the former are sent from
Chamouny up the Montanvert and across the Mer de Glace for the sake of
the scanty pastures on the opposite mountain. It is a melancholy
existence for the lonely herdsman who remains to guard them during the
three months of their stay; for his solitude (Mounier said) is seldom
disturbed except by the person sent by the cattle owner, who carries
him at the end of the month the bread and cheese which is to suffice
for his subsistence throughout the next; and all the time not spent in
wanderings after stray heifers he whiles away knitting stockings. We
returned to the pavilion by a better path, beside the stone inscribed
with the names of Pocock and Windham, the two English travellers who,
in 1741, revived the memory of the forgotten valley of Chamouny, where
a priory had been founded in the eleventh century. We rested on this
broad stone, which was their dinner-table or bed, or both, and the
crags round which were covered with rhododendrum, which grows wild
everywhere, brightening them with its deep red blossom. The pavilion
affords refreshment and, if you will, beds, and a collection of chamois
horn walking-sticks, seals of crystal and brooches of stones found on
the mountain, which distract the visitor's attention from the glorious
view on which the windows open. We were to be at the hotel at five, and
our mules followed, the litters as before; but I soon found it less
agreeable to feel the animal slide down steps three feet high than
climb over them, and having borne several times, from shame, the
disagreeable sensation and the waver it invariably makes at the sharp
turns and the brink of the precipice, I discovered that my sight
failed, and the guide advised walking, to myself and the lady with me;
so that walk we did, slowly certainly--for the distance is two leagues
and a half, to be performed by a succession of hoppings on loose
stones. We passed again the fountain with its group of smiling girls
and the woman blowing her collection of trumpets, trading, as somebody
said, with the echo; and when all was quiet again, we heard the fall of
an avalanche, but so dull and distant it resembled only a faint and
prolonged moan. Mounier pointed out the Grands Mulets on Mont Blanc,
the place where those who ascend pass the night, four or five black
rocks in the snow, looking like monuments for the frozen. He had been
up twice himself, he said, but meant to return no more, as the peril
was too great for a man whose father on his deathbed had bequeathed
five sisters to his care. I was glad when we had arrived at the plain,
and could mount our mules once more, having painfully limped the last
two miles. We arrived at the inn, where the table d'hôte was already
filled, and did honour to ill cheer. I was sorry to part from my poor
civil guide and promised to summon him on our next visit, when he will
probably no longer be there, for he was a delicate looking man with a
hectic colour in his cheek, and the inhabitants of Chamouny, from the
sudden changes of temperature, are subject to inflammatory maladies.
They bear a high character as being honest, faithful, and charitable,
and their courage is incontestable, as it is with them a thing of
course to risk their lives if those of their employers be in peril. The
orphans and old men who have no means of subsistence are supported by
all the inhabitants of the parish, each in turn, and among those who
have property, should there be one precluded by age or infirmity from
cultivating his field, his neighbours till it for him. They are rarely
tall or handsome, but muscular and strong, and from their climate and
exposure to its vicissitudes, seldom attain old age. In their season of
forced idleness, the winter, which lasts about eight months, some play
high, others drink immoderately. Their harvests chiefly consist of
flax, barley, oats, beans, and potatoes; the latter grow in abundance,
and they make a kind of bread from their flour. I paid a visit to the
mineral baths which, notwithstanding their unpleasant odour, I
recommend to all whose limbs are wearied with mountain excursions, and
then crossed the little bridge near the hotel, and sat till dark,
looking our farewell at Mont Blanc and his rainbow, and annoyed by the
only nuisance of the valley, girls and boys exhibiting and persecuting
marmottes and young eagles. We were up at five and on our way before
the sun was above the mountain, so that we saw its visage of all hours.
I should not choose sunrise, for as the mist rises, the brilliancy it
receives from the rays which cross it hides the mountains behind; but,
as we proceeded further, nothing could be more beautiful than to see
the ray lying on the summit of the Glacier des Bossons like a thread of
silver, and the valley of Servoz was far lovelier with the tops of its
pines just touched with light, and their long shadows in the valley,
than seen under a mid-day sun. From St. Martin, where we breakfasted,
our fat coachman resumed possession of our persons, and safely
deposited them in the Secheron, where we found Fanny well, and the
hotel very comfortable after mountain inns and mountain passes.

                                                          13th August.

Our friends being gone, and ourselves finding the Secheron too silent
and sad after their departure, we left it yesterday morning to sleep at
Morges, and were fortunate in a cool cloudy day. Hoping to escape some
of the laughter and hooting, which have greeted me everywhere save in
Savoy, I adopted the large round straw hat such as they wear
themselves, but without its producing any beneficial effect on their
manners. The road passes through the village of Versoix, which was
French property in Louis the Fourteenth's time, and destined by the
angry king to outdo Geneva as a trading town. The pier and streets were
marked out, but the buildings have proceeded so slowly, that Voltaire's
sarcastic lines are still true:--

                  À Versoix nous avons des rues;
                  Mais nous n'avons point de maisons.

We were now in the Canton de Vaud, and next appeared Coppet and Madame
de Staël's château, to which, as I told you, we rode before, but
without seeing more than its outside, as the family was there. I
understand that strangers are at no time allowed to visit the monument,
where she lies near her father and mother, and it is wholly concealed
from view by the fine trees which shade it. We rode through the suburb
of Nyon, admiring the zigzag road which leads to St. Cergues, across
the Jura, now towering nearer and darker. The lake grows more
interesting (its broadest part is from Rolle to Thonon, three-quarters
of a league), and the country round more wooded. We fed the horses at
Rolle, and rested some time at the Tête Noire, a clean, quiet-looking
inn, where one might pass a night comfortably. Mont Blanc was
invisible, but the rocks of La Meillerie appeared, and the approach to
Morges is picturesque beneath dark and old trees,--the pretty arbour
and old castle of Wufflens on the right. The improving system has not
wholly spared the latter; but its tall donjon and the turrets which
flank it are well preserved, considering the circumstance of its being
built in the tenth century by Bertha of spinning memory, mother of
Hugh, king of Italy, and Guy, duke of Tuscany. Notwithstanding the
saddle, with its place to hold the distaff, exhibited as hers at
Payerne, and the assurance that she spun while she rode chargers more
docile than belong to the idler daughters of our day, I am inclined to
doubt the tradition, as her court of Tuscany was most brilliant beneath
her sway, and she is renowned as one of the most ambitious women who
ever sat on an Italian throne; and from her beauty and talent, she drew
her husband into various wars,--obtained and preserved influence over
the most powerful of the country,--and more than once disarmed the
anger of those princes she had offended. We stopped to sleep at the
Couronne, a comfortable inn, and left the next morning, intending to
remain at Lausanne the following day. It is only a post and a half
distant, and the ride was very beautiful, but the flies tormenting and
the heat excessive. A steep hill leads to the town, built on a lower
slope of the Jura. As we ascended, leaving on the right the road to
Ouchy, where I believe there is a good inn (the Ancre, more agreeably
situated on the lake shore), the view of the town and cathedral opened
grandly on us; and from the promenade of Montbenon at its summit, that
of the blue lake below, and the bold crags shutting it in, was superb.
I should not, however, like to sojourn at Lausanne, many of whose steep
crowded streets have no prospect of the beauty which surrounds them,
running parallel to the lake, and some communicating with each other by
stairs as at Lyons, so that a walk to the shore and back may resemble
an hour in a treadmill. The outside of the cathedral is of a bad Gothic
architecture; its interior the finest in Switzerland, and contains the
monument of Amedée the Eighth of Savoy, _alias_ Pope Felix, and that of
Otho of Granson. The noble Bernard de Menthon is buried here also.
Passed the new "Hôtel Gibbon," built on the site of the historian's
house, and up the steep street to the Faucon. I dismounted, and the fat
innkeeper came rolling along the corridor, at the slowest possible
pace, to meet me in the hall. Whether he was or not turning in his mind
the best method of proving himself a true falcon, by his treatment of
his prey, I cannot tell; but he meditated his answer for a minute ere
it was made, during which minute D---- was sitting one kicking horse
and watching another, the flies and sun increasing his ill-will every
second,--so that when I had left the heavy host and his two waiters
standing in readiness to conduct us, and returned to request him to
dismount, I found him decided on going on. How long the great man and
his two satellites stood on the first step of the stair I cannot say,
as I mounted Fanny, and we took the turn to Vevay. Almost the whole way
lies between low stone walls, winding high above the lake, and looking
down the precipices on its magnificent scenery. There is little or no
shade, as vineyards in terraces clothe the steep side of the mountain,
and when these cease, a wall of rock reflects the sun, giving the heat
an intensity oppressive to all, saving the myriads of active lizards
who shot over the sand. Surmounting one tall crag is a square castle,
of the form and size of those so often met with in Ireland, perched on
a height it would have puzzled our feet to attain. Over the rocks, on
the lake's opposite side, hung a light mist, rather enhancing than
robbing them of their grandeur. A rapid descent leads to Vevay, which
lay smiling in the evening glow with its sleeping lake and green woods
and sunny mountains, and the gray church tower, flanked by four
turrets, among its trees on the hill above the town. Beyond Vevay we
saw Chillon indistinctly through the haze, which cast its magic and
mystery over the dim gorge of the Rhone, and the gigantic peaks which
terminate it, whose white brows shone through brightly, though at
intervals, like pure actions refuting calumny.

Having mistaken first our way and then the inn, we at last dismounted
at the Trois Couronnes, second in comfort to only the Secheron. Its
proprietor is building an hotel, which will replace this, larger and
more commodious, and commanding the view, whose beauty is not to be
surpassed. At the extremity of the market-place is a boulevard and a
grove,--the roots of whose trees the lake washes: we sat there till
after nightfall. The thin mist still lay on the surface, smooth as a
mirror, reflecting the dark branches and old irregular houses, with the
curving shore to the left; where Chillon stood forth a white mass on
the water, with all its associations,--the reformer's sufferings, and
the poet's song. Above the rocks of Meillerie, opposite us, the moon
was rising,--yet too young to diffuse more than the faintest glow. The
picturesque boats of the lake lay motionless, or rowed past slowly and
silently without a breath in their sails; it was like a lake in a dream.


                             END OF VOL. I.


      London:--Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, Stamford Street.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

                          _Lately Published_,

                  *       *       *       *       *

                          SIX MONTHS IN CHINA:
                            BY LORD JOCELYN,
           Late Military Secretary to the Chinese Expedition.
      Fourth Edition. With Views of Chusan Harbour, and the Great
                             Wall of China.
                         Fcap. 8vo. 5_s._ 6_d._

                  *       *       *       *       *

                  CAIRO, PETRA, & DAMASCUS, DESCRIBED:
            From Original Notes made during a Tour in those
                           Countries in 1839.
                        BY JOHN G. KINNEAR, ESQ.
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                  *       *       *       *       *

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         With Plates, Map, and Woodcuts. Imperial 8vo. £1 8_s._

                  *       *       *       *       *

                   DISCOVERIES MADE IN ANCIENT LYCIA:
          Being a JOURNAL OF A SECOND EXCURSION IN ASIA MINOR.
                        BY CHARLES FELLOWS, ESQ.
        With Plates, Maps, and Woodcuts. Imperial 8vo. £2 2_s._

                  *       *       *       *       *

                  AN ACCOUNT OF THE GYPSIES OF SPAIN:
              With a Collection of their SONGS and POETRY,
                   and VOCABULARY of their LANGUAGE.
                         BY GEORGE BORROW, ESQ.
     Late Agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society in Spain.
                     Two Volumes, Post 8vo. 18_s._

                  *       *       *       *       *

                       HUNGARY AND TRANSYLVANIA:
                   SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMICAL.
                          BY JOHN PAGET, ESQ.
           Map and Illustrations. Two Volumes, 8vo. £1 10_s._

------------------------------------------------------------------------

                MR. MURRAY'S LIST OF BOOKS--_Continued._

                  *       *       *       *       *

                      DOMESTIC MANNERS IN RUSSIA:
     Described from a Year's Residence in that Country, chiefly in
                             the Interior.
                  BY THE REV. R. LISTER VENABLES, M.A.
                         Post 8vo. 9_s._ 6_d._

                  *       *       *       *       *

                          ALSO, NEARLY READY,
                A RESIDENCE ON THE SHORES OF THE BALTIC:
          Described in a Series of Letters to Friends at Home.
                               BY A LADY.
    With Etchings by the Authoress, from Sketches made on the Spot.
                         Two Volumes, Post 8vo.

                  *       *       *       *       *

                              DESCRIPTIVE
                  TOUR IN LOMBARDY, TYROL, & BAVARIA:
                          BY JOHN BARROW, ESQ.
                       With Woodcuts.  Post 8vo.

                  *       *       *       *       *

                       A HAND-BOOK FOR TRAVELLERS
                     IN SOUTHERN ITALY AND SICILY.
                      With large Travelling Maps.
                               Post 8vo.

                  *       *       *       *       *

                       A HAND-BOOK FOR TRAVELLERS
                           IN NORTHERN ITALY:
                          With Map. Post 8vo.

                  *       *       *       *       *

                     JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

                          Transcriber's notes

1. Silently corrected typographical errors and inconsistencies;
   retained non-standard spelling.

2. Correctly accented some French words for improved software
   readability.

3. Italic text in the original is delimited by _underscores_.





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