The Project Gutenberg EBook of How To Make Candy, by Various

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.

Title: How To Make Candy
       A Complete Hand Book

Author: Various

Release Date: February 16, 2017 [EBook #54173]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE CANDY ***




Produced by David Edwards, Alan and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (Images courtesy
of the Digital Library@Villanova University
(http://digital.library.villanova.edu/))








  ******************************************************************
  Transcriber's Note:
  I have never seen a health warning on a book before but I have been
  asked to provide one here. Some of the ingredients used in these
  procedures are toxic to say the least. For instance, the recipe for
  Ching's Brown Worm Lozenges on p40 contains the line:
  'Each lozenge should contain half a grain of mercury.'
  Now, times and attitudes may change but mercury does not.
  As a record of how things were done the volume is fine but as a
  recipe book danger lurks in these pages. Unless you are very, very
  sure of what you are doing please treat this as a reference book,
  not a practical guide.

  More mundane note at the end of the book.
  ******************************************************************


                      HOW TO MAKE CANDY.


                         A COMPLETE

                         HAND BOOK.

                   FOR MAKING ALL KINDS OF

                      CANDY, ICE CREAM

                           SYRUPS,

                      ESSENCES ETC. ETC.


                          NEW YORK:
                   FRANK TOUSEY, Publisher
                34 AND 36 NORTH MOORE STREET.


    Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1891, by
                       FRANK TOUSEY,
    in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D.C.




HOW TO MAKE CANDY.




CONFECTIONERY.


As sugar is the basis or groundwork of the confectioner's art, it is
essentially necessary that the practitioner should carefully study and
observe the difference in its qualities, the changes which it undergoes
or effects when combined with other articles in the process of
manufacture, and also the different forms which it assumes by itself,
at various stages. Without this knowledge, a man will never become a
thorough and efficient workman, and it can only be acquired by practice
and experience.

The first process which it undergoes, in the hands of the confectioner,
is that of clarification. It is conducted on the same principle as the
refining of sugar, although not carried out in every particular.


CLARIFICATION OF RAW SUGAR.--For every six pounds of sugar required
to be clarified, take one quart of water, the white of an egg, and
about half a tea-cupful of bullock's blood. Less than a pint will
be sufficient for 112 pounds; but if a very fine, transparent, and
colorless syrup is required, use either charcoal, finely powdered,
or ivory-black, instead of the blood. Put the white of an egg in the
water, and whisk it to a froth; then add either of the other articles
mentioned, and the sugar; place the pan containing the ingredients on
the stove-fire, and stir them well with the spatula, until the sugar is
dissolved, and is nearly boiling.

When the ebullition commences, throw in a little cold water to check
it; this causes the coarser parts to separate more freely, by which
means the whole of the impurities attach themselves to the clarifying
matter used; continue this for about five minutes, using about one pint
of water to every six pounds of sugar, or more, until you consider
the whole of the dross is discharged, and there remains a fine clear
syrup. Then place it by the side of the stove, and carefully remove
with a skimmer the scum which has formed on the top; it may also be
taken off as it rises, but I find the best method is to let it remain
a short time after it is clarified, before it is removed; otherwise,
if you take it off as it rises, part of the syrup is also taken with
it. When either charcoal or black is used, it must be passed through a
filtering-bag, made of thick flannel, in the shape of a cone, having a
hoop fastened round the top, to keep it extended, and to which strings
are sewn, that it may be tied or suspended in any convenient manner;
what runs out at first will be quite black; return this again into the
bag, and continue doing so until it runs fine and clear.

If a little lime, about a spoonful, or any other alkali is added to
the sugar, with the water, etc., it will neutralize the acid which all
raw sugars contain, and they will be found to stand much better after
they have been manufactured, by not taking the damp so soon. This is
not generally done by the trade, but it will be found beneficial if
practiced.


TO CLARIFY LOAF SUGAR.--This is clarified by mixing the whites of eggs
with water, without any other assistance, for having been previously
refined, it does not require those auxiliaries again to separate the
coarser parts, unless it is of an inferior quality, or an extra fine
syrup, as for bonbons and other fancy articles, as required. When it
is necessary to have a very fine sparkling grain, in that case break
your lump into small pieces, and put it in a preserving-pan, with a
sufficient quantity of water to dissolve it, in which has been mixed
the white of an egg and powdered charcoal; as for raw sugar, following
those instructions already given. After the sugar has been drained from
the bag, pass some water through, to take off any which may be left in
the charcoal, which you use for dissolving more sugar.

The scum should always be reserved when charcoal or black is not used,
to mix with the articles of an inferior quality.

The best refined loaf sugar should be white, dry, fine, of a brilliant
sparkling appearance, when broken, and as close in texture as possible.
The best sort of brown has a bright, sparkling, and gravelly look.
East India sugars appear finer, but do not contain so much saccharine
matter, yet they are much used for manufacturing the best sort of
common sweetmeats, when clarified, instead of loaf sugar.


DEGREES OF BOILING SUGAR.--This is the principal point to which the
confectioner has to direct his attention; for if he is not expert in
this particular, all his other labor and knowledge will be useless;
it is the foundation on which he must build to acquire success in his
undertakings.

There are seven essential points or degrees in boiling sugar; some
authors give thirteen, but many of these are useless, and serve only
to show critical precision in the art, without its being required in
practice; however, for exactness, we will admit of nine, viz: 1. Small
thread. 2. Large thread. 3. Little Pearl. 4. Large Pearl. 5. The blow.
6. The feather. 7. Ball. 8. Crack. 9. Caramel. This last degree derives
its name from "a Count Albufage Caramel, who discovered this method of
boiling sugar."

In describing the process, I shall proceed in a different manner to
other writers on the subject, by classing it under different heads,
according to the uses to which it is applied.




SYRUP.


Under this head are comprised the degrees from the small thread to
the large pearl; for at these points the sugar is kept in a divided
state, and remains a fluid of an oily consistency. A bottle which holds
three ounces of water will contain four ounces of syrup. The method of
ascertaining those degrees, according to the usages of the trade, is as
follows:


SMALL THREAD.--Having placed the clarified syrup on the fire, let it
boil a little, then dip the top of your finger in the boiling syrup,
and on taking it out apply it to the top of your thumb, when, if it
has attained the degree, on separating them a small ring will be drawn
out a little distance, about as fine as a hair, which will break, and
resolve itself into a drop on the thumb and finger.


LARGE THREAD.--Continue the boiling a little longer, repeat the same
operation as before, and a larger string will be drawn.


LITTLE PEARL.--To ascertain this degree, separate the finger from the
thumb as before, and a large string may be drawn, which will extend to
nearly the distance the fingers may be opened.


LARGE PEARL.--The finger may now be separated from the thumb to the
greatest extent, before the thread will break.




CRYSTALLIZATION.


This takes the degrees of the blow and feather. The particles of the
sugar being now brought together within the sphere of their activity,
the attraction of cohesion commences, whereby they attach themselves
together and form quadrilateral pyramids, with oblong and rectangular
bases. This is generally, but improperly, termed candy, thereby
confounding it with the degrees at which it grains, also termed candy.
This certainly seems "confusion worse confounded;" but if things are
called by their proper names, many of those seeming difficulties and
technicalities may be avoided, which tend only to confuse and embarrass
the young practitioner, without gaining any desired end or purpose.
If it were generally classed into the degrees of crystallization, the
true meaning and use would at once be explained, and understood by the
greatest novice.

The nature and principle of this operation are these. First, as in the
case of syrup, (the first four degrees,) _when the water has absorbed
as much sugar as it is capable of containing in a cold state_, by
continuing the boiling a further portion of the solvent (water) is
evaporated, and sugar remains in excess, which, when exposed to a less
degree of heat, separates itself, and forms crystals on the surface
and sides of the vessel in which it is contained, and also on anything
placed or suspended in it. But if it is exposed too suddenly to the
cold, or disturbed in its action by being shaken, or if the boiling
has been continued too long, the crystals will form irregularly, by
the particles being brought in too close contact, and run too hastily
together, forming a mass or lump.

To obtain this part in perfection the boiling should be gradual, and
continued no longer than till a few drops let fall on a cold surface
show a crystalline appearance, or after being removed from the fire,
a _thin_ skin will form on the surface. It should then be taken from
the fire, and placed in _a less hot, but not cold_ place, and covered,
or put into a stove or hot closet, to prevent the access of cold air.
A few drops of spirits of wine, added when the sugar has attained
the proper degree, will conduce to a more perfect crystalline form,
scarcely attainable by any other means, as it has a great affinity with
the water, thereby causing the sugar to separate itself more freely. It
must be used with caution, as too much will cause it to grain.


TO ASCERTAIN THE DEGREE OF THE BLOW.--Continue the boiling of the
sugar, dip a skimmer in it, and shake it over the pan, then blow
through the holes, and if small bubbles or air-bladders are seen on the
other side, it has acquired this degree.


THE FEATHER.--Dip the skimmer again into the sugar, and blow through
the holes as before, and the bubbles will appear larger, and stronger.
Or if you give the skimmer a sudden jerk, so as to throw the sugar from
you, when it has acquired the degree, it will appear hanging from the
skimmer in fine long strings.




CANDY.


Sugar, after it has passed the degree of the feather, is of itself
naturally inclined to grain; that is, to candy, and will form a powder,
if agitated or stirred; for, as the boiling is continued, so is the
water evaporated until there is nothing left to hold it in solution;
therefore, that body being destroyed by heat, which first changed its
original form to those we have already enumerated, as this no longer
exists with it, it naturally returns to the same state as it was before
the solvent was added, which is that of minute crystals, or grains,
being held together by the attraction of cohesion, unless, as before
stated, they are separated by stirring, etc.

The sugar being evaporated by boiling from the last degree, leaves a
thin crust of crystals round the sides of the pan, which shows it has
attained the candy height; and this crust must be carefully removed (as
it forms) with a damp cloth or sponge, or the whole mass will candy
if suffered to remain. To prevent this is the chief desideratum, all
further proceedings for which specific rules will be given in their
proper places.

The remaining degrees can be ascertained after the following manner:


THE BALL.--Provide a jug of clean cold water, and a piece of round
stick. First dip in the water, then in the sugar, and again in the
water,[A] take off the sugar which has adhered to it, and endeavor to
roll it into a ball between the finger and thumb, in the water; when
this can be done, it has attained the desired degree. If it forms a
large, hard ball, which will bite hard, and adhere to the teeth, when
eaten, it is then termed the large ball, _et contra_.

[Footnote A: This should be performed as speedily as possible.]


THE CRACK.--Follow the directions given for the ball. Slip the sugar
from off the stick, still holding it in the water, then press it
between the finger and thumb; if it breaks short and crisp, with a
slight noise, it is at the crack.


CARAMEL.--To obtain this degree, it requires care and attention, and
also to be frequently tried, as it passes speedily from the crack to
the caramel. Try it as before directed, and let the water be quite
cold, or you will be deceived. If, on taking it off the stick, it snaps
like glass, with a loud noise, it has attained the proper degree; it
will also, when it arrives at this point, assume a beautiful yellow
color; after this it will speedily burn, taking all the hues, from a
brown to a black; therefore, to prevent this, dip the bottom of the pan
into a pail of cold water, as soon as it comes to caramel, as the heat
which is contained in the pan and sugar is sufficient to advance it one
degree; also, be careful that the flame of the fire does not ascend
round the sides of the pan, which will burn it.

In boiling sugar keep the top of the pan partly covered from the time
it commences boiling until it has attained the ball or crack; the steam
which rises being again thrown on the sides, prevents the formation of
the crust or crystals.

To prevent its graining, add a little of any sort of acid, when it is
at the crack--a table-spoonful of common vinegar, four or five drops of
lemon-juice, or two or three drops of pyroligneous acid: any of these
will have the desired effect. This is termed greasing it. But remember
that too much acid will also grain it; neither can it be boiled to
caramel if there is too much. A little butter, added when it first
commences boiling, will keep it from rising over the pan, and also
prevent its graining. About as much cream of tartar as may be laid on a
sixpence, and added to seven pounds of sugar, with the water, or equal
quantities of cream of tartar and alum in powder, added when it boils,
will also keep it from candying. If sugar is poured on a slab that is
too hot, it is very apt to grain; this is frequently the case after
several casts have been worked off in rotation; therefore, when you
find it inclined to turn, remove it to a cooler spot, if possible, and
not handle it any more than is necessary.

Sugar that has been often boiled or warmed is soon acted upon by the
atmosphere, whereby it becomes clammy, and soon runs, as it is weakened
by the action of the fire. Acid causes the same effect.

If it has passed the degree you intended to boil it at, add a little
water, and give it another boil.




BLANC MANGE.


Take four ounces of sweet almonds, blanched, half an ounce of bitter
almonds; pound them in a clean mortar; moisten them gradually with
orange flower-water; mix this with one quart of fresh cream and one
ounce of clarified isinglass; put into a saucepan, constantly stirring
till it boils; then pass through a fine sieve, and form into a mold,
and put on ice.

_Blanc Mange_ may be flavored with vanilla, Mocho coffee, marischino,
pistachios and strawberries; in which case the bitter almonds should be
left out.




CANDY--BONBON--CONSERVE.


The articles that come under this head are made by the sugar being
brought to the ball, when it is grained by rubbing it against the sides
of the pan. From this all fancy articles are made, such as fruit-eggs,
cups, vases, etc.


BURNT ALMONDS.--Take some fine Valencia or Jordon almonds, and sift all
the dust from them; put a pint of clarified syrup into the pan for each
pound of almonds, and place it with the almonds on the fire; boil to
the ball, then take it off and stir the mixture well with a spatula,
that the sugar may grain and become almost a powder; whilst each almond
has a coating. Put them into a coarse wire or cane sieve, and sift
all the loose sugar from them, and also separate those which stick
together. When cold, boil some more clarified syrup to the feather,
put in the almonds, give them two or three boils in it, take them from
the fire, and stir them with the spatula as before, until the sugar
grains; sift and separate them, and keep them in glasses or boxes. A
third coat may be given them in the same manner as the second, if they
are required large.


BURNT ALMONDS--RED.--The same as the last, using prepared cochineal to
color the syrup while it is boiling.


COMMON BURNT ALMONDS.--These are made with raw sugar and skimmings, if
you have any. Put some water with the sugar to dissolve it; when it is
near boiling, add the almonds, and let them boil in it until it comes
to the small ball; or when the almonds crack, take them from the fire,
and stir them with a spatula until the sugar grains and becomes nearly
a powder; put them into a sieve, and separate the lumps.


ARTIFICIAL FRUIT, EGGS, ETC.--Prepare molds with plaster of Paris from
the natural objects you wish to represent; make them in two, three, or
more pieces, so as to relieve freely, and have a hole at one end into
which the sugar may be poured; let them be made so as each part may be
fitted together exactly; and for this purpose make two or three round
or square indentions on the edge of one part, so that the corresponding
piece, when cast, will form the counterpart, which may at all times be
fitted with precision. Let the object you would take the cast from be
placed in a frame made either of wood or of stiff paper, embed a part
of it in fine sand, soft pipe-clay, or modeling wax, leaving as much of
the mold exposed as you wish to form at one time, and oil it with sweet
oil; mix some of the prepared plaster with water, to the consistency of
thick cream, and pour over it; when this is set, proceed with the other
portions in the same manner until it is complete. Let them dry and
harden for use.

Take a sufficient quantity of syrup (clarified with charcoal or animal
black) to fill the mold, and boil to the small ball; rub some of
it against the side to grain it; when it turns white, pour it into
the molds; take them out when set, and put them into the stove at a
moderate heat to dry. The molds must be soaked for an hour or two in
cold water previously to their being used, which will be found better
than oiling them, as it keeps the sugar delicately white, which oil
does not. Color your articles according to nature with liquid colors
(see Colors) and camel's-hair pencils or the usual pigments sold in
boxes may be used. If a gloss is required, the colors should be mixed
with a strong solution of gum-arabic or isinglass, to the desired tint.
Eggs and fruit may be made as light and as apparently as perfect as
nature, by having molds to open in two, without any orifice for filling
them. Fill one half with the grained sugar, immediately close the mold,
and turn it round briskly, that it may be covered all over equally. To
accomplish this, it is necessary to have an assistant, that it may be
done as speedily as possible.


COLTSFOOT OR HOARHOUND CANDY.--Make a strong infusion of the herbs
(see Infusions under the head of Syrups), and use it for dissolving
the sugar, instead of taking syrup; raw sugar is mostly used for those
candies. Boil it to the ball, grain it and finish as ginger candy.


FILBERTS AND PISTACHIOS.--These are done the same as burnt almonds, but
they are usually denominated prawlings, the nuts being only put into
the sugar for two or three minutes before it is taken from the fire and
stirred.


GINGER CANDY.--Take clarified syrup and boil it to the ball; flavor it
either with the essence of ginger or the root in powder: then with a
spoon or spatula rub some of it against the side of the pan until you
perceive it turn white; pour it into small square tins with edges, or
paper cases, which have been oiled or buttered, and put it in a warm
place, or on a hot stone, that it may become dappled. The syrup should
be colored yellow, while boiling, with a little saffron.


LEMON PRAWLINGS.--Made the same as orange prawlings.


ORANGE PRAWLINGS.--Take four or five Havana oranges, and cut off the
peel in quarters, or small lengths; take off all the pith or white
part of the peel, leaving only the yellow rinds, and cut in small
pieces, about an inch long, and the size of pins. Have about a pint of
clarified sugar boiling on the fire; when it comes to the blow, put
in the pieces of peel, and let them boil until the sugar attains the
small ball; take them off, and stir them with the spatula until the
sugar grains and hangs about them; sift off the loose sugar; when cold,
separate and keep them in a dry place.


PEPPERMINT, LEMON AND ROSE CANDY are made after the same manner as
Ginger Candy, coloring the lemon with saffron, and the rose with
cochineal.




CHOCOLATE.


CACAO NUTS.--The cacoa or cacoa nuts, of which chocolate is made, is
the seed of the fruit of a tree common in South America and the West
Indies. The seeds of the nuts, which are nearly of the shape of an
almond, are found to the number of from thirty to forty in a pod. The
pods are oval, resembling a cucumber in shape. The different sorts are
distinguished by name, according to the places which produce them;
thus, the cacao of Cayenne, Caraccas, Berbice, and the islands of St.
Magdalen and Domingo. These all differ in the size of their almonds
or seed, quality and taste. The most esteemed is the large Caraccas,
the almond of which, though somewhat flat, resembles the shape of a
large bean. The next are those of St. Magdalen and Berbice. The seeds
of these are less flat than those of the Caraccas kind, and the skin
is covered with a fine ash-colored dust. The others are very crude and
oily, and only fit to make the butter of cacao. The kernels, when fresh,
are bitter, and are deprived of this by being buried in the ground for
thirty or forty days. Good nuts should have a thin brittle skin, of a
dark black color; and the kernel, when the skin is taken off, should
appear full and shining, of a dusky color, with a reddish shade. Choose
the freshest, not worm-eaten, or moldy on the inside, which it is
subject to be.

Equal parts of the cacao of Caraccas, St. Magdalen and Berbice mixed
together make a chocolate of first-rate quality; and these proportions
give to it that rich and oily taste which it ought to have. That made
from the cacao of Caraccas only is too dry, and that from the islands
too fat and crude.


ROASTING.--Take a sufficient quantity of nuts to cover the bottom of
an iron pot two or three inches deep, place them on the fire to roast,
stirring them constantly with the spatula that the heat may be imparted
to them equally. A coffee-roasting machine would answer for this
purpose admirably, taking care not to torrefy them too much, as the
oil of the nut suffers thereby, and it becomes a dark brown or black,
grows bitter and spoils the color of the chocolate. Musty or moldy nuts
must be roasted more than the others, so as to deprive them of their
bad taste and smell. It is only necessary to heat them until the skin
will separate from the kernel on being pressed between the fingers.
Remove them from the fire and separate the skins. If you have a large
quantity, this may be accomplished by putting them in a sieve which
has the holes rather large, but not so much as to allow the nuts to
pass through; then squeeze or press them in your hands, and the skins
will pass through the meshes of the sieve; or, after being separated
from the nuts, they may be got rid of by winnowing or fanning them in
a similar manner to corn. When they are separated put them again in
the fire, as before directed, stirring them constantly until warmed
through, without browning. You may know when they are heated enough by
the outside appearing shiny; again winnow, to separate any burnt skin
which may have escaped the first time.


THE MAKING OF CHOCOLATE.--An iron pestle and mortar is requisite for
this purpose, also a stone of the closest grain and texture which can
be procured, and a rolling-pin made of the same material, or of iron.
The stone must be fixed in such a manner that it may be heated from
below with a pot of burning charcoal, or something similar.

Warm the mortar and pestle by placing them on a stove, or by means
of charcoal, until they are so hot that you can scarcely bear your
hand against them. Wipe the mortar out clean, and put any convenient
quantity of your prepared nuts in it, which you pound until they are
reduced to an oily paste, into which the pestle will sink by its own
weight. If it is required sweet, add about one-half or two-thirds of
its weight of loaf sugar in powder; again pound it so as to mix it
well together, then put it in a pan, and place it in the stove to keep
warm. Take a portion of it and roll or grind it well on the slab with
the roller (both being previously heated like mortar) until it is
reduced to a smooth impalpable paste, which will melt in the mouth like
butter. When this is accomplished, put it in another pan, and keep it
warm until the whole is similarly disposed of; then place it again on
the stone, which must not be quite so warm as previously, work it over
again, and divide it into pieces of two, four, eight, or sixteen ounces
each, which you put in molds. Give it a shake, and the chocolate will
become flat. When cold it will easily turn out.

The molds for chocolate may either be made of tin or copper, and of
different devices, such as men, animals, fish, culinary or other
utensils, etc.; also some square ones for half-pound cakes, having
divisions on the bottom which are relieved. These cause the hollow
impressions on the cakes.

The Bayonne or Spanish chocolate is in general the most esteemed. The
reason of its superior quality is attributed by some to the hardness
of the Pyrenean stone which they employ in making it, which does not
absorb the oil from the nuts. They do not use any pestle and mortar,
but levigate their nuts on the stone, which is fixed on a slope; and
in the second pounding or rolling the paste is pressed closely on the
stone, so as to extract the oil, which runs into a pan containing the
quantity of sugar intended to be used, and is placed underneath to
receive it; the oil of the cacao and sugar are then well mixed together
with a spatula, again mixed with the paste on the stone, and finished.


CINNAMON, MACE OR CLOVE CHOCOLATE.--These are made in the same manner
as Vanilla chocolate, using about an ounce and a half or two ounces of
either sort of spice, in powder, to that quantity, or add a sufficiency
of either of these essential oils to flavor.


CHOCOLATE DROPS, WITH NONPAREILS.--Have some warm chocolate, as for
pistachios; some add a little butter or oil to it to make it work more
free; make it into balls about the size of a small marble, by rolling
a little in the hand, or else put some of the paste on a flat piece of
wood, on which you form, and take them off with a knife. Place them on
sheets of white paper about an inch apart. When the sheet is covered,
take it by the corners and lift it up and down, letting it touch the
table each time, which will flatten them. Cover the surface entirely
with white nonpareils, and shake off the surplus ones. When the drops
are cold they can be taken off the paper easily. The bottom of the
drops should be about as broad as a sixpence. Some of them may be left
quite plain.

Good chocolate should be of a clear red-brown. As the color is paler or
darker, so is the article the more or less good. The surface should be
smooth and shining. If this gloss comes off by touching, it indicates
an inferior quality, and is probably adulterated. When broken, it ought
to be compact and close, and not appear crumbly. It should melt gently
in the mouth when eaten, leaving no roughness or astringency, but
rather a cooling sensation on the tongue. The latter is a certain sign
of its being genuine.


CHOCOLATE HARLEQUIN PISTACHIOS.--Warm some sweet chocolate by pounding
it in a hot mortar; when it is reduced to a malleable paste, take a
little of it and wrap round a blanched pistachio nut, roll it in the
hand to form it as neat as you can, throw it in some nonpareils of
various colors; let it be covered all over. Dispose of the whole in the
same manner; fold them in colored or fancy papers, with mottoes; the
ends should be cut like fringe. Almonds may be done the same way, using
vanilla chocolate, if preferred.


STOMACHIC CHOCOLATE.--Four ounces of chocolate prepared without
sugar; vanilla, one ounce; cinnamon in powder, one ounce; ambergris,
forty-eight grains; sugar, three ounces; warm your paste by pounding
in the heated mortar, or on the stone; add your aromatics in powder to
the sugar, and mix it well with the paste; keep it close in tin-boxes.
About a dozen grains of this is to be put into the chocolate pot when
it is made, which gives it an agreeable and delightful flavor, and
renders it highly stomachic. It may also be used for flavoring the
chocolate tablets.


VANILLA CHOCOLATE.--Ten pounds of prepared nuts, ten pounds of sugar,
vanilla two ounces and a half, cinnamon one ounce, one drachm of mace,
and two drachms of cloves, or the vanilla may be used solely.

Prepare your nuts according to the directions already given. Cut the
vanilla in small bits; pound it fine with part of the sugar, and mix it
with the paste; boil about one half of the sugar to the blow before you
mix it to the chocolate, otherwise it will eat hard. Proceed as before,
and either put in small molds or divide it in tablets, which you wrap
in tinfoil. This is in general termed eatable chocolate.




COLORS.


Many of the colors prepared for use in this art come more properly
under the denomination of dyes--alum and cream of tartar being used
as a mordant; and many of them are prepared in the same manner as for
dyeing. One of the principal colors requisite for the confectioner's
use is coccinella, or cochineal. The sorts generally sold are the
black, silver, foxy, and the granille. The insect is of two species,
the fine and the wild cochineal; the fine differs from the wild in
size, and is also covered with a white, mealy powder. The best is of a
deep mulberry color, with a white powder between the wrinkles, and a
bright red within. A great deal of adulteration is practiced with this
article, both at home and abroad; it is on this account that persons
prefer the silver grain, because it cannot be so well sophisticated.
Good cochineal should be heavy, dry, and more or less of a silvery
color, and without smell.


BISTRE.--This is an excellent light brown color prepared from wood-soot.

These browns are harmless, but sugar may be substituted for them to
any shade required, by continuing the boiling after it has passed the
degree of caramel until it is burnt, when it gives a black-brown;
but water may be mixed with it so as to lessen the shades. Dissolved
chocolate may also be substituted in some cases for the brown colors.


BLACK.--Blue-black is powdered charcoal, or ivory-black, which is
obtained from the smoke of burnt ivory; but bone-black is generally
substituted instead. Either of these may be used, but are only required
for painting gum-paste when not intended to be eaten.


BOLE AMMONIAC.--There is also the French and German bole. These earths
are of a pale red, and possess alexipharmic qualities. They are
frequently used in confectionery for painting and gilding.


CARMINE.--Reduce one ounce of cochineal to a fine powder, add to it
six quarts of clear rain or filtered water, as for cochineal. Put this
into a large tin saucepan, or a copper one tinned, and let boil for
three minutes, then add twenty-five grains of alum, and let it boil
two minutes longer; take it off the fire to cool; when it is blood
warm pour off the clear liquor into shallow vessels, and put them by
to settle for two days, covering them with paper to keep out the dust.
In case the carmine has not separated properly, add a few drops of a
solution of tin, or a solution of green vitriol, which is tin dissolved
in muriatic acid, or the following may be substituted: one ounce and a
half of spirit of nitre, three scruples of sal-ammoniac, three scruples
of tin dissolved in a bottle, and use a few drops as required. When the
carmine has settled, decant off the clear, which is liquid rouge. The
first sediment is Florence lake, which remove, and dry the carmine for
use. This preparation is by far superior to the first, for in this the
same color is obtained as before, which is the liquid rouge, the other
and more expensive parts being invariably thrown away. The carmine can
be obtained by the first process, as can be seen if the whole is poured
into a clear bottle and allowed to settle, when the carmine will be
deposited in a layer of bright red near the bottom. It produces about
half an ounce of carmine.


COCHINEAL, TO PREPARE.--Pound an ounce of cochineal quite fine, and put
it into a pint of river water with a little potash or soda, and let
it boil; then add about a quarter of an ounce powdered alum, the same
of cream of tartar, and boil for ten minutes; if it is required for
keeping, add two or three ounces of powdered loaf sugar.

Prussian blue may be used instead of indigo, if preferred, but must be
used sparingly.


SAP GREEN.--This is prepared from the fruit of the buckthorn, and is
purgative.


SPINACH GREEN.--This is perfectly harmless, and will answer most
purposes. Wash and drain a sufficient quantity of spinach, pound it
well in a mortar, and squeeze the pounded leaves in a coarse cloth to
extract all the juice; put it in a pan and set it on a good fire, and
stir it occasionally until it curdles, which will be when it is at the
boiling point; then take it off and strain off the water with a fine
sieve; the residue left is the green; dry it and rub it through a lawn
sieve. This is only fit for opaque bodies, such as ices, creams, or
syrups.

Another green is made with a mixture of saffron or gamboge and prepared
indigo; the lighter the green the more yellow must be used.


UMBER.--This is of a blackish brown color; it is an earth found near
Cologne.

Vermilion and Cinnabar are preparations of mercury, and should never
be used; they are of a lively red color, but carmine will answer most
purposes instead.


YELLOW.--Infuse saffron in warm water, and use it for coloring anything
that is eatable. The English hay-saffron is the best; it is taken
from the tops of the pistils of the crocus flower; it is frequently
adulterated with the flowers of marigolds or safflower, which is known
as the bastard saffron, and is pressed into thin cakes with oil. Good
saffron has a strong agreeable odor, and an aromatic taste. Gum paste
and other articles which are not eaten may be colored with gamboge
dissolved in warm water.

Obtain any of these colors in fine powder, and mix them with some
dissolved gum arabic, a little water, and a pinch of powdered sugar
candy; mix them to the required consistency for painting. For sugars
they must be used in a liquid state, and be added before it has
attained the proper degree; it may also be used in the same manner for
ices, creams, etc., and for icings it can be used either way.


THE SHADE PRODUCED BY A MIXTURE OF COLORS.

_Gold._--Yellow, with a portion of red, but the yellow must be more in
excess.

_Green._--Blue and yellow.

_Lemon._--Use a solution of saffron.

_Lilac._--Mix carmine or cochineal with indigo, making the blue
predominate.

_Orange._--Yellow, with a portion of red.

_Purple._--Mix carmine or cochineal, and a small portion of indigo.




COMFITS.


A copper comfit pan is requisite for this purpose. A bar, having chains
at each end, with a hook and swivel in the center, is attached to it,
by which it is suspended from the ceiling or a beam, so as to hang
about as high as the breast over a stove or charcoal fire, that the
pan may be kept at a moderate heat and at such a distance as to allow
it to be swung backwards and forwards without touching the fire or
stove. A preserving-pan containing clarified syrup must be placed by
the side of the stove, or over another fire, that it may be kept hot,
but not boiling; also a ladle for throwing the syrup into the pan, and
a pearling cot.

This last somewhat resembles a funnel, without the pipe or tube, and
having a small hole in the center, with a pointed piece of stick or
spigot fitted into it, which, being drawn out a little, allows the
syrup, when placed in it, to run out in a small stream. A piece of
string tied several times across the center of the top of the cot and
twisted with the spigot allows it to be drawn out and regulated at
pleasure.


ALMOND COMFITS.--Sift some Valencia almonds in a cane or wicker sieve,
pick out any pieces of shell which may be amongst them, and also any
of the almonds which are either very small or very large, using those
which are as near of a size as possible; take about four pounds, put
them in the comfit-pan, and proceed in precisely the same way as for
Scotch caraways; or they may first have a coating of dissolved gum
arabic; rub them well about the pan with the hand, and give them a dust
of flour; then pour on a little syrup at the small thread, work and dry
them well; then give them three or four more charges and a charge of
gum with a dust of flour. Proceed in this way until they are one third
the required size; then dry them for a day, and proceed and finish as
for caraway comfits. For the cheaper or more common comfits, more gum
and flour are used in making them.


BARBERRY COMFITS.--Pick the barberries from the stalk, and dry them
in a hot stove on sieves; when dry, put about two pounds into the
comfit-pan, and proceed as for almond comfits, giving them first a
charge of gum and flour, and finish as others. Make them of a good size
and quite smooth; finish with very white loaf sugar with syrup.


BATH CARAWAYS.--These are made in the same way as Scotch caraway
comfits, but only half the size.


CARAWAY COMFITS, PEARLED.--When the comfits are about the size of Bath
caraways, dry and pearl them as cinnamon.


CARDAMON COMFITS.--The seeds should be kept in their husks until they
are required to be used, as they lose much of their flavor and virtues
when deprived of them. They are often mixed with grains of paradise,
but these have not the aromatic taste of the cardamon, and are more hot
and spicy. Break the husks of the cardamons by rolling them with a pin;
separate the skins from the seeds, put two pounds into the comfit-pan,
and proceed as for Scotch caraways. Make them a good size, and quite
smooth.


CELERY COMFITS.--Put one pound of celery seed into the pan, and proceed
as for Scotch caraway comfits, working them up to the size of a large
pin's head. Dry and pearl them as cinnamon.


CHERRY COMFITS.--These are made from preserved cherries dried. Roll
them in your hand to make them quite round, dust them with powdered
loaf sugar, and dry them again; then proceed as for barberry comfits.
Any other preserved fruits may be made into comfits after the same
manner.


CINNAMON COMFITS.--Cinnamon is the bark of a tree, of which there are
two sorts. The inferior quality is that usually sold for cinnamon, and
is otherwise known as cassia, or _cassia lignea_. This breaks short,
and has a slimy mucilaginous taste, is thicker, and of a darker color
than the cinnamon, which is the inner bark. This breaks shivery, and
has a warm aromatic taste, and is of a reddish color.

Take one pound of cinnamon bark, and steep it in water for a few hours
to soften it, cut it into small pieces about half an inch long, and
the size of a large needle. Dry it in the stove. Put your pieces,
when dry, into the comfit-pan, and pour on them a little syrup,
as for Scotch caraways, proceeding in the same way until they are
one-third the required size. You must not use your hand for these as
you would for caraways, as they are liable to break in two. Dry them
in the stove, then suspend the pearling pot or cot from the bar of
the pan or ceiling, so as to hang over the center of the pan; boil
some clarified loaf sugar to the large pearl, and fill the cot; put
some of the prepared comfits in the pan, but not too many at a time,
as it is difficult to get them to pearl alike. Keep the syrup at the
boiling point; open the spigot of the cot so as to allow it to run in
a very small stream, or more like a continued dropping; swing the pan
backwards and forwards gently, and keep a stronger fire under the pan
than otherwise.

Be careful that the syrup does not run too fast and wet them too much,
but so that it dries as soon as dropped, which causes them to appear
rough. If one cot full of sugar is not enough, put in more until they
are the required size. When one lot is finished put in sieves to dry,
and proceed to another; but do not let them lie in the pan after you
have finished shaking them. They will be whiter and better if partly
pearled one day and finished the next. Use the best clarified sugar to
finish them.


CLOVE COMFITS.--Flavor sugar gum paste with the oil of cloves, and mold
it in the form of cloves. Dry and finish as others.

Any flavor may be given to this sort of comfits, and they are molded
to form the article of which it bears the name, or cut into any device
with small cutters. Dried and finished as other comfits.


COMFITS FLAVORED WITH LIQUEURS.--Blanch some bitter almonds, or the
kernels of apricots or peaches; let them soak in hot water for an hour,
then drain them, and put them into any sort of liquor or spirit you may
desire. Lower the strength of the spirit water, that the kernels may
imbibe the better, cork the jug or bottle close, and let them infuse
in it until the spirit has fully penetrated them, which will be about
fourteen or fifteen days; then take them out, drain and dry them in a
moderate heat; when dry, proceed as for almond comfits.


COMMON CARAWAYS.--Sift the seeds, and warm them in the pan, as for
Scotch caraways. Have some gum arabic dissolved, throw in a ladleful,
and rub them well about the pan with the hand until dry, dusting them
with flour. Give them three or four coatings in this manner, and then
a charge of sugar, until they are about one-half the required size.
Dry them for a day, give them two or three coatings of gum and flour,
finish them by giving them three or four charges of sugar, and dry
them. These are made about the size of Bath caraways. Color parts of
them different colors, leaving the greatest portion white.


GINGER COMFITS.--Flavor gum paste with powdered ginger, make it into
small balls about the size of coriander seeds, or peas; dry, and
proceed as for Scotch caraways. Color them yellow when finished.


CORIANDER COMFITS.--Proceed with these as for Scotch caraways, working
them up to about the same size. The next day pearl them to a good size,
as for cinnamon.


LEMON PEEL OR ANGELICA may be made into comfits after the same manner
as orange comfits! Let the strips of peel be about the size of the
pieces of cinnamon, and thoroughly dried before working them in the pan.


NONPAREILS.--Pound some loaf sugar, and sift it through a fine wire
sieve; sift what has passed through again in a lawn sieve, to take out
the finest particles, so that you have only the fine grain of sugar
left without dust. Put about two pounds of this into the comfit-pan,
and proceed as for Scotch caraways, working them well with the hand
until they are about the size of pins' heads.


ORANGE COMFITS.--Take some preserved orange-peel, and cut it into small
thin strips, dry them in the stove, and make as cinnamon comfits.


RASPBERRY COMFITS.--Prepare some gum paste made with sugar, or the
scrapings of the comfit-pan pounded and sifted through a lawn sieve.
It may be flavored with raspberry jam, by mixing some with the paste.
Color it with prepared cochineal; mold it into the form of raspberries,
and dry them in the stove; when they are perfectly dry and hard, pearl
them as for cinnamon comfits, working them until the size of natural
raspberries. Color them when dry with cochineal, as comfits.


TO COLOR LOAF-SUGAR DUST.--Pound some sugar, and sift it through a
coarse hair sieve; sift this again through a lawn sieve, to take out
the finer portions. Put the coarse grains into a preserving pan, and
warm them over the stove fire, stirring it continually with the hand;
pour in some liquid color to give the desired tint, and continue to
work it about the pan until it is dry.


TO COLOR NONPAREILS OR COMFITS.--Put some of your comfits or nonpareils
into the comfit-pan, shake or rub them about until warm, then add a
sufficient quantity of prepared liquid color (see Colors) to give the
desired tint; be careful not to make them too wet, nor of too dark a
color, but rather light than otherwise; shake or rub them well about,
that they may be colored equally; dry them a little over the fire, then
put them in sieves, and finish drying them in the stove. Clean the pan
for every separate color.




CRACK AND CARAMEL.


These comprehend all articles in sugar-boiling which eat short and
crisp. They are used for all sorts of ornamental sugar-work. The rules
and observations laid down under this head must be particularly noted,
especially those for greasing the sugar so as to prevent its graining.


ACID DROPS AND STICKS.--Boil clarified sugar to the crack, and pour it
on an oiled marble-stone; pound some tartaric or citric-acid to a fine
powder, and strew over it about half or three-quarters of an ounce of
the former, according to its quality, and less of the latter, to seven
pounds of sugar; turn the edges over into the middle, and mix the acid
by folding it over, or by working it in a similar manner as dough is
molded, but do not pull it; put it in a tin rubbed over with oil or
butter, and place it under the stove to keep warm; then cut off a small
piece at a time, and roll it into a round pipe; cut them off in small
pieces the size of drops, with shears, and let your assistant roll them
round under his hand, and flatten them. Mix them with powdered sugar,
sift them from it, and keep them in boxes or glasses.

When flavored with lemon, they are called lemon-acid drops; with otto
of roses, rose-acid drops. The sticks are made in the same manner as
the drops, without being cut into small pieces.


ALMOND HARDBAKE.--Oil a square or round tin with low edges; split some
almonds in half, put them in rows over the bottom, with the split side
downward, until the surface is covered; boil some raw sugar to the
crack, and pour it over them so as to cover the whole with a thin sheet
of sugar. Cocoanut (cut in thin slices), currant, and other similar
candies, are made as the hardbake, except that the sugar is grained
before it is poured over.


ALMOND ROCK.--This is a similar production to nogat, and is made with
raw sugar, which is boiled to the crack. Pour it on an oiled stone,
and fill it with sweet almonds, either blanched or not; the almonds
are mixed with the sugar by working them into it with the hands, in a
similar manner as you would mix anything into a piece of dough. If they
were stirred into the sugar in the pan it would grain, which is the
reason why it is melted for nogat. Form the rock into a ball or roll,
and make it into a sheet about two inches thick, by rolling it with a
rolling-pin. The top may be divided into diamonds or squares by means
of a long knife or piece of iron; when it is nearly cold cut it into
long narrow pieces with a strong knife and hammer.


BARLEY SUGAR.--Boil some clarified loaf sugar to the crack or caramel
degree, using a little acid to prevent its graining; pour it out on a
marble slab, which has been previously oiled or buttered. Four pieces
of iron, or small square bars, are usually employed to form a sort of
bay to prevent the sugar running off the stone, which is necessary in
large casts. When the edges get set a little, remove the bars, and turn
them over into the center. This is occasionally flavored with lemons.
When it is required, pour a few drops of the essential oil of lemons in
the center, before the edges are folded over, then cut it into narrow
strips with a large pair of scissors or sheep shears. When nearly cold,
twist them, put them into glasses or tin boxes, and keep them closed to
prevent the access of air. It is seldom boiled higher than the crack,
and saffron is used to make it the color of caramel.

This derives the name of barley sugar from its being originally made
with a decoction of barley, as a demulcent in coughs, for which it is
now most generally used.


BARLEY SUGAR DROPS.--Boil some sugar as for the preceding. Spread some
finely powdered and sifted loaf sugar on a table or tea-tray, with a
piece of stick, round at the end similar to the half of a ball; make
several holes, into which you run the sugar from a lipped pan, or it
may be dropped on an oiled marble slab with a funnel, letting only one
drop fall at a time; or from the lip pan, separating each drop with a
small knife, or a straight piece of small wire; take them off the stone
with a knife, mix them with powdered loaf sugar, sift them from it, and
keep in glasses or tin boxes.


BARLEY SUGAR TABLETS OR KISSES.--Spread some sugar, as for the last.
Have a piece of wood about an inch and a half thick, with the surface
divided into small squares, each being about an inch in breadth and
half an inch in depth; with this form the impressions in the sugar, and
fill them with sugar boiled as for drops, flavoring it with essence of
lemon; or instead of this, it may be poured out in a sheet on an oiled
marble slab, as for barley sugar, and when nearly cold divide it into
pieces with a tin frame, having small square divisions, when the whole
sheet may be divided at once by pressing hard on it so as to cut it
nearly through. When cold, separate them and mix them with powdered
sugar, take them out and fold them separately in fancy or colored
papers, with a motto on each.

They are also occasionally made into balls, thus: First cast the sugar
in a sheet on an oiled marble slab; when the edges are set, fold them
in the middle, then oil a small square tin with edges to it, put the
sugar in this, and place it under the fire-place of the stove so as to
keep warm; cut off a piece and roll it into a pipe, then cut it into
small pieces with a pair of shears, and let your assistant roll it into
small balls under his hand on a sandstone; marble is too smooth for
this purpose. Many lads who are used to it can turn eight or ten under
each hand at one time. When they are finished, pat them into powdered
sugar, wrap them in fancy papers, fringed at the ends, put a motto
in each, and fasten them with small bands of gold paper. Sometimes a
cracker is folded up in each, which is made with two narrow strips of
stiff paper, a small piece of sand or glass paper is pasted on the end
of each, and these are placed over each other with a little fulminating
powder between, a piece of thin paper is bound round it, and pasted
to keep them together; when these are pulled asunder, the two rough
surfaces meeting cause the powder to explode, and out flies the ball of
sugar with the motto. This innocent amusement often causes much mirth
in a company.


BRANDY BALLS, ETC.--These are made from loaf sugar boiled to the crack,
and colored either with cochineal or saffron, and finished in the same
way as acidulated drops, without being flattened.


CLOVE, GINGER, OR PEPPERMINT CANDY.--These are all made in the same way
as raspberry, using the essential oil of each for flavor. For clove,
the mixture, whilst boiling, is colored with cochineal; ginger with
saffron; but the peppermint must be kept perfectly white, except the
stripes, which is done by cutting off as many pieces from the bulk as
you have colors, which should be in powder; put a sufficiency in each
piece to give the desired tint, and keep them warm. When the remaining
portion of the sugar is pulled, lay them over the surface in narrow
stripes, double the roll together, and the face each way will be alike.
Pull them out into long sticks and twist them; make them round by
rolling them under the hand, or they may be cut into small pieces with
a pair of shears or scissors.


NOGAT.--Two pounds of sweet almonds, one pound of sugar, one pound of
water. Blanch the almonds, and cut them in slices, dry them at the
mouth of a cool oven, and if slightly browned, the better; powder the
sugar, and put it into a stew-pan, with the water; place it on the fire
to melt, stirring it with a spatula until it becomes a fine brown, then
mix in the almonds, and let them be well covered with the sugar; pour
it out on an oiled marble-stone. It may be made into a thick or thin
sheet, and cut with a knife into small pieces, such as dice, diamonds,
etc. The surface may be strewed with currants, fillets of pistachios or
coarse sugar, and cut into different forms with tin cutters.

It may also be formed into baskets, vases, etc. Oil the interior of
a mold, and spread the nogat over it, whilst warm, as thin and even
as possible. To save the fingers from being burned, it may be spread
with a lemon. Detach it from the mold when warm, and let it remain
until cold, that it may retain its shape perfectly, then fasten the
different parts together with caramel sugar. For baskets, a handle of
spun sugar may be placed over it, or ornamented with it according to
fancy. These may be filled with whipped or other creams when required
to be served.


RASPBERRY CANDY.--This may either be made from raw or refined sugar.
Boil it to the crack, and color it with cochineal; pour it on a stone
rubbed over with a little oil or butter, cut off a small piece, and
keep it warm to stripe or case the other part, when finished; to the
remainder add a little tartaric acid (not so much as for drops),
and some raspberry paste, sufficient to flavor it. The residue of
raspberries used for making vinegar, and preserved with an equal
quantity of sugar, or even less, as for raspberry cakes, does very well
for this purpose. Fold the edges over into the center, and attach it to
a hook fixed against the wall; pull it towards you, throwing it on the
hook each time after having pulled it out; continue doing this until it
gets rather white and shining, then make it into a compact long roll,
and either stripe it with the piece you cut off, or roll it out in a
sheet with a rolling-pin, and wrap it round it so as to form a sort of
case; then pull it into long narrow sticks, and cut them the required
length.


TO EXTRACT THE ACID FROM CANDIED DROPS, ETC.--All the articles which
have acid mixed with them are extremely liable to grain, when they are
useless except to sell for broken pieces, as they cannot be boiled
again unless the acid is extracted. The method of doing this is at
present not generally known in the trade, and it is kept by many that
are in possession of it as a great secret. Five dollars is often paid
for this recipe alone. However great the secret may be considered, it
is only returning to the first principles in the manufacture of sugar.
When the juice is expressed from the canes, it contains a considerable
quantity of oxalic acid, which must be destroyed before it will
granulate into sugar; for this purpose lime is employed, which has the
desired effect; so will it also in this case, but chalk or whitening is
most generally used. First dissolve your acid sugar in water; when this
is thoroughly accomplished, mix in a sufficient quantity of either of
these alkalies in powder to cause a strong effervescence; after it has
subsided, pass it through a flannel bag, according to the directions
for clarifying sugar. The filtered syrup will be fit to use for any
purpose, and may be boiled again to the crack or caramel degree as well
as if no acid had ever been mixed with it. Let the pan it is dissolved
in be capable of containing as much again as there is in it, or the
effervescence will flow over.




CRYSTALLIZED SUGAR, AND ARTICLES CRYSTALLIZED, COMMONLY CALLED CANDIES.


CRYSTALLIZED OR CANDIED SUGAR.--Provide a round mold, smaller at the
bottom than the top, of any size you may think proper, made either of
tin or copper, with holes pierced round the sides about three inches
asunder, so as to fasten strings across in regular rows from the top
to the bottom, leaving sufficient room for the sugar to crystallize on
each string without touching, or it will form a complete mass; paste
paper round the outside to prevent the syrup from running through
the holes. Have the mold prepared, and let it be clean and dry; take
sufficient clarified syrup to fill the mold, and boil it to the degree
of crystallization or the feather, and add a little spirit of wine;
remove it from the fire, and let it rest until a thin skin is formed
on the surface, which you must carefully remove with a skimmer; then
pour it into the mold, and place it in the hot closet, where you let it
remain _undisturbed_ for eight or nine days, at 90 degrees of heat, or
half that time at 100; then make a hole, and drain off the superfluous
sugar into a pan placed below to receive it; let it drain quite dry,
which will take about twelve hours; then wash off the paper from the
mold with warm water, place it near the fire, and keep turning it to
warm it equally all round; then turn it up and strike the mold rather
hard upon the table, when the sugar will relieve itself and come
out; put it on a stand or sieve in the closet, raise the heat to 120
degrees, and let it remain until perfectly dry.

Particular attention should be paid to the heat of the closet, which
must be kept regular and constant, and this can easily be accomplished
at a small expense with many of the patent stoves which are now in
general use, and also without causing any dust. A Fahrenheit's or
Reaumur's thermometer should be so placed that the heat may at all
times be ascertained.

This may be colored with prepared cochineal, or other liquid color, or
by grinding any particular color with the spirits of wine, and adding
it to the syrup before it comes to the feather.


CRYSTALLIZED CHOCOLATE.--Prepare some sugar, as in the preceding
articles, and pour it into the box. When a thin crust is formed on the
top, make a hole on one side, and put the articles previously shaped
with chocolate, as for drops, gently under, with your finger; put them
in the stove to crystallize, as other articles. After the syrup is
drained off, and the articles dried, they must remain until quite cold
before being turned out, as the chocolate continues soft for some time.


FRUITS, TO CRYSTALLIZE.--Have a square or round tin box, smaller at the
bottom than at the top, with wire gratings made to fit at convenient
distances, and having a hole with a tube or pipe to admit a cork, and
drain off the syrup. Take any preserved fruits wet, drain them from
the syrup, and dip them in lukewarm water to take off any syrup which
may adhere to them; dry them in the closet; when dried, place them in
layers on the gratings, side by side, so as not to touch each other;
continue in this manner with any sort of fruit until the box is full;
then fix the whole with a weight to keep it steady. Boil a sufficiency
of clarified sugar to fill the box to the degree of crystallization or
the blow, add a little spirit of wine, and remove it from the fire.
When a thin skin has formed on the top, remove it carefully with a
skimmer, and pour the sugar into the mold; place it in the closet at
90 degrees of heat, and let it remain for twelve hours, then drain off
the syrup into a pan from the tube at bottom, and let it remain in the
closet until quite dry; then turn them out by striking the box hard
upon the table, separate them carefully, and put them in boxes with
paper between each layer. When different fruits, paste, knots, etc.,
are mixed together indiscriminately, it is termed mile-fruit candy. Any
sort of fruit or gum pastes, when thoroughly dried, may be crystallized
in the same manner. When the syrup is drained off, if you find the
size of the crystals is not large enough, another lot of syrup maybe
prepared and poured over it; let it remain in the closet for seven or
eight hours, then drain and finish as before.

If small pieces of stick are pushed down at each corner, or in any
other vacancy, when you fill the mold, one of these may be withdrawn at
any time you may wish to ascertain the size of the crystals, which will
save the trouble of giving a second charge of sugar.


LIQUEUR RINGS, DROPS AND OTHER DEVICES.--These are all made after the
same manner. A square box is necessary, which you fill with very dry
starch powder. Sugar, powdered very fine and dried, will answer the
same purpose. The depth of the box should be suited to the articles
intended to be made. Shake the box, or pass a knife repeatedly through
the powder, that it may be solid; smooth the surface with a straight
piece of wood; have a thin piece of flat board, on which is fastened a
number of little devices, about an inch asunder, and to suit the width
of the box; these may be made either of lead, plaster, or wood, in the
form of rings, diamonds, stars, bottles, scissors, harps, shoes, or any
other form your fancy may suggest; make the impression in the powder
in regular rows, until the box is full; then prepare some sugar as for
the preceding articles, boiling it to the blow, and flavoring it with
any sort of spirit or liqueur, such as brandy, rum, noyau, maraschino,
cinnamon, rosolis, etc., coloring the syrup accordingly. It should be
prepared in a pan with a lip to it.

When a thin skin has formed on the top, place a cork in the lip of the
pan, but not to close it, allowing a space for the sugar to run out,
the cork being merely to keep back the skin; then fill the impressions
you made in the powder, and place them in the stove at 90 degrees; let
them remain a day, then take them out, and their surfaces will be found
quite hard and solid; brush the powder from them with a light brush,
when they may either be painted, crystallized, or piped. Many of these
bonbons are beautifully piped and colored to represent dogs, horses,
costumer, and theatrical characters; the fur on the robes is imitated
with white or colored sugar in coarse grains, and lace work is done by
means of a pin.

Liqueur drops are made with the impression of half a ball to any
required size, or other forms. If the flat parts of two are moistened,
put together, and dried in the stove, they will form drops perfectly
round.


TO FORM A CHAIN WITH LIQUEUR RINGS.--Have some molds to form the
impressions in powder, as in the preceding, in the shape of the links
of a chain; fill them with syrup at the blow, as before, and put them
in the stove for a day; when they are hard and fit to be taken out,
place them on their ends in the powder; have another mold of a link
in two halves, and with this form the impression between each of the
others so as to make it complete; then fill them, and finish as before.




ON ESSENCES.


The essences or essential oils sold for general use are, or ought
to be, obtained by distillation; but for many purposes they may be
obtained equally as good, and in some cases superior, without. As these
are often adulterated with olive or nut oils, or with spirits of wine,
the fixed oils may be detected by pouring some of the suspected essence
on a piece of clean writing-paper, and holding it before the fire;
the quantity of fixed oil it contains will remain, leaving a greasy
mark, whereas the pure essential oil will evaporate without leaving
any appearance; if spirits of wine be added, pour a little water or
oil of turpentine into the adulterated sample, and it will turn milky,
as the two will not unite without producing this effect. It is often
sophisticated with the oil of turpentine, which is the lightest of all
essential oils; in this case, rub a drop over the hand and hold it by
the fire, when it may be recognized by the smell; or, if burnt, it will
give out a dense black smoke.

Rectified spirits of wine dissolve the volatile oil and resin of
vegetables (their taste and smell most frequently reside in these),
whilst water acts on the saline and mucilaginous parts. Proof spirit,
which is a mixture of both these, extracts all their virtues, and
through this we are enabled to obtain the essence or tincture of
any vegetable, of superior quality to that generally sold, and at
considerably less expense. The essential oil of lemons or oranges is
obtained by rubbing off the yellow rind on the rough surface of a piece
of loaf sugar, which is much superior for flavor to that produced by
any other means. Scrape off the sugar after it has imbibed the oil, and
dry it in a gentle heat, put it into small glazed pots, and tie them
over with bladder; it will keep any length of time unimpaired. The same
observation holds good as regards all fruit whose flavor or essential
oil resides in its peel.


ALLSPICE, CLOVES, CINNAMON, OR NUTMEGS, ETC.--Two ounces of spice, one
pint of proof spirit. Bruise the spice, put it into a bottle, stop it
close, let it remain fourteen days, and filter for use.

The oil from nutmegs is often extracted from them by decoction, before
they are brought to the market, and their orifices closed again with
powdered sassafras; this may be ascertained by the lightness of the
nut; if it is punctured with a pin, the oil will be pressed from it
when good. These oils may be obtained by expression of distillation;
they hold resin in solution, and consequently sink in water. The
essences usually sold are made by adding half an ounce of pure oil to
one pint of spirits of wine.


BERGAMOT, ESSENCE OF.--From the peel of the bergamot lemon.


BITTER ALMONDS, ESSENCE OF.--This is obtained by distilling the cake
or residue of the almonds after the oil has been expressed from them.
It is a deadly poison, containing prussic acid, like all other nuts or
leaves which possess the bitter principle. Flies drop dead when passing
over the still when it is in operation. The essence usually sold is one
ounce of oil to seven ounces of rectified spirit.


CEDRAT, ESSENCE DE.--From the yellow part of the fresh citron peel; it
may also be obtained by pressing the yellow part of the peel between
two glass plates, and by the distillation of the flowers of the
citron-tree.


GINGER, ESSENCE OF.--The best Jamaica or China ginger two ounces, proof
spirit one pint. Powder the ginger, mix with the spirit, stop close,
and let it steep for twelve or fourteen days.

This is the same as is sold for "Oxley's concentrated essence
of Jamaica ginger,"--a mere solution of ginger in rectified
spirit--_Paris's Pharmacologia_.


LEMON, ESSENCE OF.--Eight ounces of lemon peel, ten ounces of rectified
spirits of wine. Pare or grate off the yellow rind of the lemon very
thin and weigh it, put it into a bottle and pour the spirit on it, stop
it close, and let it steep for fourteen days, when it is fit for use.
Proof gin or white rum will serve equally well, but not such as is
generally sold at the gin-shops; this is excellent for ices, creams,
lemonade, etc. In many establishments, where quantities of peel are
thrown away, the cost of this would be comparatively trifling, compared
with the price of the inferior oil generally sold.


ORANGE, ESSENCE OF.--Make as lemon, using only four ounces of the
yellow rind.


PEPPERMINT, ESSENCE OF.--"A spirituous solution of the essential oil,
colored green by spinach leaves." This essential oil is obtained by
distillation. Four pounds of dried leaves yield one ounce.


VANILLA, ESSENCE OF.--Vanilla two ounces, water ten ounces, rectified
spirit three quarters of an ounce. Cut the vanilla in small pieces,
and pound it fine in a marble mortar, with loaf sugar (about a pound),
adding the white of an egg and the spirit. Put it into a glazed pot,
tie a piece of writing paper over it, and make a hole in it with a pin;
stand the pot in warm water, keeping it at that heat for twenty-four
hours, then strain for use.

One drachm of this is equal to an ounce of vanilla, and is excellent
for flavoring ices, creams, liqueurs, etc.




FRUITS AND OTHER PASTES.


FRUIT PASTES AND CAKES.--These are the pulp of fruits, reduced by heat
to a kind of marmalade, with the addition of from half a pound to a
pound, and in some cases, double the weight of sugar to each pound of
pulp, which is evaporated to the required consistence. They can be
formed into rings, knots, etc., and either crystallized or candied.


ALMOND PASTE--ORGEAT PASTE.--One pound of sweet almonds, a quarter of
a pound of bitter almonds, two pounds of sugar. Blanch the almonds,
and throw them into clear cold water as they are done, to preserve
their whiteness; let them soak for a day, then dry them in a cloth, and
pound them quite fine in a mortar, sprinkling them with orange-flower
water or lemon juice to prevent their oiling; then with a spatula
rub them through a fine wire sieve; what will not pass through, pound
again until they are quite fine; clarify the sugar and boil it to the
ball; mix the almonds with it, and stir it well over the fire with the
spatula until it comes together; then take it from the fire, and put
it into an earthen pan to cool; when cool, pound it again, and make it
into sticks or tablets, dusting the board or stone with powdered sugar;
or put into pots, and tie bladder over it, to be used as wanted.


APPLE CHEESE.--Pare, quarter, and core your apples as for paste; put
them into a jar, and cover the top with the parings: tie paper over
the top, and bake them in a moderate oven until they are quite done;
take off the parings, and pass the apples through a hair-sieve into a
preserving-pan. To each pound of pulp add half a pound of loaf sugar
clarified and boiled to the blow; place it over a slow fire, stirring
it constantly from the bottom until reduced to a stiff paste, which
will not stick to the hand; put it into small molds, hoops, or glasses.
Dry in a moderately warm stove for a few days; take them out of the
molds, turn them and place them again in the stove to finish drying.
Keep in boxes as paste knots, or cover the glasses with brandy papers.


APPLE OR PIPPIN PASTE.--Take any quantity of good dressing apples,
pare, core, and put them into a preserving pan with a little water,
or just sufficient to cover them. Boil until they are reduced to a
marmalade, stirring them to prevent burning. To every pound of reduced
pulp add half or three quarters of a pound of loaf sugar, clarified and
boiled to the blow; pass the pulp through a hair-sieve before you mix
the sugar with it: put it on the fire and let it boil for three or four
minutes, keeping it constantly stirred from the bottom, when it will be
sufficiently evaporated. If it be required colored, add liquid color
sufficient to give the desired tint when you mix the sugar.

Spread the paste on small tin or pewter sheets (these should be about a
foot wide, by a foot and a half long, and perfectly level) with a thin
knife, about the eight of an inch in thickness; put them in the stove
for a day; take them out, and cut the paste into long narrow strips,
about a quarter of an inch in width; if the paste is dry enough, the
strips can be easily pulled off; form them into rings or knots, or
cut into diamonds to form leaves, or any other device your fancy may
suggest. Put them in boxes with a sheet of paper between each layer.
This paste is occasionally flavored with lemon, and is principally used
for ornamenting the tops of twelfth cakes.


APRICOT PASTE.--Take ripe apricots, put them in a preserving pan with
as much water as will cover them; let them simmer on the fire for two
or three minutes, or scald until they are tender; drain the water from
them, and pass the pulp through a hair sieve; to each pound of pulp
take three quarters of a pound of sugar, which you clarify and boil to
the blow; put the apricots on the fire, and let them simmer, stirring
them constantly until reduced to a thick marmalade; then add the sugar;
mix it well with the paste, and let it boil a minute or two longer:
take it from the fire, and put it into molds, pots, or crimped paper
cases; or it may be spread on small plates, as for apple paste, and
formed into rings or knots. Place in the stove until dry. If put in
paper cases, the paper must be wetted to get out the paste. Take it out
of the molds, turn it and put it again into the stove to finish drying.


BLACK CURRANT PASTE is made the same as the last. These currants, not
being so juicy as the others, may be put into a jar, tied over, and
baked in a moderate oven, or put into a kettle of boiling water for a
few hours, to extract the juice from them.


CHERRY PASTE.--Take ripe cherries, deprive them of their stalks and
stones, put them in a preserving pan, and boil them a little; then pass
them through a hair sieve, reduce the pulp, and weigh it. To each pound
add a pound of loaf sugar; add it to the paste, and finish as apricot.


CLEAR CAKES, OR JELLY CAKES.--Take the filtered juice of fruits, as for
jelly (see Jellies); to each pint of juice add one pound of loaf sugar,
dissolve it in the juice thoroughly, place it on the fire and heat it,
but it must not boil; put it into small pots, molds, or glasses, so
as to form cakes about half an inch thick; place them on the stove,
which must not be too hot, or they will melt instead of forming a
jelly; about seventy-five or eighty degrees Fahrenheit is quite hot
enough. When a crust has formed on the top, take out the cakes by
carefully turning the knife round the sides of the pot, place them on
small plates of tin or pewter, and dry on the other side. When dry
they can be cut into diamonds, squares, or any shape you please. These
are certainly some of the most delicate and beautiful of this class
which were ever invented, fit even to gratify the palate of the most
fastidious. The fruit from which they are made should be gathered as
fresh as it possibly can, except apples, as the mucilage is injured by
keeping, and if the fruit has fermented it is entirely destroyed.


CURRANT PASTE.--Put any quantity of ripe currants, either red or white,
or a part of each mixed, into a hair sieve, press out their juice into
a preserving pan; put it on the fire, and keep it constantly stirred
until evaporated to a thick consistence. To each pound of reduced pulp
add three quarters of a pound or a pound of loaf sugar clarified and
boiled to the blow. Let it boil a minute or two, and finish as others.


DAMSON CHEESE.--Pick the stalks from the damsons, put them in a jar,
tie it over, and bake in a cool oven; when done, pass them through a
sieve into a preserving pan; put it on the fire to reduce. For each
pound of pulp take half a pound of sugar, boiled to the blow; mix with
the paste, and finish as for apple cheese. This, as well as all the
pastes, may be evaporated to the required consistence by means of a
water bath, which is done by placing the pan in which it is contained
in another with water, which is kept boiling; this prevents the
possibility of its being burnt, but it occupies more time. The kernels
of the fruit may be blanched, and added to it just before it is taken
from the fire. Put it into molds or hoops; dry them in the stove, first
on one side and then on the other. All plums are done in the same
manner.


GREEN APRICOT PASTE.--Take apricots before they are ripe, scald as the
last, and green them. Pass the pulp through a sieve, and reduce it; to
each pound of reduced pulp add one pound of loaf sugar clarified and
boiled to the blow. Finish as ripe apricot paste.


GOMME DES DATTES.--One pound of dates, two pounds of very white picked
gum arabic, sugar two ounces. Make as jujubes.

GOMME DES JUJUBES--JUJUBE-GUM.--Jujubes one pound, very white and
picked gum-arabic two pounds; powdered sugar two ounces. Pound the
jujubes in a marble mortar with five pints of water; put the whole into
a pan, and boil until reduced to three; strain the decoction through
a cloth; beat up the white of an egg with a glass of water, and mix
part of it with the decoction as it boils; throw in a little at a time
of the remaining part, to check the ebullition. When it is all used,
take off the scum; put it again on the fire to evaporate the water,
adding at the same time the gum and sugar, powdered and passed through
a horse-hair sieve. Stir it with the spatula until dissolved. When
it is of the consistence of honey, place it in the bain-marie, and
neither stir nor touch it, that it may be clear. When it has acquired
body enough, so as not to stick to the back of the hand when applied
to it, pour it into molds previously oiled with good olive oil, as for
jujubes; place in the stove to finish drying; when dry, take it out and
cut in small pieces.

Pate de jujube and white liquorice may be done in the same manner,
using only half the quantity of sugar.


LEMON PASTE.--Make as orange paste, using part of the juice and double
the weight of sugar; or it may be made by using only the pounded peel
with the same weight of sugar.


ORANGE PASTE.--Squeeze the juice from Seville or sweet oranges, and
boil the peels in three or four waters to take off part of their
bitterness. In the first put a little salt. When they are quite
tender remove the white pith or pulp, and pound them quite fine in a
mortar, with part of the juice, using sufficient to make them into a
paste, then pass it and the remaining portion of the juice through
a sieve into a preserving-pan; put it on the fire, and reduce it to
a marmalade, weigh it, and for each pound take three-quarters of a
pound of loaf sugar; clarify and boil to the blow; mix it with the
paste, evaporate over a gentle fire to a good consistence, and finish
as apple. The rinds of the oranges may be pared off before they are
squeezed, which, if boiled in one water, will be sufficient, as the
pith of the peel is extremely bitter and indigestible, and the flavor
or essential oil is contained only in the yellow porous part.


PASTES FORMED WITH GUM--PATE DE GUIMAUVE--MARSH MALLOW PASTE.--Gum
arabic three pounds, roots of fresh marsh-mallows eight ounces, one
dozen of rennet apples, loaf sugar three pounds. Peel, core, and cut
the apples in pieces. Cleanse the roots, and slice them lengthways
in an oblique direction; add this to seven pints of water; soft or
river water is the best when filtered; put it on the fire and boil for
a quarter of an hour, or until reduced to six pints; pound and sift
the gum through a hair sieve; strain the decoction into a pan with
the gum; put it on a moderate fire, or into a bain-marie, stirring it
until the gum is perfectly dissolved; then strain it through a coarse
towel or tamis cloth, the ends being twisted by two persons; add it
to the sugar, which has been previously clarified and boiled to the
feather; dry it well over the fire, keeping it constantly stirred from
the bottom. When it has acquired a thick consistence, take the whites
of eighteen eggs, and whip them to a strong froth; add them to the
paste, and dry until it does not stick to the hand when it is applied
to it; add a little essence of neroli, or a large glassful of double
orange-flower water, and evaporate again to the same consistence. Pour
it on a marble slab well dusted with starch powder, flatten it with the
hand; the next day cut it into strips, powder each strip, and put them
in boxes. Powder the bottom, that they may not stick.


PATE DE BLANCHE REGLISSE--WHITE LICORICE PASTE.--This is made the same
as marsh-mallow paste, using licorice-root instead of mallow. It may be
made without the eggs, and finished as jujubes.


PATE DE GOMME ARABIQUE--ARABIC PASTE.--Very white gum arabic two
pounds, sugar two pounds, orange-flower water four ounces, the whites
of twelve eggs. Pound and sift the gum, add it to the water, dissolve
and evaporate it over a slow fire, stirring it constantly until it is
reduced to the consistence of honey with the sugar in syrup. Whip the
whites to a strong snow; add it to the paste with the orange-flower
water, gradually; stir and finish as marsh-mallow paste, for which this
is mostly substituted, and much used for coughs. It should be very
white, light, and spongy.


PATE DE GOMME SENEGAL--SENEGAL PASTE.--Gum Senegal two pounds, sugar
one pound. Dissolve the gum in orange-flower water and common water; or
dissolve it in common water, and flavor with essence of neroli; add the
sugar, when clarified and boiled to the blow; evaporate, and finish as
pate de jujube. This is usually sold for jujube paste, or else picked
gum arabic made into a paste as Senegal, and colored with prepared
cochineal or saffron.


PATE DE REGLISSE NOIR--BLACK LICORICE PASTE.--The best refined licorice
one pound, gum arabic four pounds, loaf sugar two pounds, Florence
orris-root one ounce. Dissolve the gum and licorice in seven pints of
water, keeping it stirred over a slow fire; add the sugar in syrup with
the orris-root, evaporated to a paste, and finish as jujubes.


PEACH PASTE.--Choose some very fine and ripe peaches, take off the
skin, and cut them in small pieces into a preserving pan; put them on
the fire, and reduce to a thick consistence, stirring it continually.
For each pound of reduced pulp take half or three-quarters of a pound
of sugar; clarify and boil it to the blow; add it to the pulp; put
it again on the fire, and let it boil a few minutes. Finish as other
pastes.


PLUM PASTE.--Plums of any kind are preserved in the same manner,
whether green gages, magnum bonums, Orleans, damsons, etc. Take out
their stones, and boil the fruit in a little water, as for apricot
paste; pass them through a sieve, and for each pound of reduced pulp
take a pound of sugar; clarify and boil it to the blow; mix it with the
paste, and evaporate to the required consistence.


QUINCE PASTE.--Proceed as for apple paste.


RASPBERRY CAKES.--Take ripe raspberries, press the juice from half of
them, and put the pulp back with the others; reduce them on the fire.
To each pound of pulp add two pounds of loaf sugar in powder; put it
again on the fire, stirring it constantly until it is evaporated to a
very thick paste. Have a tin ring, with a handle by the side, about the
size of an old penny piece, and twice the thickness; wet the ring, and
place it on your small pewter or tin plates, fill it with the paste,
smoothing over the top with a knife; then remove the ring, and the cake
will remain. Lay them off in rows, and make three or four marks on the
top with the handle of a table-spoon; put them in the stove to dry,
turn them with a thin knife, and put them again in the stove to dry
perfectly. Place them in boxes, with paper between each layer.

The residue from the making of raspberry vinegar may be employed for
this purpose, or they may be made by adding a pound of fine powdered
sugar to a pound of jam. Any of the fruit pastes may be formed into
cakes like these, or into drops, by forcing them out on paper with a
small pipe and bladder attached to it.


RASPBERRY PASTE.--As currant paste.


VIOLETS, GUM OF.--Violet flowers one pound, picked gum two pounds,
sugar four ounces in syrup. Pour three pints of water at the boiling
point on the flowers in an earthen jar; stop it perfectly close, and
keep it in a warm place for ten or twelve hours; strain the infusion
by expression into a flat pan or dish, place it on an inclination,
and let it rest for an hour, that the fæces may subside; pour off the
clear gently from the bottom or settling, and add to it six grains of
turnsole bruised, and six grains of carmine, as this clear infusion is
not sufficiently colored to give it the beautiful tint of the violet.
Mix in the powdered gum and sugar, stir it over a moderate fire until
dissolved, pass it through a sieve, and finish in the bain-marie as
jujubes.

Any of these gums, when dry, may be crystallized.




ICE CREAM.


In making Ice Cream always use rich, sweet cream, sweetened with
powdered sugar, and flavor with the extract of lemon.


VANILLA, ETC., ETC.--In warm weather be particular that the cream is
not set anywhere near the fire, as there is danger of the least heat
turning it sour. It should be left in the refrigerator, or some cool
place, until time to prepare it for freezing.

When cream cannot be had, an excellent substitute may be made as
follows: To a quart of new milk add two beaten eggs; set it on the fire
in a saucepan, but be careful not to stir it after it is hot, as that
would be apt to make it burn. While it is heating mix smoothly with a
teacup of new milk a table-spoonful of flour, and be ready to stir it
into the milk on the fire as soon as it comes to the boiling point.
Remove it immediately, and pour it into another vessel to cool. This
is known to cooks as boiled custard; and although some take more than
two eggs, that number, used as directed, will be found sufficient to
make a delicious substitute for cream, and for this purpose all the
more desirable because not taking so much of the egg; the color also
being that of a very rich cream. The custard thus prepared should now
be sweetened well, and treated just as in making with cream, with the
exception that this requires the addition of a small pinch of salt;
and when the whole is frozen very few can distinguish it from genuine
ice-cream; indeed, half that sold in confectionaries is prepared in
this manner. Some confectioners use arrow-root instead of flour for
thickening; but either flour or corn-starch is better for the purpose,
as they have no taste of their own.


FREEZING.--When the cream or custard is prepared it is put into the
freezer, which is a cylindrical tin vessel which is provided with a
rotary scraper or dasher, moving by a crank, with a handle through the
lid. The freezer is then firmly imbedded in a bucket of pounded ice,
mixed with coarse salt. This bucket should be provided with a hole or
spigot near the bottom, so as to drain off the superfluous water caused
by the melting ice. The lid of the freezer must be tight-fitting and
secure, so as to avoid all danger of the salt getting into it. As soon
as the freezer is firmly fixed and entirely surrounded with the salt
and the ice, commence turning the handle, and continue to turn until
it is well frozen, which is soon indicated by the increased difficulty
of moving the crank. As soon as it becomes stiff the lid may be raised
and the dasher removed, using a spoon to scrape off the cream that
adheres to it. If it is to be molded the tin form may now be filled. If
a pyramid is used, put a spoonful of the softest frozen cream into the
extreme point, being careful that it fills up well; then go on filling
it up, being careful to press into every part. Some force is required
to pack it tightly, in order to give firmness and body to the form when
removed from the mold. When entirely full, put the lid on the mold,
and plunge it into a bed of salted ice, there to remain until time for
serving.

When about to serve, have a plate ready, a little larger than the base
of the pyramid, also a pan of hot water; roll the tin form, for an
instant only, then wipe quickly, and, holding it top downwards, remove
the lid, place the plate over it, and quickly turn it right side up,
setting the plate on the table; remove the tin mold carefully, and the
pyramid will remain standing on the plate. Another plan is to wipe the
outside of the mold, on taking it from the ice bed; then take off the
lid, and set the pyramid base downwards on the plate; wring cloths out
of scalding water, and wrap them around the tin mold for a few minutes,
until the cream is sufficiently melted to allow the tin to be lifted
off.

All ices made with red fruit require the addition of a little cochineal
to heighten the color.

The quantity of fruit required for fruit ices will depend in a great
measure on the quality of the fruit and the season in which it is
produced; a pint and a half will be found sufficient when it is good
in fine seasons; the quantity stated in each weight is the greatest
required.


APPLE-WATER ICE.--Pare and core some fine apples, cut them in pieces
into a preserving pan with sufficient water for them to float, boil
until they are reduced to a marmalade, then strain; to a pint of apple
water add half a pint of syrup, the juice of a lemon, and a little
water; when cold, freeze.


APRICOT--FRESH FRUIT.--Twenty-four fine ripe apricots, one quart of
cream, twelve ounces of sugar, the juice of two lemons, with a few of
the kernels blanched; mash the apricots, rub them through a sieve, mix,
and freeze.


APRICOT, FROM JAM.--Twelve ounces of jam, one quart of cream, the juice
of two lemons, eight ounces of sugar, a few kernels or bitter almonds
blanched and pounded fine; rub the whole through a sieve, and freeze.


CHOCOLATE ICE.--One quart of cream, six ounces of chocolate, and ten
ounces of sugar; dissolve the chocolate in a little water, or make the
sugar into a syrup, and dissolve it by putting it on the side of the
stove, or over the fire; add the cream and eggs, and make it into a
custard as before; when cold, freeze.


COFFEE ICE CREAM.--One quart of cream, five ounces of Mocha coffee,
and twelve ounces of sugar; roast the coffee in a coarse iron or other
stew-pan, keeping it constantly stirred until it is a good brown color;
throw it into the custard cream whilst it is quite hot, and cover it
closely; let it infuse for an hour or two, then strain and freeze.

The cream may be made with an infusion of coffee, thus: take the
quantity of coffee, fresh roasted and ground to a fine powder; put this
into a common glass bottle or decanter, and pour on it sufficient cold
river water to moisten the powder and make an infusion: stop the bottle
close, and let it remain all night; the next day filter the infusion by
passing it through some fine lawn or blotting paper placed in a glass
funnel: by this process a very strong superior infusion is obtained,
which contains the whole of the aroma of the coffee. Dr. Ratier
observes, "I have tried this process with boiling and with cold water;
and I have assured myself, by comparison, that the powder drained by
the cold water, and treated then with boiling water, gave nothing but
a water slightly tinted with yellow, and devoid of odor and flavor. It
is, besides, proper to pass an equal quantity of water to the first,
over the grounds, in order that the second water may serve for new
powder." Use this for flavoring the custard, and freeze.


CURRANT ICE FROM FRESH FRUIT.--One pint and a half of ripe currants,
half a pint of raspberries, one quart of cream, the juice of two
lemons, and twelve ounces of sugar. Mix as raspberry.


CURRANT ICE.--PRESERVED FRUIT.--The same proportions as raspberry,
using either jam or jelly.


CUSTARD ICES.--These are similarly composed to the cream Ices, with
the addition of six eggs to each quart of cream. All kinds of nuts,
liquors, essences, infusions, or biscuits are principally mixed with it.


GINGER ICE.--Six ounces of preserved ginger, one quart of cream, half a
pint of the syrup from the ginger, sugar sufficient to sweeten it with,
and the juice of two lemons; pound the ginger in a mortar, add the
cream, etc., and freeze.


HARLEQUIN ICE.--This is formed by putting a small quantity of each kind
of ice into the same mold, taking care to have as great a variety of
colors placed so as to produce a contrast; cover the mold with salt and
ice as before directed, and let it remain half an hour, when it will be
fit to turn out. When the colors are tastily disposed of it produces a
good effect for the table, but is not much admired on account of the
jumble of flavors.


LEMON ICE CREAM.--Six large lemons, one quart of cream and twelve
ounces of sugar or half pint of syrup; grate off the peels of three of
the lemons into a basin, squeeze the juice to it, let it stand for two
or three hours, strain, add the cream and syrup, and freeze or mix as
Seville orange ice.


MARASCHINO CREAM ICE.--Make as noyau, flavoring it with Maraschino
de Zarah. All liquor ices are made the same way, using the different
liquors with which each is named, or they may be made in this way: Take
a quart of cream, put it into the ice-pot with six ounces of sugar,
which you place in the ice; work or whisk it well about the sides with
a whisk for five minutes; add a glassful of liquor, work this well
together, then whisk the whites of two eggs to a strong froth; add two
ounces of sugar to them, mix this well with the cream, and freeze to
the required consistence. This produces a very beautiful, soft, and
mellow cream.


NOYAU CREAM ICE.--Make a custard cream, and flavor it with noyau;
finish as almond ice.


ORANGE ICE CREAM.--Six oranges, three lemons, one quart of cream, and
twelve ounces of sugar or of syrup, to palate; rub off the yellow rind
of two or three of the oranges on part of the sugar, scrape it off with
a knife, squeeze out the juice of the oranges and lemons, and strain
it; mix it with the cream and the sugar, on which the rind was rubbed,
add the other part of the sugar, dissolve and freeze.


PEACH ICE.--The same proportions as apricot.


PINEAPPLE--FRESH FRUIT.--One pound of fresh pineapple, half a pint
of syrup in which a pine has been preserved, two or three slices of
pineapple cut in small dice, and the juice of three lemons; pound or
grate the apple, pass it through a sieve, mix and freeze.


PINEAPPLE--PRESERVED FRUIT.--Eight ounces of preserved pine, four
slices cut in small dice, one quart of cream, the juice of three
lemons, and sufficient syrup from the pine to sweeten it; pound the
preserved pine, mix lemons with the cream, etc., and freeze.


PUNCH A LA ROMAINE--ROMAN PUNCH ICE.--Make a quart of lemon ice, and
flavor it with a glass or two of each of rum, brandy, champagne, and
Maraschino; when it is frozen, to each quart take the whites of five
eggs and whip them to a very strong froth; boil half a pound of sugar
to the ball, and rub it with a spoon or spatula against the sides to
grain it: when it turns white, mix it quickly with the whites of eggs,
stir it lightly together, and add it to the ice; when cold, mix it well
together, and serve it in glasses. Less sugar must be used in the ice,
so as to allow for that which is used in making the meringue.


PUNCH-WATER ICE.--Make either a good lemon ice, or use some orange
juice with the lemons, in the proportion of one orange to two lemons:
either rub off the yellow rind of the lemons on sugar, or pare it very
thin, and soak it in spirit for a few hours; when the ice is beginning
to set, work in the whites of three eggs to each quart, beaten to a
strong froth, and mixed with sugar as for meringue, or add the whites
without whisking them; when it is nearly frozen, take out the pot
from the ice, and mix well with it a glass each of rum and brandy, or
sufficient to make it a good flavor; some like the taste of rum to
predominate, but in this case of course you will be guided by the wish
of your employer. In general the prevailing flavor distinguishes it
by name, as rum-punch or brandy-punch ice; after the spirit is well
mixed, replace the pot and finish freezing. Champagne, arrack, or tea
is added; it is then termed champagne-punch ice, arrack-punch ice, etc.


RASPBERRY OR FRESH FRUIT.--One quart of raspberries, one quart of
cream, three quarters of a pound or a pound of sugar, a few ripe
currants and gooseberries, or currants and ripe cherries may be added,
instead of all raspberries, which is much approved by some, and the
juice of two lemons; mash the fruit, and pass it through a sieve to
take out the skins and seeds; mix it with the other articles; add a
little prepared cochineal to heighten the color; put it in the pot and
freeze.


RASPBERRY FROM JAM.--One pound of jam, one quart of cream, about six
ounces of sugar or syrup, to palate, and the juice of two lemons. Mix
as before.


STRAWBERRY.--Same as raspberry.


VANILLA ICE.--One quart of cream, half an ounce of vanilla, twelve
ounces of sugar; cut the vanilla into small pieces, and pound it with
the sugar until it is quite fine, add it to the cream and eggs, make it
into a custard, strain, and when cold, freeze, or it may be flavored
with the essence of vanilla. (See Essences.)


WATER ICES.--These are the pulp or juice of fruits, mixed with syrup,
lemon juice, and a little water, so as to bring them to a good flavor
and consistence when frozen.




LOZENGES.


These are composed of loaf sugar in fine powder, and other substances,
either liquid or in powder, which are mixed together and made into a
paste with dissolved gum, rolled out into thin sheets, and formed with
tin cutters into little cakes, either oval, square, or round, and dried.

One ounce of gum tragacanth, and one pint of water. Let it soak in
a warm place twenty-four hours; put it in a coarse towel or cloth,
and let two persons continue twisting it until the whole of the gum
is squeezed through the interstices of the cloth. One ounce of this
dissolved gum is sufficient for four or five pounds of sugar; one ounce
of dissolved gum arabic to twelve ounces of sugar.

Either of these gums may be used separately, or in the proportion of
one ounce of gum dragon to three ounces of gum arabic mixed together.
These are generally used for medicated lozenges; but gum arabic alone
is considered to make the best peppermint.

In mixing _these_, as well as all other medicated lozenges, the
different powders should be well mixed with the sugar, in order that
each lozenge may have its due portion. If this is not attended to,
the perfect distribution of the component parts cannot be depended
on, and one lozenge may contain double or treble the quantity of
medicated matter it ought to have, whilst others contain comparatively
none; therefore, those that have the greatest portion may often prove
injurious by acting contrary to what was intended.


BRILLIANTS.--Take either of the pastes for peppermint lozenges from
Nos. 1 to 4, and cut into small fancy devices, such as hearts,
diamonds, spades, triangles, squares, etc.


CATECHU LOZENGES.--Sugar four pounds, catechu twelve ounces. Make into
a paste with dissolved gum.


CATECHU A L'AMBERGRIS.--To the paste for catechu lozenges add sixteen
grains of musk.


CATECHU WITH ORANGE-FLOWERS.--As before, adding twelve drops of essence
of neroli.


CATECHU WITH VIOLETS.--As before, adding Florence orris root, in
powder, three drachms. These are all used to fasten the teeth, and
disguise an offensive breath.


CHING'S BROWN WORM LOZENGES.--Calomel washed in spirits of wine (termed
_white panacea of mercury_) seven ounces, resin of jalap three pounds
eight ounces, fine sugar nine pounds, dissolved gum sufficient quantity
to make a paste. Each lozenge should contain half a grain of mercury.

Panacea one ounce, resin of jalap two ounces, sugar two pounds.
Dissolve a sufficient quantity of gum in rose-water to make a paste.
Make 2,520 lozenges, weighing eight grains each, and containing a
quarter of a grain of calomel and half a grain of jalap.

These lozenges should be kept very dry after they are finished, as the
damp, acting on the sugar and mercury, generates an acid in them.


CHING'S YELLOW WORM LOZENGES.--Fine sugar twenty-eight pounds, calomel
washed in spirits of wine one pound, saffron four drachms, dissolved
gum tragacanth sufficient to make a paste. Make a decoction of the
saffron in one pint of water, strain, and mix with it. Each lozenge
should contain one grain of mercury.


CINNAMON LOZENGES.--Gum tragacanth, dissolved, two ounces, lawned sugar
eight pounds, cinnamon in powder one ounce, essential oil ten drops.

Mix into a paste and color with bole ammoniac. A stomachic.


CLOVE LOZENGES.--Sugar eight pounds, cloves three ounces, gum
tragacanth two ounces.

Each lozenge should contain two grains of cloves. A restorative and
stomachic.


GINGER LOZENGES.--Eight pounds of sugar and eight ounces of the best
ground ginger. Mix into a paste with dissolved gum. Essence may be
used instead of the powder, coloring it with saffron. A stimulant and
stomachic.


IPECACUANHA LOZENGES.--Sugar four pounds, ipecacuanha one ounce,
apothecaries' weight; dissolved gum sufficient to make a paste.
Make 960 lozenges, each containing half a grain of ipecacuanha. An
expectorant and stomachic, used in coughs.


LAVENDER LOZENGES.--Make as rose lozenges, using the oil of lavender
instead of rose.


LOZENGES FOR THE HEARTBURN.--Prepared chalk four ounces, crab's eyes,
prepared, two ounces, bole ammoniac one ounce, nutmeg one scruple, or
cinnamon half an ounce. Mix into a paste with dissolved gum arabic.


MAGNESIA LOZENGES.--Calcined magnesia eight ounces, sugar four ounces,
ginger in powder two scruples, dissolved gum arabic sufficient to form
a paste.

Magnesia two ounces, sugar eight ounces, sufficient gum arabic to make
a paste, dissolved in orange flower water.


MARSHMALLOW LOZENGES.--Marshmallow roots in powder one pound, or slice
the root and make a strong decoction, in which you dissolve the gum,
fine sugar four pounds. Mix into a paste. If six drops of laudanum
be added, with two ounces of licorice, the pectoral quality of these
lozenges will be improved. Good for obstinate coughs.


NITRE LOZENGES.--Sugar four pounds, sal-nitre one pound, dissolved gum
tragacanth sufficient to make a paste. A diuretic internally; held in
the mouth, it removes incipient sore throats.


NUTMEG LOZENGES.--Sugar eight pounds, oil of nutmegs one ounce,
dissolved gum sufficient to mix into a paste. A stimulant and stomachic.


PEPPERMINT LOZENGES, NO. 1.--Take double refined loaf-sugar, pound and
sift it through a lawn sieve; make a bay with the sugar on a marble
slab, into which pour some dissolved gum, and mix it into a paste as
you would dough, flavoring the mass with oil of peppermint. One ounce
of this is sufficient for forty pounds of lozenges. Some persons prefer
mixing their gum and sugar together at first in a mortar; but as it is
indifferent which way is pursued, that may be followed which is most
convenient. Roll out the paste on a marble slab until it is about the
eighth of an inch in thickness, using starch-powder to dust it with,
to prevent its sticking to the slab and pin. Before cutting them out,
strew or dust over the surface with powder, mixed with lawned sugar,
and rub it over with the heel of your hand, which gives it a smooth
face. This operation is termed "facing up." Brush this off, and again
dust the surface with starch-powder, cut them out, and place in wooden
trays. Put them in the hot-closet to dry. All lozenges are finished in
the same manner.


PEPPERMINT LOZENGES, NO. 2.--These are made as No. 1, adding a little
starch-powder or prepared plaster, as for gum paste, to the paste,
instead of using all sugar.


PEPPERMINT LOZENGES, NOS. 3 AND 4.--Proceed in the same manner as for
No. 2, using for each more starch-powder in proportion. Use smaller
cutters, and let the paste be rolled thicker.


PEPPERMINT LOZENGES, NO. 5.--These are made from loaf sugar in coarse
powder, the finest having been taken out by sifting it through a lawn
sieve. Mix it into a paste with dissolved gum arabic and a little lemon
juice. Flavor with oil of peppermint.


PEPPERMINT LOZENGES, SUPERFINE TRANSPARENT.--The sugar for these must
be in coarser grains. Pass the sugar through a coarse hair-sieve.
Separate the finest by sifting it through a moderately fine hair-sieve.
Mix and flavor as the others.

The coarser the grains of sugar, the more transparent the lozenges.
The finer particles of sugar being mixed with it destroy their
transparency. The solution of gum should be thicker in proportion as
the sugar is coarse.


REFINED LICORICE.--Four pounds of the best Spanish juice, and two
pounds of gum arabic. Dissolve the gum in warm water, as for Bath pipe.
Strain and dissolve the gum in the solution of licorice. Place it over
a gentle fire, in a broad pan, and let it boil gradually, stirring it
continually (or it will burn) until it is reduced to a paste. Roll into
pipes or cylinders of convenient lengths, and polish by putting them
in a box and rolling them together, or by rubbing them with the hand,
or a cloth. This is often adultered by using glue instead of gum, and
by dipping the pipes in a thin solution, which gives them a beautiful
gloss when dry. In establishments where this is manufactured on a large
scale, the licorice is dissolved in a large bain-marie, and stirred
with spatulas which are worked by a steam-engine.


RHUBARB LOZENGES.--Sugar four pounds, best Turkey rhubarb, in powder,
ten ounces.


ROSE LOZENGES--Make your paste as No. 1, using the essential oil or
otto of roses to flavor them; or the gum may be dissolved in rose
water, and a little essential oil may be added to give additional
flavor, if required. Color the paste with carmine or rose pink.


SAFFRON LOZENGES.--Saffron, dried and powdered, four ounces, sugar four
pounds, dissolved gum sufficient. An anodyne, pectoral, emmenagogue.


STEEL LOZENGES.--Pure iron filings or rust of iron one ounce, cinnamon,
in powder, four ounces, fine sugar seven pounds, dissolved gum, a
sufficient quantity to make a paste. A stomachic and tonic.


SULPHUR LOZENGES.--Four pounds of sugar, eight ounces of sublimed
sulphur, gum sufficient to make a paste. For asthma and the piles.


TOLU LOZENGES.--Sugar four pounds, balsam of tolu three drachms, or the
tincture of the balsam one fluid ounce, cream of tartar six ounces, or
tartaric acid one drachm, dissolved gum sufficient to make a paste.
These may also be flavored by adding a quarter of an ounce of vanilla
and sixty drops of the essence of amber. The articles must be reduced
to a fine powder with the sugar. A pectoral and balsamic.


VANILLA LOZENGES.--Sugar four pounds, vanilla in powder six ounces, or
sufficient to give a strong flavor. Make into a paste with dissolved
gum.


YELLOW PECTORAL LOZENGES.--Sugar one pound, Florence orris-root powder
twelve drachms, licorice-root six drachms, almonds one ounce, saffron
in powder four scruples, dissolved gum sufficient to make a paste. Make
a decoction of the licorice to moisten the gum with.


BATH PIPE.--Eight pounds of sugar, twelve ounces of licorice. Warm
the licorice, and cut it in thin slices, dissolve it in one quart of
boiling water, stir it well to assist the solution; let it settle, when
dissolved, to allow any impurities or bits of copper which are often
found in it to fall down; pour it off free from the sediment; dissolve
the gum in the clear part, and mix it into a paste as for lozenges.
Roll out a piece with your hand in a round form; finish rolling it with
a long flat piece of wood, until it is about the size of the largest
end of the stem of a tobacco-pipe. Dry them in the stove as lozenges.
These may be also flavored with anise-seed by adding a few drops of the
oil, or with catechu or violets by adding the powders of orris-root or
catechu.


PEPPERMINT OR OTHER PIPES.--Any of the pastes for lozenges may be
formed into pipes by rolling it out as directed for Bath pipes. They
are occasionally striped with blue, green, and yellow, by making strips
with liquid color on the paste and twisting before you roll it out with
the board.




MERINGUES AND ICING.


DRY MERINGUES IN THE FORM OF EGGS.--Ten whites of eggs, twelve ounces
of sugar.

Obtain the newest laid eggs, and separate the white from the yolk
very carefully; put the whites into a pan, which must be quite free
from grease; whisk them to a very strong froth, so as it will support
an egg, or even a greater weight; have the sugar pounded and sifted
through a lawn sieve, and mix it as lightly as possible; spread some
pieces of board about an inch thick, then with a table or dessert spoon
drop them on the paper about two inches asunder, dust them with fine
powdered loaf sugar, blow off all that does not adhere, and put them
into a cool oven to bake until they are a nice light brown; if the
oven should be too warm, when the surface gets dry or hardened cover
them with paper; as soon as they are done take them off with a knife;
press the inside or soft part down with the top or the back of a spoon,
place them on sieves, and put them into the stove to dry; when they are
required to be served, fill them with any kind of preserved fruit or
cream, if it is rather acid the better, and put two together.

The quality of the meringues will depend on the eggs being well whipped
to a very strong froth, and also on the quantity of sugar, for if there
is not enough they will eat tough.


ICING FOR WEDDING OR TWELFTH CAKES, ETC.--Pound and sift some
treble-refined sugar through a lawn sieve, and put it into an earthen
pan, which must be quite free from grease; to each pound of sifted
sugar add the whites of three eggs, or sufficient to make it into a
paste of a moderate consistence, then with a wooden spoon or spatula
beat it well, using a little lemon-juice occasionally, and more white
of egg if you find that it will bear it without making it too thin,
until you have a nice light icing, which will hang to the sides of the
pan and spoon; or, if it is dropped from the spoon, it should remain on
the top without speedily losing the form it assumed. A pan of icing,
when well beat and finished, should contain as much again in bulk as it
was at the commencement; use sufficient lemon-juice to give the icing
a slight acid, or it will scale off the cake in large pieces when it
is cut. Many prefer the pyroligneous acid to the lemon-juice, but the
flavor is not so delicate, and it always retains a smell of the acid;
neither did I ever find, as some assert, that it improves the quality
and appearance of the icing; the only advantage derived from it is that
of economy.


ITALIAN MERINGUES.--One pound of sugar, the whites of six eggs. Clarify
the sugar and boil it to the blow; in the meantime whip up the whites
as for the last, take the sugar from the fire and rub it a little
against the sides of the pan to grain it; as soon as it begins to turn
white mix in the whipped eggs, stirring the sugar well from the pan
with the whisk or spatula; lay them off, and bake as dry meringues:
these may be colored by adding the liquid color to the syrup so as to
give the desired tint; and either of them may be flavored by rubbing off
the peel of oranges, lemons, or cedrats on sugar, and scraping it off
as it imbibes the oil; or it may be flavored with vanilla, by cutting
it in small pieces and pounding it with some sugar, or with any liquor
by adding a spoonful or two when you mix the eggs or sugar. They may
also be varied in form, and baked on tin or iron plates instead of
wood, that the bottoms may be quite firm. The tops may be covered
with almonds or pistachios, blanched and cut small or in fillets, or
with currants, or colored sugars; the whole depending on the taste and
ingenuity of the artist.


KISSES.--Twelve ounces of sugar powdered very fine and passed through
a silk sieve, the whites of six eggs beaten to a strong froth; mix and
lay out on paper, as for dry meringues; when baked, place two together.
The size should be about that of pigeons' eggs.


MUSHROOMS.--To make these, take either of the pastes for meringues or
light icing, as for cakes; put some into a bag in the shape of a cone,
with a tin pipe at the end, the same as used for Savoy biscuits; lay
them off in drops the size you wish them to be, on iron plates rubbed
quite clean and dry; bake them as you would meringues, make also a
smaller drop to form the stalk; when they are baked, take them off the
tin and scoop out a little with your finger from the bottom near the
edge, to form the hollow rough surface underneath; then dry them in the
stove; scrape some chocolate and dissolve it in a little warm water,
and rub a little over the rough part underneath; then place the stalk
in the center, fixing it with a little icing, and let the flat part
which was on the tin be placed outermost, to represent where it was cut.


PIPING CAKES, BONBONS, ETC.--This is a method of ornamenting wedding,
twelfth-cakes, and other articles with icing, by means of small pipes
or tubes; these are most generally made with writing-paper folded in
the form of a cone, in the same manner as a grocer makes up his papers
for small lots of sugar, tea, etc. The tube is filled with icing, made
as for cakes, the base of the cone, or the place where it was filled,
is turned down to prevent the sides opening, and the escape of the
icing; the point is then cut off with a sharp knife or scissors, so as
to make a hole sufficiently large to form the icing, when squeezed or
pressed out, in a thread of the required size, and which will either
be fine or coarse, according to the length of the point which is cut
off. If the hole at the point of the cone is not perfectly straight
when the icing is pressed out, it will form a spiral thread, which is
very inconvenient to work with. Stars, borders, flowers, and different
devices are formed on cakes after they are iced, the execution of which
depends on the ability and ingenuity of the artist. Baskets, Chinese
and other temples, etc., are formed on molds by these means, first
giving them a coating of white wax, which is brushed over them after it
is melted, and when cold, the icing is formed on it like trellis-work;
when finished, the mold is warmed, and the icing easily comes off.

Some of the pipes which are used cannot be formed with paper, as the
tape and star-pipes, which are made of tin, having a bag fastened to
them in a similar manner to that generally used for dropping out Savoy
biscuits, macaroons, etc., only much smaller, the point of the tin tube
of the one being fluted to form a star, and in the other it is flat,
so that when the icing is forced or squeezed through, it comes out
in a broad thin sheet, like a piece of tape. I employ a set of pipes
made of tin, with small bags fastened to them; these are of different
dimensions; the orifice of the round ones commences at the size of a
common pin, and the tape-pipes from a quarter to half an inch in width.
I find these much better than paper ones, as the trouble and time which
is lost in constantly making new ones is amply repaid by the others, as
they are not very expensive and are always ready for use. These pipes
should be in the hands of the confectioner what the pencil or brush
is to the painter--capable of performing wonders with men of genius.
Some of the bonbons which may be seen in the shops are proofs of what I
assert; and many things are so cleverly done, that many persons would
believe that they were either formed in a mold or modeled. I have not
space to enlarge further on this subject, but much more might be given
in explanation; therefore the artist must be guided by his own genius
and fancy.




PASTILE DROPS.


Choose the best treble-refined sugar with a good grain, pound it, and
pass it through a coarse hair sieve; sift again in a lawn-sieve to take
out the finest part, as the sugar, when it is too fine, makes the drops
heavy and compact, and destroys their brilliancy and shining appearance.

Put some of the coarse grains of sugar into a small drop-pan (these
are made with a lip on the right side, so that when it is held in the
left hand the drops can be detached with the right), moisten it with
any aromatic spirit you intend to use, and a sufficient quantity of
water to make it of a consistence just to drop off the spoon or spatula
without sticking to it. Color with prepared cochineal, or any other
color, ground fine and moistened with a little water. Let the tint
which you give be as light and delicate as possible. Place the pan on
the stove fire, on a ring of the same size. Stir it occasionally until
it makes a noise, when it is near boiling, _but do not let it boil_;
then take it from the fire and stir it well with the spatula until it
is of the consistence that, when dropped, it will not spread too much,
but retain a round form on the surface. If it should be too thin, add a
little coarse sugar, which should be reserved for the purpose, and make
it of the thickness required.

Have some very smooth and even plates, made either of tin or copper,
let them be quite clean, and drop them on these, separating the sugar
from the lip of the pan with a piece of straight wire, as regularly as
possible. About two hours afterwards they may be taken off with a thin
knife. If you have not the convenience of tin or copper plates, they
may be dropped on smooth cartridge paper. Wet the back of the paper
when you want to take them off. Cover the bottom of a sieve with paper,
lay them on it, and put them in the stove for a few hours. If they
remain too long, it will destroy their fragrancy.


CATECHU DROPS.--One pound of sugar, three ounces of catechu. Make
as violet. These may also have the addition of a little musk or
ambergris--about fifteen grains.


CHOCOLATE DROPS.--One pound of sugar, one ounce of chocolate. Scrape
the chocolate to a powder, and mix it with the sugar in coarse grains,
moisten it with clean water, and proceed according to the instructions
already given, but do not mix more than can be dropped out whilst warm
at one time. If any remains in the pot, it will grease the next which
you mix, and will not attain the consistence required.


CINNAMON DROPS.--One ounce of cinnamon, one pound of sugar. Pulverize
the cinnamon, and sift it through a lawn sieve. Mix it with the sugar,
and add two or three drops of the essential oil. If the flavor is not
strong enough, moisten it with the water and proceed as before. The
flavor may be given with the essential oil only, coloring them with
bole ammoniac.


CLOVE DROPS.--Make same as cinnamon drops.


COFFEE DROPS.--One ounce of coffee, one pound of sugar. Make a strong
and clear infusion of coffee, as directed for coffee ice, and use it to
moisten the sugar. Make the drops same as chocolate.


GINGER DROPS.--Mix a sufficient quantity of the best powdered ginger to
give it the desired taste, or flavor it with the essence of ginger, and
color it with saffron. Moisten with water, and make as others.


LEMON DROPS.--Rub off the yellow rind of some lemons on a piece of
rough sugar, scrape it off, and mix it with the coarse sugar. Use
sufficient to give a good flavor, and color with saffron a light
yellow; moisten with water, as others.


ORANGE-FLOWER DROPS.--Use orange-flower water to moisten the sugar, or
flavor it with the essence of neroli and moisten with water.

ORGEAT DROPS.--Make milk of almonds, as directed under the head of
Orgeat Syrup, using a little orange-flower water; moisten the sugar
with it.


PEPPERMINT DROPS.--Moisten the sugar with peppermint water, or flavor
it with the essence of peppermint, and moisten it with water.


RASPBERRY DROPS.--Press out the juice of some ripe raspberries through
a piece of flannel or cloth, and moisten the sugar with it. All fruit
drops are made in the same way, that is, with the expressed juice,
except pineapple. When you first rub off the rind of the fruit on
sugar, pound the pulp of the fruit, and pass through a hair sieve.
Scrape off the sugar on which the rind was rubbed, and mix it with
a sufficient quantity of the pulp to give the desired flavor to the
coarse grains, and moisten it with water. The whole of these grease the
sugar, and require the same precautions as chocolate drops.


ROSE DROPS.--Moisten the sugar with rose water, and color it with
cochineal.


VANILLA DROPS.--Make as cinnamon, using a little sugar to pound the
vanilla. Use sufficient to give a good flavor; or it may be moistened
with the essence of vanilla; but this greases it as chocolate.


VIOLET DROPS.--One pound of sugar, one ounce of orris-powder. Moisten
with water, and color violet.




SYRUPS.


These are either the juices of fruits, or a decoction or infusion
of the leaves, flowers or roots of vegetables, impregnated with a
sufficient quantity of sugar for their preservation, and retaining them
in a liquid state.

A great portion of this class comes more under the notice of the
apothecary than the confectioner; but it may now be considered, with
lozenges, as a branch of pharmacy in the hands of the latter, the most
agreeable of which are now manufactured by him to supply the place
of fresh fruits, etc., when out of season, for the making of cooling
drinks, ices, etc., for balls and routs.


GENERAL RULES AND OBSERVATIONS.--Two things are essentially necessary
to be observed, which are:--the proper methods of making decoctions and
infusions. These require some knowledge of the nature and properties of
vegetable matter.

The virtues of most plants are extracted by infusion, and this is
generally the case with aromatic plants, and those whose properties
depend on an essential oil; for, in boiling the whole of the aroma of
the plant is dispersed, and the syrup loses that delicate flavor for
which it is prized.

Aromatic herbs, and the leaves of plants in general, yield their
virtues most perfectly when moderately dried. Cold water extracts from
these in a few hours the lighter, more fragrant and agreeable parts,
and then begins to take up the more ungrateful and grosser. By pouring
the same liquor on fresh parcels of the herb, it becomes stronger,
richer, thicker, and balsamic.

Those only should be decocted whose principles consist of mucilage,
gum, or resin, and require boiling to extract them.

The compact resinous woods, roots and barks yield their virtues most
freely while fresh. Dry, they yield little to cold or moderately warm
water, and require it to be boiling. By this process the grosser, more
fixed saline and mucilaginous parts are dissolved, the resinous melted
out, and the volatile dissipated.


INFUSIONS.--These are watery solutions of vegetable matter obtained
by maceration, either in hot or cold water, with the assistance of
ebullition. In selecting and conducting the operation, the following
general rules should be observed:

"1st. Infusion should always be preferred before decoction, where
the virtues of the vegetable substance reside in volatile oil, or in
principles which are easily soluble, whereas, if they depend upon
resino-mucilaginous particles, decoction is an indispensable operation.

"2d. The temperature employed must be varied according to the
circumstances of each case, and infusion made with cold is in general
more grateful but less active than one made with heat.

"3d. The duration of the process must likewise be regulated by the
nature of the substances; for the infusion will differ according to the
time in which the water has been digested on the materials; thus the
aroma of the plant is first taken up, then in succession the coloring,
astringent, and gummy parts.


DECOCTIONS.--"These are solutions of the active principles of
vegetables, obtained by boiling them in water.

"1st. Those principles only should be decocted whose virtues reside in
principles which are soluble in water.

"2d. If the active principle be volatile, decoction must be an
injurious process; and if it consists of extractive matter, long
boiling, by favoring its oxidizement, will render it insipid,
insoluble, and inert.

"3d. The substances to be decocted should be previously bruised or
sliced, so as to expose an extended surface to the action of the water.

"4th. The substances should be completely covered with water, and the
vessel slightly closed, in order to prevent as much as possible the
access of air; the boiling should be continued without interruption,
and gently.

"5th. In compound decoctions, it is sometimes convenient not to put in
all the ingredients from the beginning, but in succession, according
to their hardness, and the difficulty with which their virtues are
extracted; and if any aromatic, or other substances containing volatile
principles, or oxidizable matter, enter into the composition, the
boiling decoction should be simply poured upon them, and covered up
until cold.

"6th. The relative proportions of different vegetable substances to the
water must be regulated by their nature. The following general rule may
be admitted: Of roots, barks, or dried woods, from two drachms to six
to every pint of water; of herbs or flowers, half that quantity will
suffice.

"7th. The decoction ought to be filtered through linen while hot, as
important portions of the dissolved matter are frequently deposited
on cooling; care must also be taken that the filter is not too fine,
for it frequently happens that the virtues of a decoction depend upon
the presence of particles in a minutely divided state."--_Paris's
Pharmacologia._

All acid syrups ought to have their full quantity of sugar, so as to
bring them to a consistence without boiling, because the very action of
much heat destroys their acidity, and makes them liable to candy, and
this more particularly holds good where the infusion or juice, etc.,
has any fragrancy in flavor, because the volatile oil is dissipated by
boiling. The same observation is also applicable to those infusions
of flowers which give out their color, and which is necessary to be
retained, such as violets, pinks, etc., as boiling injures them.

Those syrups which are made from decoctions, and do not take a
sufficient quantity of sugar to bring them to a due consistence without
boiling, require to be clarified so as to render them transparent; but
this is often an injury, as the whites of eggs take off some of their
chief properties with the scum; therefore, the decoction should first
be rendered clear by settling or filtering, and the sugar should be
clarified and boiled to the height of the feather or ball before the
decoction is added, when it may be reduced to the proper degree.

The best and most general method of making syrups is to add a
sufficient quantity of the finest loaf sugar, in powder, with the juice
or infusion, etc., stirring it well until a small portion settles
at the bottom, then place the pan in a larger one containing water;
this is termed the bain-marie; put it on the fire, and the heat of
the water as it boils will dissolve the sugar; when this has been
thoroughly effected, take it off and let it cool; if more sugar is
added than the quantity above named, it will separate in crystals, and
not leave sufficient remaining in the syrup for its preservation. (See
observations on Sugar-boiling.) When cold, put it into small bottles,
fill them, cork closely, and keep in a dry cool place. Be particularly
careful that no tinned articles are used in the making of syrups from
the juice of red fruits, as it will act on the tin and change the color
to a dead blue.


SYRUP OF ALMONDS--SIROP DE ORGEAT.--One pound of sweet almonds, four
ounces of bitter ones, one pint and a half of water, sugar three
pounds, orange-flower water two ounces.

Blanch the almonds, and as they are blanched throw them into cold
water; when they are finished, take them out and pound them in a marble
mortar, sprinkling them with a little orange-flower water, to prevent
their oiling, or use water with the juice of a lemon; add sufficient in
the pounding to reduce them to a paste, and when quite fine add half a
pint more water; mix, and strain through a tamis cloth twisted tight
by two persons; receive the milk which comes from the almonds into a
basin; what is left in the cloth must be pounded again with some of
the water, and strained. Continue this until the whole of the milk is
obtained, and the water is consumed; then clarify, and boil the sugar
to the crack; add the milk of almonds, and reduce it to the pearl; then
strain it again, add the orange-flower water, and stir it well until
nearly cold; when cold, bottle; shake the bottles well for several
succeeding days, if you see it at all inclined to separate, which will
prevent it.


BRANDY AND WINE SYRUPS may be made in the same manner as Syrup of Rum
Punch.


COFFEE, SYRUP OF.--Fresh roasted Mocha coffee two pounds, water one
quart, sugar three pounds eight ounces. Grind the coffee in a mill, and
make a cold infusion with the water in a close vessel; let it stand for
a day, then filter it through blotting paper, add the sugar, and finish
in the bain-marie.


COLTSFOOT, SYRUP OF.--Fresh Coltsfoot flowers, one pound eight ounces;
water, one quart; sugar, three pounds. Pick the flowers about February,
and make an infusion of them with hot water; strain, and finish as
wormwood syrup. Two or three handfuls of the leaves may be pounded and
infused instead of the flowers.


CURRANT SYRUP.--One pint of juice, two pounds of sugar. Mix together
three pounds of currants, half white and half red, one pound of
raspberries and one pound of cherries, without the stones; mash the
fruit, and let it stand in a warm place for three or four days,
keeping it covered with a coarse cloth, or a piece of paper with holes
pricked in it, to keep out any dust or dirt. Filter the juice, add the
sugar in powder, finish in the bain-marie, and skim it. When cold, put
it into bottles, fill them, and cork well.


GINGER, SYRUP OF.--Ginger, two ounces; water, one pint; sugar, two
pounds.

Slice the root if fresh, or bruise it if dried; pour the water on it
boiling, and let it macerate in a warm place for a day; then strain,
and boil to the pearl.


ANOTHER.--A better flavored and a richer ginger syrup is made in the
following manner: Take any quantity of scraped white Jamaica ginger
and infuse for several days in good spirits of wine; decant the clear
liquor when sufficiently saturated with the ginger, and add to the hot
sugar, previously boiled to the ball or feather, a sufficient quantity
of the liquor to impart to the syrup the agreeable aroma of the ginger
root.

The spirit will be rapidly driven off when it is poured into the
boiling syrup, and a bland and beautiful syrup will be the result; let
it cool, and bottle immediately.


GOOSEBERRY SYRUP.--One pint of juice, one pound twelve ounces of sugar.
To twelve pounds of ripe gooseberries add two pounds of cherries
without stones, squeeze out the juice, and finish as others.


LEMON SYRUP.--One pint and a quarter of juice, two pounds of sugar. Let
the juice stand in a cool place to settle. When a thin skin is formed
on the top, pour it off and filter, add the sugar, and finish in the
bain-marie. If the flavor of the peel is preferred with it, grate off
the yellow rind of the lemons and mix it with the juice to infuse, or
rub it off on part of the sugar and add it with the remainder when you
finish it.


LICORICE, SYRUP OF.--Licorice-root two ounces, white maidenhair one
ounce, hyssop half an ounce, boiling water three pints; slice the root
and cut the herbs small, infuse in the water for twenty-four hours,
strain and add sufficient sugar, or part sugar and honey, to make a
syrup; boil to the large pearl. An excellent pectoral.


MARSHMALLOWS, SYRUP OF--SIROP DE GUIMAUVE.--Fresh mallow roots eight
ounces, water one quart, sugar three pounds. Cleanse the roots, and
slice them; make a decoction (see Decoctions), boiling it a quarter
of an hour, so as to obtain the mucilage of the root; strain, and
finish as wormwood. One ounce of licorice-root and one ounce of white
maidenhair, with a few stoned raisins, may be added.


MORELLO CHERRY SYRUP.--Take the stones out of the cherries, mash them,
and press out the juice in an earthen pan; let it stand in a cool place
for two days, then filter; add two pounds of sugar to one pint of
juice, finish in the bain-marie, or stir it well on the fire, and give
it one or two boils.


MULBERRY SYRUP.--One pint of juice, one pound twelve ounces of sugar.
Press out the juice and finish as cherry syrup.


ORANGE-FLOWER SYRUP.--Picked orange-flowers one pound, sugar three
pounds. Take one half of the sugar and make a syrup, which boil to the
large pearl, put the flowers in a basin or jar, and pour the syrup
on them boiling hot, cover the jar or basin quite close and let them
infuse in it for five or six hours, then drain off the syrup, boil the
remaining portion of sugar, and pour over them as before; when cold,
strain and bottle.


ORANGE SYRUP.--Same as lemon syrup.


PINEAPPLE SYRUP.--Take one and a half pints of syrup boiled to the
ball; add to this, one pint of the juice of the best Havana pineapples,
let it then come to a boil, remove the scum, and bottle when cool.


PINKS, SYRUPS OF.--Clove pinks one pound eight ounces, water two pints
and a half, sugar three pounds. Let the flowers be fresh-gathered, cut
off the white points of the petals and weigh them. Finish as syrup of
violets. This syrup may be made with a cold infusion of the flowers,
first pounding them with a little water in a marble mortar. Finish as
before. If the flowers of the clove pink cannot be obtained, use other
pinks, adding a few cloves to infuse with them, so as to give the
flavor.


RASPBERRY SYRUP.--One pint of juice, two pounds of sugar. Choose the
fruit either red or white, mash it in a pan, and put it in a warm
place for two or three days, or until the fermentation has commenced.
All mucilaginous fruits require this, or else it would jelly after it
is bottled. Filter the juice through a flannel bag, add the sugar in
powder, place in the bain-marie, and stir it until dissolved; take it
off, let it get cold, take off the scum, and bottle it.


RASPBERRY VINEGAR SYRUP.--One pint of juice, two pints of apple
vinegar, four pounds and a half of sugar. Prepare the juice as before,
adding the vinegar with it, using white raspberries; strain the juice,
and boil to the pearl.

Three pounds of raspberries, two pints of vinegar, three pounds of
sugar. Put the raspberries into the vinegar without mashing them, cover
the pan close, and let it remain in a cellar for seven or eight days:
then filter the infusion, add the sugar in powder, and finish in the
bain-marie. This is superior to the first, as the beautiful aroma of
the fruit is lost in the boiling, as may be well known by its scenting
the place where it is done, or even the whole house; the fruit may also
be afterwards used with more, for raspberry cakes.


ROSES, SYRUP OF.--The dried leaves of Provence roses eight ounces,
double rose leaves six ounces, water one quart, sugar four pounds.
Pour the water on the leaves when nearly boiling into a glazed earthen
vessel, cover it quite close, and let it remain in a warm place for a
day; then strain and finish as violets. The leaves of the damask rose
are purgative.


RUM PUNCH, SYRUP OF.--Jamaica rum one quart, the juice of twelve or
fourteen lemons, sugar four pounds. Rub off the yellow rind of half of
the lemons on a piece of the sugar, and scrape it off with a knife into
a basin as it imbibes the oil; clarify and boil the remaining portion
to the crack; strain the juice into the rum and add to it the sugar
with that on which the peels were rubbed; mix together, and give it
one boil. The yellow rind of the peels may be cut off very thin, and
infused in the spirit for some days before the syrup is made.


SARSAPARILLA, SYRUP OF.--Half a pound of bruised sarsaparilla root, two
ounces of ground orange peel, one ounce liquorice root, sassafras bark
bruised two ounces, one gallon of water; boil to half a gallon; strain;
to each pint of liquor add one pound of sugar; put on the fire till it
boils, and take off the scum which may arise.


SIROP DE CAPILLAIRE--SYRUP OF MAIDENHAIR.--There are several sorts
of Maidenhair, but the best is that of Canada, which has a pleasant
smell joined to its pectoral qualities. The true Maidenhair--_Capillus
Veneris_--is a native of Italy and of the southern parts of
France. It has an agreeable but very weak smell. Common or English
Maidenhair--_Trichomanes_--is usually substituted for the true, and
occasionally for the Canadian. Its leaves consist of small round
divisions, growing as it were in pairs. It grows on rocks, old
walls, and shady banks, and should be gathered in September. Black
Maidenhair--_Adianthum Nigrum_--has smooth and shining leaves, the
middle rib being black, and the seeds are all spread on the back of
the leaf. It grows on shady banks, and on the roots of trees. White
Maidenhair--Wall Rue--Tent Wort--_Ruta Murana Salvia Vitæ_. The
leaves of this are shaped something like rue, and covered all over
the back with a small seed-like dust. Golden Maidenhair--_Muscus
Capillaris_--grows in moist places, and the pedicle arises from the top
of the stalk. I have given these particulars, because I find they are
often substituted one for the other by persons who are not aware that
there is any difference. Although all of them have nearly the same
qualities, only two have a volatile oil, but they are all mucilaginous.

Canada capillaire two ounces, sugar two pounds. Chop the capillaire
into small bits, and make as orange-flower syrup. By this method the
oil is not allowed to escape, which, being exceedingly odoriferous and
volatile, is soon dissipated if boiled; or make a cold infusion (See
Infusions) of the plant by putting one quart of water to four ounces
of capillaire, add four pounds of sugar, and finish in the bain-marie,
adding one ounce of orange-flower water. [This is a fashionable and
delicate syrup, but is rarely obtained genuine.]

Simple syrup, flavored with orange-flower water, is usually substituted
for it.


SIROP DE PISTACHE is made in the same manner as Syrup of Almonds,
coloring it green with a little spinach.


STRAWBERRY SYRUP.--Make as pineapple, taking care to strain carefully
at least twice, through a fine flannel bag, so as to remove entirely
all sediment and the small seed of the fruit.


VIOLETS, SYRUP OF.--One pound of violet flowers, one quart of water,
four pounds of sugar. Put the flowers cleared from their stalks and
calyx, into a glazed earthen pan; pour on the water boiling hot, and
stop the pan quite close; let it remain in a warm place for a day, then
strain off the infusion through a thin cloth; add the sugar, and place
in a bain-marie; stir it well and heat it until you can scarcely bear
your finger in it; then take it off, and when cold, bottle. A laxative.
This syrup is often adulterated by being made with the flowers of
heartsease, or columbine scented with orris-root, and colored.


WORMWOOD, SYRUP OF.--There are three sorts of wormwood most generally
known--the common, sea, and Roman. The first may be distinguished by
its broad leaves, which are divided into roundish segments of a dull
green color above, and whitish underneath; its taste is an intense and
disagreeable bitter. The sea wormwood has smaller leaves, and hoary
both above and underneath; it grows in salt marshes, and about the
sea-coasts; the smell and taste are not so strong and disagreeable as
the common.

The Roman differs from the others by the plant being smaller in all
its parts; the leaves are divided into fine filaments and hoary all
over, the stalk being either entirely, or in part of a purple color.
Its smell is pleasant, and the bitterness not disagreeable; it is
cultivated in gardens. The sea wormwood is generally substituted for it.

The tops of Roman wormwood, two ounces; water, one pint; sugar, two
pounds. Make an infusion of the leaves in warm water; strain; add the
sugar to the infusion, and boil to the pearl. If the common wormwood
only can be obtained, put the tops into three times the above quantity
of water, and boil it over a strong fire until reduced to a pint. This
will deprive it of part of its bitterness and disagreeable smell.




THE STOVE OR HOT CLOSET.


This is a useful and indispensable appendage in confectionary; it
is generally constructed like a cupboard in the recess of a wall.
The walls or sides should be composed of bricks, or wood lined with
tin or sheet iron, to retain the heat, with pieces of wood nailed or
fastened in the sides, about four inches asunder, to form a groove
for trays or boards to rest on, which is necessary for the drying of
lozenges, comfits, bonbons, &c.; there should also be a few strong
shifting shelves made either of small bars of round iron or wood, like
a grating, on which candy pots or sieves may be placed; the grooves for
these should be so constructed as to be capable of inclination so as to
drain off the syrup from the candy pots without taking them from the
shelves; the door should be made to shut close, with a small door at
the top to let out any excess of heat. I have before remarked that it
may be heated by means of the modern stoves. At places where the oven
is heated with wood, furze, etc., a common iron pot or crock with three
legs is filled with the live embers, or it may be filled with burning
charcoal and covered with wood ashes, which is replenished night and
morning, which gives the heat required.




SUGAR SPINNING.


To attain proficiency in this part, it requires much practice, and also
a good taste for design, and to be expert in the boiling of sugar,
taking particular care to avoid its graining. Baskets, temples, vases,
fountains, etc., are made by these means. It may almost be termed the
climax of the art. The molds for this purpose may be made either of
copper or tin, so as to deliver well. Let them be slightly rubbed all
over, on the part you intend to spin the sugar, with butter or oil.

Boil clarified syrup to the degree of caramel, taking care to keep the
sides of the pan free from sugar. The moment it is at the crack, add a
little acid to grease it (see Sugar Boiling). When it has attained the
required degree, dip the bottom of the pan in cold water, take it out,
and let it cool a little; then take a common table-spoon, dip it in the
sugar, holding the mold in your left hand, and from the spoon run the
sugar over the mold, either inside or out, with the threads which flow
from it, which may be either fine or coarse, according to the state of
the sugar; if they are required very coarse, pass the hand over them
two or three times; for when it is hot it flows in finer strings than
it will when cooler; form it on the mold into a sort of trellis-work;
loosen it from the mold carefully, and let it remain until quite cold
before it is taken off, that it may retain its shape. When the sugar
gets too cold to flow from the spoon, place it by the side of the stove
or fire to melt. Young beginners had better draw their designs for
handles of baskets, etc., on a stone with a pencil before it is oiled,
and then spin the sugar over them.


ALMOND BASKETS.--Blanch some fine Jordan almonds, and cut them into
thin slices, and color them in a small copper pan, over the fire, with
prepared liquid color (see Colors). Put them into the pan, and pour in
color sufficient to give the desired tint; rub them about in the pan
with your hand until they are quite dry; form them as for a Chantilly
basket, or else form them on an oiled marble slab, and spin sugar over
them on each side. Afterwards arrange them in a mold, or build them to
any design, first having a pattern cut out in paper, and form them on
the stone from it.


CHANTILLY BASKETS.--Prepare some ratafias, let them be rather small,
and as near of a size as possible; boil some sugar to the caramel
degree, rub over the inside of a mold slightly with oil, dip the edge
of the ratafias in sugar and stick them together, the face of the
ratafias being towards the mold, except the last two rows on the top,
which should be reversed, remembering always to place their faces to
meet the eye when the sugar is cold; take it out and join the bottom
and top together with the same sugar; make a handle of spun sugar and
place over it. Some sugar may be spun over the inside of the basket
to strengthen it, as directed for webs. Line the inside with pieces
of Savoy or sponge cakes, and fill it with custard or whipped cream,
or the slices of cake may be spread with raspberry jam. Half fill it
with boiled custard, then put in a few Savoy or almond cakes, soaked in
wine, and cover the top with whipped cream; or it may be filled with
fancy pastry or meringues. All sorts of fancy cakes may be made into
baskets or ratafias.


GOLD WEB, TO MAKE A.--Boil syrup to caramel height, coloring it with
saffron, and form it as directed in making Silver Web. It can be folded
up to form bands or rings, etc. Fasten it to the other decorations with
caramel.

If any of the strings or threads of sugar should pass over those parts
where they are not required, so as to spoil the other decorations in
the making of baskets or other ornaments, it may be removed with a hot
knife without breaking or injuring the piece.


GRAPE, ORANGE, OR CHERRY BASKETS.--These are made similar to the
Chantilly Baskets; the oranges are carefully peeled and divided into
small pieces, taking off the pith. Insert a small piece of stick or
whisk in the end of each, dip them in caramel, and form them on the
inside of an oiled mold. Cherries and grapes may be used either fresh,
or preserved wet, and dried. Dip them in caramel, and form them as
oranges. Each of these, or any other fruit, after being dipped in
caramel, may be laid on an oiled marble slab separately, and served on
plates in a pyramid, with fancy papers, flowers, etc. The baskets are
finished as Chantilly, with spun sugar.


SILVER WEB, TO MAKE A.--Boil clarified syrup to the crack, using the
same precautions as before observed, giving it a few boils after the
acid is added; dip the bottom of the pan in water, and let the sugar
cool a little; then take the handle of a spoon, or two forks tied
together, dip it into the sugar, and form it either on the inside
or outside of a mold, with very fine strings, by passing the hand
quickly backwards and forwards, taking care that it does not fall in
drops, which would spoil the appearance of the work. With this may be
represented the hair of a helmet, the water of a fountain, etc. Take
a fork, or an iron skewer, and hold it in your left hand as high as
you can, dip the spoon in the sugar, and with the right hand throw it
over the skewer, when it will hang from it in very fine threads of
considerable length.


SPANISH CANDY.--Boil a quart of clarified syrup to the crack. Have some
icing previously prepared as for cakes, or mix some fine powdered loaf
sugar with the white of an egg to a thick consistency as for icing;
take the sugar from the fire, and as soon as the boiling has gone
down stir in a spoonful of this or the icing, which must be done very
quickly, without stopping. Let it rise once and fall; the second time
it rises, pour it out in a mold or paper case, and cover it with the
pan to prevent its falling. Some persons pour it out the first time it
rises, and immediately cover it as before. It may be made good both
ways. If it is required colored, add the coloring to the syrup while it
is boiling, or with the icing, adding more sugar to give it the same
stiffness as before.




JELLIES.


APPLE JELLY.--Take either russet pippins, or any good baking apples;
pare and core them, cut them in slices into a preserving-pan containing
sufficient water to cover them; then put them on the fire, and boil
them until they are reduced to a mash. Put it into a hair-sieve, that
the water may drain off, which you receive in a basin or pan; then
filter it through a flannel bag. To every pint of filtered juice add
one pound of loaf sugar, clarify and boil it to the ball. Mix the
juice with it and boil until it jellies; stir it with a spatula or
wooden-spoon, from the bottom, to prevent burning. When it is boiled
enough, if you try it with your finger and thumb, as directed in
sugar-boiling, a string may be drawn similar to the small pearl; it
may also be known by its adhering to the spatula or spoon, or a little
may be dropped on a cold plate; if it soon sets, it is done. Take off
the scum which rises on the top. This is in general used for pouring
over preserved wet fruits. This jelly may be colored red with prepared
cochineal.


BARBERRY JELLY.--Take some very ripe barberries, pick them from their
stalks, and weigh them. To every pound of fruit take three-quarters of
a pound of loaf sugar; add sufficient water to make it into a syrup,
put in the barberries, and boil them until the syrup comes to the
pearl, taking off any scum which may rise. Then throw them into a fine
hair or lawn sieve, and press the berries with a spoon to extract as
much juice as possible from them. Receive the syrup and juice in a pan,
put it again on the fire, and finish as apple jelly.


BLACKBERRY JELLY.--Make as currant jelly--using half a gallon of
raspberries to one gallon of black currants; finish as usual.


CHERRY JELLY.--Pick off the stalks and take out the stones of some fine
ripe Morello cherries, and to every four pounds of cherries add one
pound of red currants; proceed as for currant jelly.


GOOSEBERRY JELLY.--Make as currant jelly; or it may be made of green
gooseberries, as apple jelly.


QUINCE JELLY.--This is made as apple jelly. The seed of the quince is
very mucilaginous. An ounce of bruised seed will make pints of water as
thick as the white of an egg.


CHERRY MARMALADE OR JAM.--Take out the stones and stalks from some fine
cherries and pulp them through a cane sieve; to every three pounds of
pulp add half a pint of currant juice, and three-quarters of a pound
of sugar to each pound of fruit; mix together and boil until it will
jelly. Put it into pots or glasses.

Currants, raspberries, plums and gooseberries are all made in the same
manner. Pulp the fruit through a cane sieve, the meshes of which are
not large enough to admit a currant to pass through whole. To each
pound of pulp add one pound of loaf sugar, broken small, and boil to
the consistence of a jelly.


APPLE MARMALADE.--Take a peck of apples, full grown, but not the least
ripe, of all or any sort; quarter them and take out the cores, but do
not pare them; put them into a preserving-pan with one gallon of water,
and let them boil moderately until you think the pulp will run, or
suffer itself to be squeezed through a cheese-cloth, only leaving the
peels behind. Then to each quart of pulp add one pound, good weight, of
loaf sugar, either broken in small pieces or pounded, and boil it all
together for half an hour and ten minutes, keeping it stirred; then put
it into pots, the larger the better, as it keeps longer in a large body.


GOOSEBERRY JAM.--Three pounds of loaf sugar, six pounds of rough red
gooseberries. Pick off the stalks and buds from the gooseberries, and
boil them carefully but quickly for rather more than half an hour,
stirring continually; then add the sugar, pounded fine, and boil the
jam quickly for half an hour, stirring it all the time to prevent its
sticking to the preserving-pan. When done put it into pots, cover it
with brandy paper, and secure it closely down with paper moistened with
the white of an egg.

       *       *       *       *       *

  HOW TO DO TRICKS.--The great book of magic and card tricks, containing
  full instructions of all the leading card tricks of the day, also the
  most popular magical illusions as performed by our leading magicians;
  every boy should obtain a copy, as it will both amuse and instruct.
  For sale by all newsdealers, or will be sent, postage free, on receipt
  of price. Address Frank Tousey, publisher, 34 and 36 North Moore
  street, New York. Box 2730.

  HOW TO TELL FORTUNES.--Every one is desirous of knowing what their
  future life will bring forth, whether happiness or misery, wealth or
  poverty. You can tell by a glance at this little book. Buy one and be
  convinced. Tell your own fortune. Tell the fortunes of your friends.
  Price 10 cents. Frank Tousey, publisher, 34 and 36 North Moore street,
  New York. Box 2730.

  HOW TO BECOME BEAUTIFUL.--One of the brightest and most valuable
  little books ever given to the world. Everybody wishes to know how
  to become beautiful, both male and female. The secret is simple, and
  almost costless. Read this book and be convinced. "How to Become
  Beautiful." Price 10 cents. For sale by book and newsdealers, or send
  10 cents to Frank Tousey, 34 and 36 North Moore street, New York, and
  it will be mailed to your address post-paid.



                  The James Boys.

             THE ONLY TRUE AND AUTHENTIC
            Tales of these NOTED BANDITS

               --By D. W. STEVENS,--

                 ARE PUBLISHED IN

            THE NEW YORK DETECTIVE LIBRARY.

        Price 10 Cents Per Copy,      32 Pages.


  Read the following list of a few of the latest stories about these
  well-known characters:

  No.
  484 The James Boys' Blunder; or, The Fatal Mistake at Northfield.
  474 The James Boys in Deadwood; or, The Game Pair of Dakota.
  470 The Man on the Black Horse; or, The James Boys' First
      Ride in Missouri.
  467 Frank James, the Avenger, and His Surrender.
  466 The Life and Death of Jesse James and Lives of the Ford Boys.
  464 The James Boys in New Orleans; or, Wild Adventures in the South.
  461 The James Boys' Trip Around the World; or, Carl Greene, the
      Detective's Longest Chase.
  453 Jesse James' Pledge; or, The Bandit King's Last Ride.
  446 The James Boys in Minnesota, and the James Boys and Timberlake.
  442 Mysterious Ike; or, The Masked Unknown.
  438 The James Boys in No Man's Land; or, The Bandit King's Last Ride.
  433 After the James Boys; or, Chased Through Three States by Day
      and by Night.
  430 The James Boys in Court and the James Boys' Longest Chase.
  428 The James Boys at Bay; or, Sheriff Timberlake's Triumph.
  426 The James Boys' Cave, and the James Boys as Train Wreckers.
  425 Thirty Days with the James Boys; or, A Detective's Wild
      Chase in Kentucky.
  421 The James Boys Afloat; or, The Wild Adventures of a Detective
      on the Mississippi.
  419 The James Boys in Mexico and the James Boys in California.
  413 The James Boys Tricked; or, A Detective's Cunning Game.
  410 The James Boys Captured; or, A Young Detective's Thrilling Chase.
  409 The Last of the Band; or, The Surrender of Frank James.
  404 Jesse James' Last Shot; or, Tracked by the Ford Boys.
  400 The James Boys Lost; or, The Detective's Curious Case.
  396 The James Boys and Pinkerton; or, Frank and Jesse as Detectives.

  For sale by all newsdealers in the United States and
  Canada, or sent to your address, postage free, on receipt of
  price. Address

               FRANK TOUSEY, Publisher,
     P. O. Box 2730.      34 & 36 North Moore St., N. Y.



                      --LIST OF--

                  FRANK READE STORIES

                      PUBLISHED IN

           THE GREAT 5 CENT WIDE AWAKE LIBRARY.


  541 Frank Reade and His Steam Man of the Plains.
  553 Frank Reade and His Steam Horse.
  597 Frank Reade and His Steam Team.
  607 Frank Reade and His Steam Tally-Ho.
  625 Frank Reade, Jr., and His Steam Wonder.
  627 Frank Reade, Jr., and His Electric Boat.
  629 Frank Reade, Jr., and His Adventures With His Latest Invention.
  631 Frank Reade, Jr., and His Air-Ship.
  633 Frank Reade, Jr.'s Marvel.
  651 Frank Reade, Jr., In the Clouds.
  667 Frank Reade, Jr.'s Great Electric Tricycle.
  697 Frank Reade, Jr., With His Air-Ship in Africa.
  744 Across the Continent on Wings; or, Frank Reade, Jr.'s
      Greatest Flight.
  750 Frank Reade, Jr., Exploring Mexico in His New Air-Ship.
  791 The Electric Man; or, Frank Reade, Jr., in Australia.
  815 The Electric Horse; or, Frank Reade, Jr., and His Father in Search
      of the Lost Treasure of the Peruvians.
  849 Frank Reade, Jr.'s Chase Through the Clouds.
  855 Frank Reade, Jr., and His Electric Team.
  877 Frank Reade Jr.'s Search for a Sunken Ship.
  935 Frank Reade, Jr., in the Far West; or, the Search for a
      Lost Gold Mine.
  993 Frank Reade, Jr., and His Queen Clipper of the Clouds, Part I.
  994 Frank Reade, Jr., and His Queen Clipper of the Clouds, Part II.
  1007 Frank Reade, Jr., and His Monitor of the Air; or Helping a
       Friend In Need.
  1014 Frank Reade, Jr., Exploring a River of Mystery.
  1020 Frank Reade, Jr., and His Electric Air Yacht; or, The Great
       Inventor Among the Aztecs.
  1051 Frank Reade, Jr., in the Sea of Sand, and His Discovery
       of a Lost People.
  1070 Frank Reade. Jr., and His Greyhound of the Air; or, The Search
       for the Mountain of Gold.

  For sale by all newsdealers in the United States and
  Canada, or sent to your address, postage free, on receipt of
  price. Address

                FRANK TOUSEY, Publisher,
        Box 2730.    34 & 36 North Moore St., N. Y.



                OLD KING BRADY STORIES

                   --PUBLISHED IN--

              THE NEW YORK DETECTIVE LIBRARY.

                 Price 10 Cents Per Copy.


  154 Old King Brady, the Detective.
  157 Old King Brady's Triumph.
  162 Old King Brady's Great Reward; or, The Haselhurst Secret.
  168 Shoving the Queer; or, Old King Brady on the Scent
      of the Counterfeiters.
  177 Old King Brady in Australia.
  187 Old King Brady and the Scotland Yard Detective.
  191 Two Flights of Stairs; or, Old King Brady and the Missing Will.
  200 Old King Brady and the Mystery of the Bath.
  208 The Last Stroke; or, Old King Brady and the Broken Bell.
  221 A Meerschaum Pipe; or, Old King Brady and the Yonkers Mystery.
  228 Robbed of a Million; or, Old King Brady and the Iron Box.
  243 Old King Brady in Ireland.
  277 Old King Brady and the Telephone Mystery.
  300 The Mystery of a Mummy; or, Old King Brady and the Cartright Case.
  319 The S. P. Q. R.; or, Old King Brady and the
      Mystery of the Palisades.
  325 Old King Brady and the Red Leather Bag. A Weird Story of
      Land and Sea.
  332 A Bag of Shot; or, Old King Brady Out West.
  345 A Pile of Bricks; or, Old King Brady and the Box of Rubies.
  354 The Belt of Gold; or, Old King Brady in Peru.
  359 Old King Brady and the James Boys.
  371 The Haunted Churchyard; or, Old King Brady, the Detective,
      and the Mystery of the Iron Vault.
  377 The James Boys in New York; or, Fighting Old King Brady.
  381 A Piece of Blotting Paper; or, Old King Brady in Philadelphia.
  387 The James Boys in Boston; or, Old King Brady and the Car of Gold.
  392 The Murder of Dr. Burdell; or, Old King Brady and the
      Bond Street Mystery.
  402 A Million in Diamonds; or, Old King Brady in Africa.
  408 Old King Brady in Siberia; or, The Secret of the Wooden God.
  411 Old King Brady and "Billy the Kid"; or, The Great
      Detective's Chase.
  417 Sentenced for Life, and the House With 30 Steps; or,
      Old King Brady and the Great Pearl Street Poisoning Case.
  420 Old King Brady and the Ford Boys.
  424 99 99th Street; or, The House Without a Door.
  440 Old King Brady Among the Indians; or, Sitting Bull
      and the Ghost Dancers.
  447 Mr. Lazarus of Ludlow Street; or, Old King Brady Among
      the Anarchists of New York.
  452 Chased Over Three Continents and Q; or, Old King Brady Working
      on the Great Morgan Mystery.
  458 333; or, The Secret of the Diamond Star.
  460 The Terrible Mystery of Car No. 206; or, Old King Brady
      and the Man of Gold.
  462 The Great Aztec Treasure; or, Old King Brady and the Golden Chest.

  For sale by all newsdealers in the United States and
  Canada, or sent to your address, postage free, on receipt of
  price. Address

                  FRANK TOUSEY, Publisher,
         Box 2730.    34 & 36 North Moore Street, N. Y.



                THE GREATEST STORIES OF

               Wonderful Inventions and
                 Thrilling Adventures

                 --Ever Written Are--

               The Jack Wright Stories

                    By "NONAME,"

                  --PUBLISHED IN--

               THE BOYS' STAR LIBRARY

           PRICE 5 CENTS PER COPY. 32 PAGES.


             READ THE LIST ALREADY ISSUED:

  No.
  216 Jack Wright, the Boy Inventor; or, Hunting For a Sunken Treasure.
  220 Jack Wright and His Electric Turtle; or, Chasing the
      Pirates of the Spanish Main.
  223 Jack Wright's Submarine Catamaran; or, The Phantom Ship
      of the Yellow Sea.
  227 Jack Wright and His Ocean Racer; or, Around the
      World in Twenty Days.
  229 Jack Wright and His Electric Canoe; or, Working in the
      Revenue Service.
  231 Jack Wright's Air and Water Cutter; or, Wonderful Adventures
      on the Wing and Afloat.
  235 Jack Wright and His Magnetic Motor; or, The Golden City
      of the Sierras.
  238 Jack Wright, the Boy Inventor, and His Under-Water Ironclad; or,
      The Treasure of the Sandy Sea.
  241 Jack Wright and His Electric Deers; or, Fighting the
      Bandits of the Black Hills.
  246 Jack Wright and His Prairie Engine; or, Among the
      Bushmen of Australia.

  For sale by all newsdealers in the United States and
  Canada, or sent to your address, postage free, on receipt of
  price. Address

                FRANK TOUSEY, Publisher,
       Box 2730.    34 & 36 North Moore Street, N. Y.



                   OUR 10 CENT BOOKS

           _USEFUL, INSTRUCTIVE AND AMUSING._

  Containing valuable information on almost every subject, such as
  =Writing=, =Speaking=, =Dancing=, =Flirting=, =Cooking=; also,
  =Rules of Etiquette=, =The Art of Ventriloquism=,
  =Gymnastic Exercises=, and =The Science of Self-Defense=.


  No.                                                   Price.
   1. NAPOLEON'S ORACULUM AND DREAM BOOK,                  10c
   2. HOW TO DO TRICKS,                                    10c
   3. HOW TO FLIRT,                                        10c
   4. HOW TO DANCE,                                        10c
   5. HOW TO MAKE LOVE,                                    10c
   6. HOW TO BECOME AN ATHLETE,                            10c
   7. HOW TO KEEP BIRDS,                                   10c
   8. HOW TO BECOME A SCIENTIST,                           10c
   9. HOW TO BECOME A VENTRILOQUIST,                       10c
  10. HOW TO BOX,                                          10c
  11. HOW TO WRITE LOVE LETTERS,                           10c
  12. HOW TO WRITE LETTERS TO LADIES,                      10c
  13. HOW TO DO IT; Or, BOOK OF ETIQUETTE,                 10c
  14. HOW TO MAKE CANDY,                                   10c
  15. HOW TO BECOME RICH,                                  10c
  16. HOW TO KEEP A WINDOW GARDEN,                         10c
  17. HOW TO DRESS,                                        10c
  18. HOW TO BECOME BEAUTIFUL,                             10c
  19. FRANK TOUSEY'S UNITED STATES DISTANCE TABLES,
      POCKET COMPANION AND GUIDE,                          10c
  20. HOW TO ENTERTAIN AN EVENING PARTY,                   10c
  21. HOW TO HUNT AND FISH,                                10c
  22. HOW TO DO SECOND SIGHT,                              10c
  23. HOW TO EXPLAIN DREAMS,                               10c
  24. HOW TO WRITE LETTERS TO GENTLEMEN,                   10c
  25. HOW TO BECOME A GYMNAST,                             10c
  26. HOW TO ROW, SAIL AND BUILD A BOAT,                   10c
  27. HOW TO RECITE AND BOOK OF RECITATIONS,               10c
  28. HOW TO TELL FORTUNES,                                10c
  29. HOW TO BECOME AN INVENTOR,                           10c
  30. HOW TO COOK,                                         10c
  31. HOW TO BECOME A SPEAKER,                             10c
  32. HOW TO RIDE A BICYCLE,                               10c
  33. HOW TO BEHAVE,                                       10c
  34. HOW TO FENCE,                                        10c
  35. HOW TO PLAY GAMES,                                   10c
  36. HOW TO SOLVE CONUNDRUMS,                             10c
  37. HOW TO KEEP HOUSE,                                   10c
  38. HOW TO BECOME YOUR OWN DOCTOR,                       10c
  39. HOW TO RAISE DOGS, POULTRY, PIGEONS AND RABBITS.     10c
  40. HOW TO MAKE AND SET TRAPS,                           10c
  41. THE BOYS OF NEW YORK END MEN'S JOKE BOOK,            10c
  42. THE BOYS OF NEW YORK STUMP SPEAKER,                  10c
  43. HOW TO BECOME A MAGICIAN,                            10c
  44. HOW TO WRITE IN AN ALBUM,                            10c
  45. THE BOYS OF NEW YORK MINSTREL GUIDE AND JOKE BOOK,   10c
  46. HOW TO MAKE AND USE ELECTRICITY,                     10c
  47. HOW TO BREAK, RIDE AND DRIVE A HORSE,                10c
  48. HOW TO BUILD AND SAIL CANOES,                        10c
  49. HOW TO DEBATE,                                       10c
  50. HOW TO STUFF BIRDS AND ANIMALS,                      10c
  51. HOW TO DO TRICKS WITH CARDS,                         10c
  52. HOW TO PLAY CARDS,                                   10c
  53. HOW TO WRITE LETTERS,                                10c
  54. HOW TO KEEP AND MANAGE PETS,                         10c
  55. HOW TO COLLECT STAMPS AND COINS,                     10c
  56. HOW TO BECOME AN ENGINEER,                           10c
  57. HOW TO MAKE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS,                     10c

  All the above books are for sale by newsdealers throughout the
  United States and Canada, or they will be sent, postage paid, to your
  address, on receipt of 10 cents each.

                FRANK TOUSEY, Publisher.
        Box 2730.    34 & 36 NORTH MOORE ST., N. Y.

       *       *       *       *       *

  Transcriber's note;
  Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and bold text
  by =equal signs=.
  Words in small capitals are shown in UPPERCASE.
  Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

  ********************************************************








End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of How To Make Candy, by Various

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE CANDY ***

***** This file should be named 54173-8.txt or 54173-8.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/1/7/54173/

Produced by David Edwards, Alan and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (Images courtesy
of the Digital Library@Villanova University
(http://digital.library.villanova.edu/))

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country outside the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
  are located before using this ebook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that

* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
  Literary Archive Foundation."

* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
  works.

* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
  receipt of the work.

* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org



Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:

    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
    Chief Executive and Director
    gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.