The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Duke of Brittany, by Henriette Jeanrenaud

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.

Title: The Duke of Brittany
       Life Stories for Young People

Author: Henriette Jeanrenaud

Translator: George P. Upton

Release Date: September 7, 2019 [EBook #60257]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUKE OF BRITTANY ***




Produced by D A Alexander, Stephen Hutcheson, and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
(This file was produced from images generously made
available by the Library of Congress)









         [Illustration: _Arthur's rescue of the Jew_ (Page 51)]

                    _Life Stories for Young People_




                          THE DUKE OF BRITTANY


                     _Translated from the German of
                         Henriette Jeanrenaud_

                                   BY
                            GEORGE P. UPTON
                    _Translator of "Memories," etc._

                         WITH TWO ILLUSTRATIONS

                    [Illustration: A · C · M^cCLURG]

                                CHICAGO
                          A. C. McCLURG & CO.
                                  1908

                               Copyright
                          A. C. McClurg & Co.
                                  1908
                       Published August 22, 1908

               The University Press, Cambridge, U. S. A.




                          Translator's Preface


"The Duke of Brittany" is the story of the brief but eventful career of
Arthur, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Constance of Brittany. Geoffrey
was the fourth son of Henry the Second of England and Eleanor, Duchess
of Guienne. Upon the death of his brother Henry, Richard, surnamed the
Lion-hearted, became the heir apparent and succeeded to the throne after
the death of his father in 1189. Richard shortly afterward became one of
the leaders of the Third Crusade, which ended disastrously. After being
taken prisoner in Austria by Duke Leopold he was ransomed and returned
to England, where he suppressed the rebellion of his brother John. He
then invaded France to punish Philip the Second, John's ally, but was
mortally wounded while besieging the fortress of Chalus, near Limoges.
On Richard's death, John, surnamed Lackland, ascended the throne,
ignoring the rightful claim of Duke Arthur, Geoffrey's son. Almost his
first act was the murder of Arthur, who, with the encouragement of
Philip Augustus of France, was prepared to defend his claim as the son
of an elder brother. By John's foul deed England lost its French fiefs.

The story turns upon the events in Arthur's short life, his young days
in Brittany, the violent death of his father, the relations of his
mother to Philip of France, the boy's love for his uncle Richard, his
service in the field with Philip, his espousal to Marie of France, the
war with John, his capture and assassination by the latter. The
incidental characters are the Jew Abraham of Paris, Earl Salisbury, the
valiant knight Hoel of Mordant and his son Alan, between whom and Arthur
existed a beautiful friendship. Many of the scenes are of thrilling
dramatic interest, particularly the one in which the crafty and
malicious Queen Eleanor refrained from blinding Arthur only because of
his resemblance to his father, her favorite son; the assassination on
shipboard; and the accusation of King John by Alan. Some of the
historical data in the story are not accurate in minor details, but in
general the tale follows the versions of the historical authorities. It
is a fascinating picture of two lovable, high-minded, chivalrous youths,
worthy the study of the youths of to-day.

                                                                G. P. U.

Chicago, 1908.




                                Contents


  Chapter                                                           Page
  I The Hunt                                                          11
  II The New Life                                                     19
  III Geoffrey's Legacy                                               24
  IV The Embassy                                                      29
  V The Christening                                                   34
  VI The Guardianship                                                 42
  VII The Journey                                                     48
  VIII King Richard in Rouen                                          56
  IX The Banquet                                                      61
  X The Return to Rennes                                              65
  XI With King Philip Augustus                                        71
  XII In the Field                                                    79
  XIII War Preparations                                               85
  XIV In the House of the Jew                                         89
  XV Arthur's Departure                                               94
  XVI The War with John                                               98
  XVII The Imprisonment                                              107
  XVIII King John                                                    117
  XIX The Tower of Rouen                                             126
  XX On the Seine                                                    133
  XXI The Accusation                                                 137
  XXII The End                                                       142
    Appendix                                                         144




                             Illustrations


  Arthur's Rescue of the Jew                              _Frontispiece_
  The Assassination of Arthur                                        134




                          The Duke of Brittany




                               Chapter I
                                The Hunt


Near the close of the twelfth century a hunting-castle stood in the
northern part of Brittany, in the midst of dense forests. It belonged to
Geoffrey Plantagenet, Duke of Brittany[1], and his banner was flying
from one of its towers, for the master had come for a great hunt. His
wife Constance and her ladies accompanied him, though he was very
reluctant to have her come into that wild region; but Constance would
not be separated from her husband, and feared neither the solitude of
the gloomy forest nor the fierce storms which occasionally swept over
them from the adjacent shores. Brittany was her home. Her father, the
last of the independent dukes, ruled the eastern part of it, and she
brought it as her heritage to her husband, son of King Henry the Second
of England[2]. West Brittany, which was English, had come into
Geoffrey's possession, before this time, from his father, and the two
divisions were consolidated by him into one dukedom. Constance loved the
country, and gladly visited this remote hunting-castle.

On the second evening after her arrival, Constance found herself alone
with her attendants, for the Duke and the nobles, who were taking part
in the chase, had ridden to the forest at early morning light with their
retinues.

There were but few guests, for many an old house had lost its brave
master, and many a strong castle stood empty. Many of the stoutest
vassals had been drafted into the service of the English king, and
others had fallen in the French wars. The country was impoverished and
well-nigh deserted; the Duke was no longer powerful enough to protect it
from marauding hordes and the ravages of wild animals. He had come at
this time not only to indulge in the pleasures of the chase, but to
restrain these pillagers as far as possible.

The Duchess and her ladies impatiently paced the high stone terrace of
the castle, stopping now and then to scan the forest, in whose gloom the
road by which the hunters entered was soon lost. As the sun disappeared
behind the dense mass of trees the Duchess eagerly listened for the
first peal of the horns announcing the return. But as the sun sank still
lower and the darkness grew more intense, no peal sounded from the
forest. The wind rustled the banner above her, then suddenly ceased, and
an ominous silence followed. After a few minutes the neigh of a horse
was heard in the distance.

"Do you hear that?" joyfully exclaimed the Duchess to her ladies. "It is
thus my husband's faithful steed always announces its approach to the
castle. We shall soon hear the signal of the horn, summoning us to make
ready for them. Come, let us go to meet the Duke in the hall."

Followed by her ladies, who cast parting and anxious glances at the
forest, the Duchess hastened inside, ascended the steep, winding stairs,
and entered the large reception hall, brilliantly illuminated by
torches, where the remaining inmates of the castle assembled, among them
the chaplain in his black vestments. Uttering the greeting, "Peace be
with you," he took his place near the Duchess, the others arranging
themselves in a circle around the walls. The warder, with his heavy
bunch of keys in his leathern girdle, went out to the courtyard,
prepared to open the outer gate, which was protected by the drawbridge,
when the hunting-party arrived.

At that instant the horn signal was sounded; but what a mournful tone
they heard! All were astonished, and anxiously looked at the Duchess,
who advanced toward the door with pallid face. Once again the horn
sounded a piercingly mournful call, and through the outer gate, which
the warder had opened, they saw the party advancing.

A squire was in the advance, leading the Duke's horse by the bridle.
When she saw the horse was riderless, the Duchess pressed her hand to
her heart but retained her composure; for, if her husband was injured
and needed her care, she must be courageous. The next to enter the
courtyard were the Duke's followers. With slow and measured step they
carried a covered bier, and silently placed it in the entrance to the
hall. Behind them pressed knights and hunters, on foot and horse, and
much confusion prevailed.

Constance seemed to pay no heed to them. She went to the bier and lifted
the covering. There she saw Geoffrey, her husband--dead![3]

The handsome, noble features in their setting of luxuriant blond hair,
so lately lit up with life and animation, were now rigid in the chill of
death. Long Constance stood immovable, with the edge of the covering in
her uplifted hand, and gazed with horror-stricken eyes, as if
transformed to stone.

The chaplain tenderly approached her. "Gracious Princess, permit us to
conduct you to your apartments."

His words broke the silence. She uttered an exclamation of despair and
with a shriek fell fainting into the arms of her ladies. The chaplain
had her quickly removed to her chamber and cared for, and then returned
to the hall. The knights had given over their weapons and horses to
their servants, and were assembled there. A low murmur of hushed voices,
mingled with sounds of mourning, filled the great room.

"Speak, Sir Knight," the chaplain implored of Hoel of Mordant,
Geoffrey's oldest vassal and friend, who stood by the bier with bowed
head, leaning upon his sword. "I know not yet how this dreadful tragedy
occurred. I only realize that the Duke, whom we saw but a few hours ago
in the flower of his health and strength, is dead."

Several voices were raised to relate the circumstances. The hunters had
had an enjoyable time until noon, and had slain many stags and boars,
but one huge boar, which the Duke discovered at the very outset, managed
for a long time to elude his spear. The hounds kept upon its track, and,
guided by their baying, he at last overtook it and hurled his spear. He
only wounded it slightly, whereupon the infuriated beast turned upon the
Duke's horse and attacked it with its tusks. At this instant several
knights came up, and saw the Duke draw his hunting-knife, intending to
stab the boar in the neck; but at that moment his horse, overcome by
pain and fear, reared and fell, and in the fall the knife pierced the
Duke's side. He lay weltering in his blood as his friends gathered
around him, and only once he opened his eyes. They rested upon Knight
Hoel, who knelt by his side. The sorrowful glance of appeal in
Geoffrey's dimming eyes deeply affected the knight. Raising his head he
thus spoke: "Whatever it may be, my Prince and brother-in-arms, that
thou would'st ask, trust me it shall be done. I will devote my loyal
service to the end of my life to thy memory, and hold it as a sacred
trust." The Duke closed his eyes. A sigh escaped him, and his face was
illuminated with joyous satisfaction. Then they carried his body home.

"And now," said Hoel, "we will execute the last service for our master.
Chaplain, remove the body to the chapel and perform the sacred rites."
Then, turning to two of the knights, he said: "And you, my friends, keep
the death-watch at the bier. I cannot yet master the sorrow which has
overcome me. I must have time for reflection, for my responsibility to
the ducal house is great. See that the gates are secure, and station
sentinels. In the morning all must assemble in the hall and have their
steeds in readiness, for messengers must be sent in all directions. Now,
betake yourselves to rest, if you can find it," he ended with a sigh.

Suddenly cries were heard from above, and some one said, "The Duchess is
dying."

"In the name of all the saints at once," groaned the knight, "see to it
that she has help!"

The chaplain obeyed, but soon returned with the announcement, "Our
gracious lady has recovered and does not need me." Thereupon he motioned
to the squires to take the bier into the chapel, and followed it.
Through the open door the priest was seen as he advanced to the altar,
which was faintly lit by tapers. In a low voice he began the service.
The mourners remained kneeling for a time during the sacred ceremony,
then gradually withdrew, and only the murmur of prayer was heard. Priest
and watchers were alone with the dead.




                               Chapter II
                              The New Life


Armed, and with helmet in hand, Hoel entered the hall at early dawn,
only to find it deserted. The chapel too was closed, for the chaplain
had gone, and only the knights keeping the death-watch remained.

A page brought the knight a warm drink. He drained the cup, and as he
turned to hand it back to him he saw the priest descending the stairs
which led to the apartments of the Duchess.

"Have you seen our gracious lady? Then arrange for my admission also,"
Hoel said to him.

"Come outside with me," replied the chaplain, much agitated, "and hear
what I have to say, not here where we are so near the dead, but under
God's sky."

Overcome with astonishment, Hoel followed the chaplain as he strode
forward in haste to the courtyard. As they went, a loud trumpet-blast
sounded jubilantly from the battlements.

"Is the warder out of his senses? What means this fanfare in the house
of the dead?" exclaimed Hoel indignantly. "And what does that mean also?
The black flag has been lowered on the watch-tower, and the banner with
the arms of the Plantagenets floats in its place."

"It means, noble knight," replied the chaplain, "that Brittany has a new
Duke,--our Lady Constance has a son."[4]

The knight's eyes glistened with delight, but it was only for an
instant. With a sigh he gently said: "Poor Geoffrey! Unfortunate child!"
Then he stood for a time in deep thought. "All the same," he said at
last, recovering himself, "messengers must carry the double news to all
the castles and cities. The Council of the dead Duke must send
ambassadors to the courts of England and France."

"As King Henry is engaged in a campaign against Scotland and Queen
Eleanor passes away the time among her castles in Guienne, there does
not seem to be urgent need of haste," said the chaplain.

"You are wrong. They must be informed as speedily as possible," replied
the knight. As he was in the act of mounting his steed, which a squire
had brought, a page rushed up and summoned him to the Duchess.

The knight followed the messenger to an upper room, where one of the
maids promptly met him, and conducted him to a large apartment, against
the rear wall of which the Duchess's bed stood under a gilded canopy.
The curtains were partly drawn back, and in the half darkness he saw the
face of the Duchess among the silken pillows. Hoel knelt and awaited her
commands. She motioned him to rise, and said, "Show him the child,
Joconde."

The nurse approached, and lifted the veil from the little white bundle
she was carrying, so that he might see the child. As he stooped to look
at him, the little one opened its eyes and uttered a faint cry. The
plaintive tone pierced Hoel's heart. He laid his hand upon the child's
head and said with deep emotion, "Accept my homage, son of my brave lord
and friend."

The Duchess bade Joconde retire, and then said, "May all, worthy knight,
like yourself, pay homage to Duke Arthur of Brittany, for it was this
name my husband selected for his first son." She gave way to her
emotions for a moment, and then said with firm voice:

"Take this signet ring of my husband's, show it to the members of the
Council at Rennes,[5] and bid them execute my commands. The citizens of
every city shall assemble; and to them and to every country it shall be
proclaimed that Duchess Constance of Brittany will maintain the ducal
authority, and that during the minority of her son she will rule all the
possessions of the deceased Duke Geoffrey Plantagenet, with the help of
God and the nobles of Brittany. Send a messenger also to the King of
England and inform him of the death of his son and the birth of a
grandson. But, above all, send a prudent man with a letter to King
Philip Augustus at Paris.[6] Assure the King of our feudal loyalty as a
vassal of France, and tell him we shall render him our usual service in
time of peace or war, and pay the customary tribute. In consideration of
this he is to assist us in case of necessity against any enemy of our
country or of the young Duke. Have the letter drawn up in temperate and
friendly tone."

"It shall be done, my lady," replied Hoel; "and what are your wishes as
to the funeral of the Duke?"

"He shall be buried in the Cathedral at Rennes, and the chaplain must
see that everything necessary is done. Now go, and God preserve you. May
you quickly return for our protection." She leaned back, wearied. The
curtains were closed, and the knight left the apartment with a feeling
of relief. When he reached the courtyard he summoned his people and the
chaplain, who inquired what commissions the Duchess had given him. He
answered curtly, "Chaplain, he who says women are weak and timid has
never known the Duchess Constance."

"But, tell me--"

"Only this," said Hoel, with his hand upon his horse's bridle, "France
is the watchword. She said scarcely a word about England."




                              Chapter III
                           Geoffrey's Legacy


Upon his arrival in Rennes, the ancient capital, Hoel found the citizens
greatly excited over the rumor of the Duke's death. As his little band
rode through the streets, the people came from their houses and
workshops, and a great multitude gathered round the castle. They had
hardly heard the news of his death before it was followed by joyful
intelligence, which turned sorrow into rejoicing. Enthusiastic shouts of
"Hail to the new-born Duke! Long live Arthur Plantagenet!" rang out on
all sides.

The Council and leading ecclesiastics were assembled when Hoel entered
the hall. After exhibiting the ring and executing his commission, he
described to them the occurrence of the fatal day, but made no reply to
their eager questioning as to the future.

"What is to be done, Knight Mordant?" they asked. "Brittany will remain
loyal to the Duke; but will King Henry of England protect us? Philip
Augustus of France will certainly seek to extend his possessions."

"Let us do our duty," replied Hoel. "We may accomplish great things if
we remain united."

After a short rest Hoel departed, taking a different route to the
hunting-castle, in order to visit Castle Mordant and see his wife and
little son.

He found them very happy and without any knowledge of what had happened.
In a few words he described the condition of the Duchess to his wife.
"And now, Bertha," he added, "prepare yourself and little Alan to ride
with me. I shall not feel easy about the Duchess and the child until I
know that you are with them."

Bertha in surprise drew Alan to her side. "Would you take me to the
Duchess without knowing whether I shall be welcome? The Lady Constance
has not been accustomed to children for years, and may not like youthful
mischief."

"If not for her sake, Bertha, do it for the child's sake. Suppose a
faithless nurse should place him under the control of the grandmother,
Queen Eleanor of England, and he should meet with the same fate as her
child, the little girl. What happened to her, do you ask? They say she
was put in a convent. If Geoffrey's son were to be placed in a
monastery, I believe his father would not rest in his grave."

"I will go," assented Bertha. "Let the child be intrusted to me, and I
will care for it as if it were my own. His lot, in any event, will be
hard enough, for rulers care little for the rights of minors."

"Oh, that Geoffrey had only been on good terms with his father!"
exclaimed Hoel. "His participation in the rebellion into which his
mother and brothers urged him estranged his father's heart."

"But they were reconciled afterwards."

"Yes, but his father's confidence was not restored, and the others have
been subjected to every kind of injustice. What lies Eleanor told about
John, her youngest son! His father does not trust him, and has given him
no possessions. To save himself from impoverishment he is casting
covetous glances toward Brittany."[7]

"Her father's share to half the country cannot be taken away from her,"
said Bertha.

"Not by right; but might knows no right. Perhaps, however, the jealousy
between France and England, whose sovereigns will never permit their
beautiful maritime provinces to go to another, may save us."

"What is the name of the little Duke?" interrupted Alan, who had climbed
upon his father's knee.

"He is called Arthur."

"Will he play with me?"

"Not yet, but perhaps later."

After speedy preparations they departed; they reached the hunting-castle
at evening, where they found the Duchess doing well. Bertha's fears
proved groundless. She was heartily welcomed by Constance, who was at
that moment specially grateful for any expression of sympathy. The
Duchess well knew that she could not place her son in better hands, and
for the first time she felt free from anxiety when Bertha cradled him in
her faithful arms. She cared alike for the two children; and Alan, far
from being jealous because his mother shared her love between them,
displayed the utmost tenderness to the little Duke.

Hoel was now free to devote himself to the sad duty of burying the dead.
A great concourse of knights, citizens, and ecclesiastics accompanied
the body of the Duke to Rennes in an imposing procession, headed by Hoel
and the chaplain. All along the road they passed sorrowing people.
Serious anxiety for the future filled all hearts, and sincere mourning
followed the Duke to his grave.

Shortly thereafter the Duchess and her nearest attendants betook
themselves to the capital, and were greeted with loyal homage. She met
with no protests or opposition. Her regency was indorsed, and all the
rights which Geoffrey had enjoyed in the English provinces were
conceded. Hoel remained steadfastly by the side of the Duchess and
devoted himself exclusively to her service. His example, and his tender
consideration for her, worked for her advantage, as it induced many who
were wavering at first to join in making the recognition of her
authority unanimous.




                               Chapter IV
                              The Embassy


As the Duchess was obliged to devote the most of her time to affairs of
state, the child was tenderly cared for by Bertha. The quiet of the
little court was broken by the festivities attending the approaching
christening of the Duke. Tournaments and sports were arranged, and the
friends and adherents of the Duchess were summoned to Rennes. She had
received no tidings from the relatives of her husband, whereas King
Philip Augustus of France had promised to be represented by one of his
knights, whose arrival was eagerly awaited.

At last the French gentlemen appeared at the gate of the castle in
imposing array--knights in glistening armor, squires and servants also
armed. Count von Gragny, a famous soldier and well-known to Hoel on many
a battle-field, came as the King's representative. The strangers were
escorted to their quarters, and after a short rest Count Gragny
exchanged his armor for court dress to wait upon the Duchess. With his
little retinue he rode through the narrow streets of the city to the
castle, where the chamberlain conducted him to her presence.

Constance received upon a dais in the centre of the room, surrounded by
her ladies, and bowed a gracious welcome to the Count, who knelt and
delivered the greeting of his King.

"I am delighted, noble Count," Constance began, "that the King has
granted my wish and is willing to be the godfather of the Duke."

"The King has shown you further favor, Lady Duchess, and has intrusted
me with a message which is for your private ear," replied the Count.

The Duchess, surprised, motioned her ladies to withdraw. "Speak," she
eagerly exclaimed, when they were alone.

"The King of France, in consideration of your unprotected situation and
the dangers which threaten the heir of Duke Geoffrey--"

"Pardon me," interrupted Constance, "we do not feel that we are
unprotected. Our vassals are faithful, and the people are loyal."

"Yet as dangers may easily arise, noble lady, when you least expect
them, King Philip offers to undertake the guardianship of your son."

Constance was alarmed, but retained her composure, and asked: "Would not
this provoke danger? It is the duty of the nearest paternal relatives,
the King of England and his princes, to take the place of father to my
son, and they may not yield that right."

"Are you sure they are willing to exercise it, Lady Duchess? and have
you sufficient confidence in them to intrust your child to their care?
Will they unqualifiedly recognize him as the Duke? King Henry is far
over the frontiers of Scotland and his sons are not on the best of terms
with you."

"Richard is noble and just. He is the eldest, and is under obligation to
his dead brother, Geoffrey," replied Constance.

"Do not depend upon him. He is never in one place long enough to become
attached to any one. I advise you to accept the King's offer."

"I will consider it, Count," replied the Duchess, rising. "For the next
few days, meanwhile, you are my guest. We will let business rest during
the festivities, but will confer with you again on this matter before
you return to Paris."

The Count bowed and left the Duchess, who remained for some time
absorbed in thought. At last she called Bertha, who was accustomed to
bring the Prince to his mother about that hour, and she at once entered,
carrying the child in her arms. The Duchess rushed up to her, took the
child, and tenderly kissed him. "I may enjoy my sweet one only a moment
to-day, Bertha," she exclaimed. "Is it not glorious that God has given
me such a charming gift of love? Surely fate should be kind to him, but,
alas, clouds are gathering on the horizon of his life, and I am left
alone to protect him. Now, Bertha, take my darling away, for Knight Hoel
comes to speak with me."

Hoel was very anxious, for he feared, after the long interview with the
Count, that difficulties had arisen. Constance began at once
communicating to him what had been proposed, "Can you divine what King
Philip Augustus has requested of me?"

"Requested, or demanded?" asked Hoel.

"Both, only the demand was concealed. He wishes to take the guardianship
of the Duke of Brittany."

"Ha! crafty as ever! Were his proposal disinterested, it would be well.
Still, Philip has the power to protect you."

"But against whom? We are living in peace, and I must first know what to
expect from England."

"May I know what reply you made to the Count?"

"None, as yet. I asked time for consideration. See to it, therefore,
that the French gentlemen have a cordial reception, and at the
christening to-morrow the representative of the King shall be honored as
far as is in our power."

With this the Duchess closed the interview, and Hoel repaired to his
guests to ascertain their wishes and make their visit as pleasant as
possible.




                               Chapter V
                            The Christening


The little Duke was christened Arthur, as his father had decided. After
the ceremony was concluded and he had been taken back to his chamber and
consigned to Bertha's care, the Duchess summoned all her guests, as well
as her knights and ecclesiastics, to a feast in the great hall.
Constance was seated at the head of the table, under a canopy. The
strangers, with whom she graciously conversed in French, sat near her,
while the guests at the lower end of the table spoke in the native
Breton dialect. Quiet at first, they gradually grew more animated as
great flagons of wine were repeatedly filled and drained. Owing to the
confusion in the hall they failed to hear the sound of horses' hoofs
outside the castle, and the blast of a horn was the first announcement
they had of the arrival of new guests. The chamberlain entered the hall
and whispered to the Duchess, who thereupon rose, and with a wave of her
hand ordered silence. "We have unexpectedly been honored by the arrival
of a noble visitor," said she. "It is Queen Eleanor. She is at the
castle with her retinue. Let us hasten to receive them with the honors
due to her."

Constance advanced to the entrance of the hall, followed by her nobles,
a part of the guests remaining at table. Scarcely had she reached it
when the Queen met her at the head of several knights.

With stately dignity Constance courtesied her greeting and spoke:
"Welcome, illustrious Queen! and excuse us for not going out to receive
you. We are surprised, having received no intimation of this visit,
although we sent messengers with invitations."

The Queen stretched out her hand to Constance and kissed her on the
forehead. "We have changed the route of the journey we had planned to
greet you, daughter-in-law, and are truly delighted to find you so
strong and well. We were ready to sympathize with you in your
affliction, but it does not appear to be necessary."

"Honored mother of my dead husband, I shall never cease to mourn for
Geoffrey; but you very well know that princesses have no time to abandon
themselves to grief. But come and participate in our feast. You will
find worthy guests here, messengers from the King of France."

"Ha!" exclaimed the astonished Queen, as she recognized Count Gragny,
who with the others advanced and bowed low. "Have you settled matters so
far as to throw yourself already into the arms of Philip Augustus, even
before you have taken the trouble to ascertain the policy of the King of
England?"

"Although I have received no answer to my message to England," said the
Duchess, "I doubt not that King Henry will approve my action in securing
the good-will of our powerful neighbor and seeking his protection for my
son, the Duke of Brittany."

"Let me see the child," replied Eleanor. As she noticed Constance
looking inquiringly at Hoel, she added: "Why do you hesitate? Have you
any reason for concealing him from me?"

Hoel went at once to notify Bertha, and when the Queen entered the
chamber with Count Gragny and several other knights, all gathered about
the cradle in which the child was lying. Eleanor gave one glance at the
little Duke and then turned again to Constance. "I advise you to give up
your game. I shall never recognize this boy as Geoffrey's heir. Content
yourself with your paternal possessions in Brittany, which I shall never
enter again."

"What do you mean, Your Majesty?" exclaimed Constance, with increasing
emotion.

"I mean that the heir came very suddenly, and when he was greatly
needed," said Eleanor. "Who knows in what hut he was born and found?"

"This is monstrous!" interrupted Constance. "How dare you impute such a
disgraceful thing to me, and insult me in my most sacred relations? Go!
Only one who can invent such a story is capable of such action. You have
a wicked heart!"

"Enough," said the Queen. "See to it that you and your child do not come
in my way, otherwise woe to him and to you." As she said this she made a
threatening gesture with her hand at the child.

Little Alan, who had been standing by his mother's side, darted forward
and, seizing the Queen's arm, cried out in his shrill childish voice,
"Don't you touch the Duke!"

The Queen regarded Alan with astonishment, and said with a sneer: "So!
You have taught young and old to call him Duke without regard to the
policy of others!"

"The united dukedom belongs to us as rightfully as does Guienne, which
you inherited from your father, to you," said Constance haughtily. "But
now, Your Majesty, let us have peace. Remember, you are our guest, and
as such we shall treat you with due honor." The Duchess stepped to the
door, and stood there until Eleanor had passed, then followed with her
knights.

"What a woman!" whispered Count Gragny to Hoel, who quietly shrugged his
shoulders. He kept his eyes bent upon the Queen, as he suspected she
might have communication with those near the Duchess, for he feared her
wiles. Eleanor took very little part in the banquet, and shortly retired
with her attendants, after a brief leave-taking.

Those remaining in the hall regarded each other in silence, but Count
Gragny could not long endure the situation. He spoke out: "The Queen
came like the bad fairy who always appears unexpectedly at christenings.
Fortunately, she left no evil gift behind."

"Yet, noble Count," replied Hoel, "she has left us anxiety."

"Let us drown all thoughts of troublesome questions with mirth and
wine," exclaimed the Count, raising his glass. "Your Ladyship, I drink
to the health of Duke Arthur."

Constance gracefully thanked him for the honor, and raised her glass to
her lips. After that she announced the close of the feast and dismissed
the guests.

She hastened at once to her child. She knelt down by his cradle and
looked for a long time at the handsome little one lying in quiet
slumber, watched his gentle breathing, and admired his rosy cheeks. Alan
stood at the head of the cradle and kept watch over his Duke. With a sad
smile Constance rose, took Bertha's hand, and left the chamber.

Later in the evening the Duchess, Hoel, and her counsellors prepared a
reply to King Philip's proposals. It had already been demonstrated by
the Queen's conduct how little they could expect from her husband's
family; for although as wife and mother Eleanor neither loved nor
respected King Henry and his sons, she understood how to gain her own
ends and embitter the feelings of others. Could affection for the child
be expected of them when even his own grandmother would not acknowledge
him? After due consideration it was decided to accept the guardianship
offered by Philip Augustus on condition that the King of England, on his
return from the wars, agreed to it.

On the following day Constance gave her reply to Count Gragny, who
expressed his delight, for he knew that the King would be pleased with
the prompt and successful manner in which he had executed the
commission.

"My King ordered me," he said, "to make arrangements for your safety at
once. He will send you all the troops you need."

"We are not at war," replied Constance, "and consequently do not need
help."

"Now that Eleanor has been here, Princess, do not expect that peace will
be lasting. The help offered to-day may be too far away in time of
danger to rescue your son."

Constance was deeply impressed by his importunity, and turned to Hoel,
saying: "You know best our means of defence. Do you think them
sufficient?"

"The militia will not hesitate to take the field for you," replied the
knight, "but only so long as war may last. Paid troops will remain all
the time in your service, but of course they will be a burden upon the
country."

"Only a small number will be sent," said the Count. "That is the King's
own stipulation."

Constance was forced to accept, but with a sad heart, and dismissed the
Count, who at once started for home with his attendants. The merrymaking
arranged by the Count continued in Rennes, and the Duchess took part in
it with apparent pleasure. But, as often as she could, she visited the
room where Arthur played upon Bertha's lap and crowed and laughed in
play with Alan. She pressed her darling to her heart and sighed, "It is
all for you, my son, all for you."




                               Chapter VI
                            The Guardianship


Not long after these events Philip's troops marched into Brittany, where
they met with a quiet reception; but when they attempted to establish
themselves in Normandy, they encountered violent resistance. The
powerful barons there had made a complete surrender to the English
government. They had accepted Geoffrey as its representative and had
submitted to him, but they would not recognize Constance, for before her
departure to England Eleanor had won them over to her side. Their
followers were well armed, and stoutly resisted the French troops. In
the numerous encounters which occurred the interests of the Duke of
Brittany were no longer considered. The stake was the mastery of England
or of France, and one or the other side alternately gained the upper
hand.

It was still quiet in Brittany, and in Constance's vicinity Hoel and his
men kept good watch. Longingly and often the Duchess gazed at the child
in her arms and wished that he could soon be a man to fight with sword
in hand for her and her rights. Thus they were living in apparent
security at the castle in Rennes, but really in continual fear of
approaching dangers. The times were troublous, and the world was full of
disquiet, but Arthur passed his days pleasantly, in an atmosphere of
love. Life was all smiles for him. Under Bertha's care and Hoel's
devotion he became both gentle and courageous, and as he grew stronger
nothing delighted him more than rivalry with Alan in all knightly
practices. The latter, older and stronger, was not only attached to the
young Duke by friendship, but by duty and devotion, and thus became both
his companion and protector. They were inseparable, and shared
everything in common. They roamed the woods and fields together with all
the joyous enthusiasm of youth, but their greatest longing was to
perform heroic feats. They were much more delighted to listen to Hoel as
he told them of his adventures and exploits at arms than to the
chaplain, who was their instructor. With rapt attention they heard the
story of how Hoel and Duke Geoffrey rode together to Normandy and other
provinces, overcame the haughty barons, stormed their strong castles,
and sent them to England to pay fresh homage to the King. Arthur longed
to be such a hero, and his dearest wish was to assist his mother in the
restoration of the ancient authority. Combining boldness and gentleness,
he was specially fitted to rule, and it was his greatest pride that he
was entitled to the position of ruler by birth.

Arthur was in his tenth year when the report reached them that King
Henry's sons, incited by Eleanor, had conspired to prevent his return
from Scotland. Unexpectedly, however, he suddenly appeared in England
and frustrated their plot. The news disquieted Constance so greatly that
she sent Hoel for information. He had been absent several days, and his
return was now eagerly awaited.

One evening the Duchess was looking from her window, which commanded an
extended view of the city and its vicinity. Fatigued with riding and
hunting, Arthur had sought his mother, and was resting his head upon her
shoulder. She turned to him and stroked his heated brow. Bertha and Alan
were also present, and the room was very quiet. Suddenly Bertha stepped
to the window and exclaimed, "There comes my husband with a stranger."
The two rapidly drew near, and dismounted in the castle-yard, whence,
seeing the ladies at the window, Hoel came to their apartment. Bertha
and the boys met him in the anteroom, at the door of which stood the
Duchess. "What news do you bring?" she asked.

"Bad news," replied Hoel. "King Henry is dead."[8]

The Duchess silently motioned to the knight to enter, and seated
herself. After Bertha had taken the boys away, Hoel began: "The King
died of a broken heart, so the people say. He could not endure the
thought that the Queen had plotted his overthrow."

"Horrible!--and the Princes?"

"Richard threw himself at his father's feet and begged forgiveness.
Prince John, on the other hand, hypocritically sought to clear himself
of guilt. But the King knew only too well. 'All three sons,'[9] he
groaned, and fell unconscious."

Constance started, and Hoel was silent. Yes, the third one was Geoffrey.

"And did he die at once? Did he leave no instructions concerning the
kingdom? Had he no thought for Geoffrey's son?" asked the Duchess.

"They say he longed for his grandson and mourned because he had not been
able to see him. He drew up his will and placed it in the keeping of the
Lord High Chancellor. Then he turned his thoughts to divine things, took
the sacrament, and passed away."

Constance was silent for some time, then asked, "And does any one know
the contents of the will?"

"It is sealed up in the royal exchequer and can be opened only in case
the Prince--no, King Richard--shall die childless. Only the confidential
witnesses know its contents," said Hoel.

"_King_ Richard!" replied Constance. "God be thanked it is Richard who
has come to the throne. He is noble and high-minded, and will protect
us."

"God grant it! Would that he could soon come to France and restore
order."

"Whence came the rider who brought the news?"

"From Rouen. English vessels have landed there, and brought Norman
knights who were in the Scottish campaign. They will guard the country
until he can come himself and take possession."

"As soon as King Richard comes to Rouen, we will seek him there."

"Meanwhile," said Hoel, "I will make ample preparations to insure your
safety."

"Is it not shameful," said Constance indignantly, "that the Duchess of
Brittany should be insecure in her own country?"

Hoel was awaited in the hall by the two boys, who plied him with
questions. The death of King Henry made a deep impression upon Arthur,
who already realized that his fate had rested in his grandfather's
hands. For the first time also he realized the insecurity of human
greatness, and when suddenly the bells tolled in the city's church
towers, and the castle chapel bell added its solemn peals, he was
greatly overcome, and held fast to Alan's hand.




                              Chapter VII
                              The Journey


It was a beautiful summer morning, and the hills and valleys of Brittany
were flooded with sunlight. All Nature seemed exultant, and all living
things were sharing her transports. The beauty of the fields and green
woods concealed alike all traces of the last winter's storms and the
ravages so often occasioned by men when they sow the earth with fire and
blood.

As if still more to enhance the beauty of the scene, a cavalcade was
seen approaching from the adjacent wooded heights. The riders followed
the winding road, now in groups, now singly, and sometimes were entirely
hidden from view. Clear, ringing voices, joyous laughter, and now and
then deep manly voices mingled with the neighing of horses. The
travellers were the Duchess of Brittany, her son, and attendants. The
seneschal rode in advance with two heralds, followed by Constance in a
riding-habit of green silk, mounted upon a beautiful palfrey. Hoel rode
by her side, his fiery bay taking the lead whenever the road narrowed,
to make room for the Duchess's horse. Then came Duke Arthur and Alan on
prancing black steeds. Arthur sat jauntily yet securely in his saddle,
his slight figure being a trifling burden for the noble animal, which
seemed to take pride in carrying him. He looked boyish yet
distinguished. His unusual beauty was a sufficient mark of his high
birth even if his costume had not proclaimed it. He wore a cloak of
brown silk embroidered with gold, and over it a short, dark satin mantle
tipped with ermine. From his cap waved a heron plume, fastened with
jewels. He was a figure of beauty as he rode through the charming world
about him, engaged in earnest talk with Alan. Behind the youths followed
the squires and troopers, next the Duchess's ladies, and in the rear the
servants with the sumpter horses. It was an imposing though not a
warlike train.

Their destination was Rouen, where King Richard had arrived, not, as
Constance had hoped, to settle her affairs, but to consult with Philip
Augustus about the Crusade.[10] It was all the more urgent, therefore,
for the Duchess to seek an interview with him and ascertain his plans
before he entered upon such a long and dangerous journey. The King had
been notified of her visit and had arranged for her safe passage through
Normandy, whose frontier she was now approaching. As they emerged from
the woods Hoel heard a cry and the sound of a struggle in a thicket
close at hand, and ordered a halt. Before he began an investigation, the
disturbers of the peace appeared. Two men were dragging another along,
answering his appeals with blows and abusive epithets. The victim was an
old man, and the sight aroused Arthur's indignation. He rode up at once,
and ordered the men to give an account of their conduct, and in the
meantime to release the old man. The latter fell upon his knees and
looked up to Arthur with tearful eyes. Hoel and Alan came forward and
heard the indignant protest of the two men. They declared they were
bailiffs in the service of the King of France. "This man," they said,
pointing to the kneeling victim, "is a Jew. The last day of grace King
Philip allowed the Jews has expired."

"Is this true?" asked Arthur.

The old man looked up and said: "Listen, most gracious Prince, for,
although I know you not, I can see the reflection of the crown upon your
brow. Yes, it is true. The great King Philip Augustus, although he has
long allowed our race to live in his kingdom, has now set his face
against us. He has said, 'Take the staff and leave the country; any one
of you found in France after the day which I set shall die.' The King's
servants have hounded us. They have plundered our homes; they have
driven off our poor and wretched people. I was on my way to Holland,
where our people have freedom to live, but I was so overcome by grief
and hunger that I had to stay in the city until to-day--and now they
have caught me."

"It looks bad for you, Jew," said Hoel, shrugging his shoulders.

The bailiffs were again about to seize their prisoner, but Arthur cried:
"Stop! Let him go free. It is my wish that he shall accompany us."

"We are the King's servants," demurred the bailiffs, "and must obey his
orders."

"I am in command here, not King Philip," said Arthur boldly and proudly.
"I am the Duke of Brittany. Take yourselves off, or my men shall bind
you."

The bailiffs, astonished at the delicate boy, who spoke with such
dignity, lost no time in getting away.

The Jew, when he realized that he was free, bowed to the earth before
Arthur and kissed his feet. The old man was so tattered, befouled, and
ill-favored that Arthur had some scruples about addressing him, but at
last he said, "If I protect you as far as Rouen will you then take ship
to Holland?"

The old man consented, saying, "God will help me on."

Arthur gave him one of the packhorses, whose load was distributed among
the other animals, and ordered the servants to let him ride with them.
More quickly than might have been expected of one so weak, the Jew swung
himself into the saddle and joined the little band, which once more
resumed its march.

Constance took no part in the occurrence, and when Arthur rode up and
entreated her approval of his act she said to him with some anxiety,
"When the bailiffs complain to Philip he may be angry with you, my son."

Arthur became thoughtful as Hoel added, "The life of this Jew is of
little consequence to Philip, for whatever he has of value the King will
be sure to get."

"How is that?" asked Arthur.

"The dispersal of the Jews was ordered to please the Pope," said Hoel,
"and out of their wealth King Philip will raise the means for arming the
Crusaders."

"That is not kingly," said Arthur indignantly.

"All the same they are Jews, and their treasures will be taken for the
King's service. How can it harm them anyway? They exude gold as these
pines do pitch."

Arthur reflected upon Hoel's words with considerable surprise and almost
regretted his display of sympathy. But when he looked back and saw the
bent figure of the Jew following the others, who shunned him, he thought
to himself, "Still, I could not let him perish."

That evening the Duchess and her most distinguished companions stopped
at one of the stately abbeys of that region, and Arthur arranged that
the Jew should spend the night with the servants who looked after the
horses outside. They had soon become accustomed to their silent
fellow-traveller, who served them for a laughing-stock.

After the fourth day the travellers at last approached their
destination. They met crowds along the country road--haughty knights,
warriors, and pilgrims intending to take part in the expedition to
Palestine, besides ecclesiastics and monks, traders and shopkeepers. It
was a good-natured crowd, but it often obstructed our travellers, and at
times they were separated from each other. Arthur and Alan were
frequently delayed by a group going in the opposite direction; then,
laughing and shouting, they rejoined their party. But toward evening
Hoel decided to ride faster, so that they might reach the city before
the gates closed. The party got more closely together, and Hoel rode
along the line, urging on both people and horses. While thus engaged he
discovered that the Jew was no longer with them, and that the horse he
had been riding was quietly following the others. Hoel caught it by the
bridle and looked about him to see if he were not mistaken. As he was
doing so he noticed a piece of paper tied to the saddle, with a ring
attached to it. He untied it and hastened to the Duke.

"Your ward has flown," began Hoel.

"So? Then he is both false and ungrateful," said the Duke, in some
confusion.

"Not this time," replied Hoel. "He has left the horse and this--see
here." He handed his find to Arthur, who took the ring from the paper
with much surprise. Upon the billet was written in Latin:

"To the Duke of Brittany, in gratitude for saving his life.--Abraham of
Paris."

The ring was a heavy gold one with a magnificent emerald set in it.
Arthur twirled it about, delighted with its brilliancy, then put it on
his finger and placed the paper in his cloak.

"Abraham of Paris," repeated the Duchess thoughtfully. "I well remember
that name. He is called the richest of the Paris Jews. The King often
bade him come to the court, and purchased jewels of him, and when he
needed money Abraham furnished it; but I wish nothing to be said about
our meeting him."




                              Chapter VIII
                         King Richard in Rouen


After brief delay at the gate, the travellers were admitted and escorted
to the place selected for them. As Constance was anxious to meet the
King at once, she sent word to the seneschal and followed him to the
castle, accompanied by Arthur, Hoel, and Alan. A marshal met them near
the entrance and called a servant to aid them in dismounting. There was
in the courtyard such a crowd of knights, pages, and court people of
various ranks that they made slow progress. Arthur paid little attention
to the brilliant rooms through which they passed or to the persons who
occupied them. His thoughts were fixed upon one object--to see Richard,
his uncle.

The marshal bade Hoel and Alan wait in the great hall, where two
halberdiers kept guard, and then beckoned to a page and ordered him to
wait upon the Duchess. The page disappeared behind a door, which he
almost immediately reopened. Stepping back into an anteroom, he left the
guests free to enter. With rapidly beating heart Arthur crossed the
threshold, following his mother, and found himself in a spacious
apartment, at the upper end of which King Richard rose from a carven
arm-chair and advanced to meet the Duchess.[11] Arthur almost cried out
when he saw the figure of the King before him, just as he had always
imagined him to look, only more stately. The grandeur about him affected
him but little, for his gaze was riveted upon the face of the King,
which revealed dignity joined with strength and goodness, and upon those
eyes which beamed so mildly upon his friends and flashed so terribly
upon his enemies.

He greeted the Duchess cordially, took her hand, and said: "It is long,
dear sister-in-law, since we met, and we have passed through great
sorrows. But you have had one consolation," he added, placing his hand
upon Arthur's shoulder. Arthur took the King's other hand and kissed it.
King Richard invited his guests to be seated and took his place between
them. Then he looked at Arthur again, murmuring to himself, "Geoffrey!
Geoffrey!" Tears filled the Duchess's eyes as Richard continued: "We
loved each other dearly. Geoffrey was less impulsive, and restrained me
from committing many a rash act, but he stood by me to the last. Do you
know, Lady Constance, when I was engaged in that unfortunate revolt
against my father, how I came to you alone in the darkness of night,
pursued by his soldiers? They demanded me as their prisoner, but
Geoffrey would not surrender me, and we beat our assailants back from
the walls. Geoffrey surely saved his brother, but in doing so he was in
rebellion against his father."

During this conversation Arthur was lost in contemplation of his uncle.
Even without armor Richard was the ideal of a hero. He was the
incomparable knight who in every tournament dashed horse and rider into
the dust; for whom no foe was too strong, no fortress too secure, and
who, after his victories, sang in competition with the troubadours.

A smile lit up Richard's face as he noticed the boy's rapt gaze, and,
turning suddenly, he asked, "What are you thinking about, Arthur?"

"I was thinking," replied Arthur with a start--"oh, I was thinking that
my father could not help standing by you. As brother and as knight he
could not have done otherwise."

"And yet," said Richard, looking at the red cross fastened upon his left
shoulder, "the Church now demands that I shall go to the Holy Land and
make expiation for my resistance to my father's authority. I have
promised to go, and shall keep my word, though it is hard to leave my
kingdom, which is not yet quieted. Oh, Arthur, if you were only a man
and could fight by my side! There is glory still to be acquired in the
morning-land for him who is victor under the banner of Godfrey of
Bouillon,[12] and the celestial crown of the martyr for him who falls."

Greatly excited by Richard's words, Arthur fell upon his knees,
exclaiming, "I will go with you, my uncle and my king: I will be your
page, your servant!"

Constance stretched out her hand as if to restrain him, but Richard said
with a quiet smile: "No, Arthur; wait until you have come to a man's
strength. There will be great deeds for you to perform later."

Arthur and the Duchess rose to take leave of the King, who embraced her,
saying: "As you may be in need of rest, I will not detain you longer,
but I will receive you again to-morrow as my guest."

The King struck a shield hanging upon the wall, whereupon two pages and
the marshal entered, and under their respectful escort the Duchess and
Duke left the castle after they had been rejoined by Hoel and Alan.




                               Chapter IX
                              The Banquet


On the following day Arthur saw Richard in the midst of his brilliant
and warlike retinue. The Duchess sat at the table next to the King, with
Arthur by her side. Famous men, knights, statesmen, and ecclesiastics
had seats below the Duke, who was quite elated because his rank placed
him next the King. Their greetings reminded him that he must prove
himself worthy of them by his own merit and heroic deeds, and a new
world was revealed to him as he listened to the words of these men of
wide experience, though he but half understood them. Many a one noticed
the enthusiasm of the boy, and his high-bred mien, and was charmed by
him. When King Richard raised his glass to drink the health of his
sister-in-law, the Duchess Constance, the guests joyously responded, and
added, "Long live Duke Arthur of Brittany!"

Greatly excited, Arthur rose to thank them, and, turning to Richard,
exclaimed, "I will prove myself, my royal uncle, worthy of the honor
paid me by these brave men."

His admirers gathered about him enthusiastically, spoke of his great and
brilliant future, and praised him as a true scion of the Plantagenets.

"Did you hear, Alan?" he said to his devoted friend, when at last they
were alone in their room; "I am destined to achieve fame and greatness.
I shall no longer be content to lead a quiet, unknown life."

All who came to know the Prince held him in the highest esteem, and were
surprised that so noble a youth had developed in comparative obscurity.
Many thought that King Richard might be childless, and that he was going
to a distant war which would be full of danger. In that case the next
heir to the English throne was Arthur.

Hardly a word passed about Constance's affairs and Hoel's solicitude.
Richard referred her to King Philip as soon as he should arrive; and
when Constance, greatly embarrassed, asked, "Are you angry because we
accepted his protection in a time of need?" Richard replied, "I do not
blame you; you had to have him for a friend, for England left you in the
lurch. My mother--" Here the King broke off abruptly, and then closed by
saying, "I think everything will be arranged by Philip. Arthur, of
course, will keep Geoffrey's possessions, not only because of respect
for the dead, but also for our love of his son."

After a week, which to Arthur passed like a pleasant hour, King Philip
arrived in Rouen. His principal counsellors and several high
ecclesiastics were in his retinue, but not so many soldiers as in that
of Richard.

Arthur was present at the first meeting of the two sovereigns, and
Philip's searching glance discovered him even before Richard introduced
them. At the words, "My cousin and ward," Philip stooped and kissed his
forehead. When Arthur, greatly moved by his cordiality of manner,
greeted him as the protector of his childhood, Philip's serious face was
illuminated with a gracious smile, revealing the favorable impression
the Duke had made upon him. He had always sought the control of the Duke
of Brittany to hold England in check, but now he so unexpectedly found
Arthur such an engaging personality that he determined not to lose sight
of him. He called upon Constance and renewed his assurances of
friendship. When she expressed some anxiety lest, in the absence of the
two kings, she might be troubled by Eleanor, who was to remain in
England as regent, Philip invited her to go to his court. "You and your
son," he said, "shall be under my feudal protection; and should you have
any fear for your personal safety, you can be sure of an honorable
reception in Paris."

Constance expressed her thanks in Richard's presence, hoping he would
make a still closer claim to Arthur; but the Crusade monopolized all his
thoughts. He had already recognized Brittany as the hereditary fief
which would belong to Arthur when he came of age, and with this
assurance Constance had to be content.

The departure of King Richard well-nigh broke Arthur's heart, and
Richard embraced him with deep emotion. Philip admonished them again to
go to Paris whenever it seemed best.

"That will yet happen," said Hoel to Alan on their way back. "Philip
well knows that fate will force Arthur into his arms. Had Richard
thought more of the future, we should not have been going home thus."




                               Chapter X
                          The Return to Rennes


The friendly reception which the young Duke everywhere met as he
reëntered Brittany made the home-coming very dear to him. The situation
had changed, as he now realized, and the people had great expectations
of his future. When he came to the gates of cities, the people went out
to meet him with welcomes and good wishes. Arthur showed interest and
kindness for all, and the Duchess gave him precedence everywhere and
rejoiced at the enthusiasm manifested for him, both by high and by low.

Upon their arrival at Rennes they received sad news. Bertha was no more.
She had died after a brief illness. It was the first real sorrow in
Arthur's life, and his grief was hardly less than that of Hoel and Alan,
who felt as if their happiness were forever lost. It separated Arthur's
present life from his past life, and served to concentrate his thoughts
upon the future. All the news from the great world, into which he had
had a brief glance, now became of interest to him, especially everything
concerning the Crusade. As time passed, wandering pilgrims and minstrels
came and told of events in the morning-land,--of Richard's exploits
before Acre and Ascalon,[13] and of his heroic conduct in times of
danger, which had won for him the name of "Lion-hearted." Then news
ceased to come for a long time; but suddenly the report spread that
Philip Augustus had returned to France with only a remnant of his army.
It seemed incredible at first, but they soon found that it was true, for
the Duchess received a letter from Paris in which Philip urgently
requested her to come there with Arthur. She hesitated, however, for her
safety in Brittany was not imperilled. The King's letter surprised them
all, particularly Arthur, who had a presentiment that it foreshadowed a
turning-point in his life.

One evening a pilgrim appeared at the castle gate and desired to speak
with the Duke. The latter had just returned from the chase and was
standing in the anteroom as the stranger entered.

"Rest yourself, holy man," said Arthur, "and then tell me your errand."

"Allow me to speak with you in private," replied the pilgrim. After
Arthur had dismissed those standing about, the pilgrim whispered a few
words to him.

Hardly had he done so before Arthur made a loud outcry, and rushed into
the terrified Duchess's apartment, exclaiming, "Richard is a prisoner!"
As he knew nothing more about it, the Duchess, after summoning Hoel, had
the pilgrim brought to her, and asked him for the particulars. As soon
as the latter removed his palmer's hat, Hoel recognized him as Count
Guntram, one of the Crusaders in Richard's army. After the first
greetings he told, at Arthur's request, the story of the events which
led to the abandonment of Palestine. Forsaken by his allies, whom he had
alienated by his haughtiness of manner, Richard realized when it was too
late that he could not rescue Jerusalem with his army alone. He withdrew
reluctantly from the Holy City, and decided to return. His vessel was
separated from the others and wrecked upon the Italian coast. Too
impatient to wait for the rest of the fleet, he undertook to retreat
with a few companions. As they had to traverse a hostile country, they
adopted the garb of pilgrims, but they could not elude the sharp
scrutiny of spies. Richard fell into the hands of the Duke of Austria,
whom he had greatly offended during the Crusade, and the Duke consigned
his distinguished prisoner to Henry the Sixth, Emperor of Germany.[14]
His fugitive companions were making their way to their homes.

Arthur, completely absorbed in Richard's fate, contemplated plans for
his deliverance, and had no doubt that all the princes would unite with
him to rescue the prisoner. Guntram, however, gloomily shook his head,
and said: "Richard is imprisoned in the strong castle of Trifels[15] on
the Rhine, and there he will remain until he is released for a heavy
ransom. Think rather about yourself and your own affairs, noble Prince.
Your Uncle John, hoping that Richard will never return, is preparing to
attack Brittany and get you into his power as soon as possible. Make
your escape at once, lest all the noble scions of the house of
Plantagenet fall, and John remain, to the misfortune of the world."

Knight Guntram frequently repeated his warning before he left the
Duchess's court, and the impression it made upon his hearers was soon
strengthened by indications of its truth.

The country gradually began to grow restless and excited. The
coast-dwellers removed into the interior, for English vessels had been
seen, and they feared a landing. A letter also was received from Queen
Eleanor, in which the Duchess was warned not to make any claims upon
England for her son's rights, as they would not be recognized. In the
event of Richard's death, John, who was now sharing the sovereignty with
Eleanor, would certainly succeed to the throne.

In view of the manifest danger to the Duke's rights it was decided that
they must seek the protection and help of Philip Augustus. Accompanied
by their nearest and most devoted attendants, Duchess Constance and
Arthur once more set out, this time upon an eventful journey. Mourning
over the fate of their country and their own fate as well, they left
their beloved Brittany. Hardly had they crossed the frontier when John's
troops poured into the country, beat back the mercenaries of Philip
Augustus, and placed his banner above the gates of the city. The people
mournfully submitted to his yoke, hoping in their secret hearts for the
return of their legitimate ruler.




                               Chapter XI
                       With King Philip Augustus


Constance and Arthur were received at the court of Philip Augustus in
Paris not after the manner of fugitives. The King gave them royal
recognition, and his spouse, the gracious Agnes of Meran, greeted them
most cordially. Philip evinced a peculiarly friendly interest in Arthur;
but he met his urgent request for assistance with a quiet smile, saying,
"I shall do all in my power to help you to retain your possessions and
all your rights. In the meantime, as there is a quarrel to be settled
between me and the Count of Flanders, will you go with me and win your
spurs on my side?"

The King looked sharply at Arthur, who, thirsting for action, acceded to
his proposal notwithstanding the Duchess's disapproval. She was obliged
to consent in the end, however, for Hoel and Alan, who found idle court
life intolerable, gladly agreed to go also, and were eager to
participate in the affair.

Arthur was to be admitted to knighthood at once, and chose Alan for his
brother-in-arms. During the night which preceded the important ceremony,
the youths kept knightly vigil to uplift their souls in prayer. They
were escorted by Hoel and some of the leading knights to the castle
chapel, where they were left alone, after an impressive parting. The
barred doors shut them out from the world, and they knelt a long time
before the altar, engaged in their devotions. These concluded, they
arose, and with drawn swords made a circuit of the chapel walls, pausing
at times before the memorials of distinguished princes, whose statues
seemed almost ghostly in the uncertain flickerings of the ever-burning
lamps. The banners fastened to the columns, which reached to the dome,
fluttered, and the trophies gave out a hollow sound as the youths passed
them. At last they reached the altar again, and almost involuntarily
Arthur began to express his deep emotions. He thought of the cruel fate
which had snatched his father from him, and of the sorrowful burden
which had overwhelmed his mother. With a firm voice he pictured the
future for which he longed so ardently and hopefully. He would earn
distinction and fame under Philip's leadership, and all brave heroes
would gladly help him in his struggle for his rights. Then, when Richard
had returned to the throne of England, and he had earned Philip's
good-will, how successfully his life would unfold! "And you, Alan, my
brother-in-arms," he said, turning to him, "shall always be nearest my
side, however high a station I may reach."

Glowing with youthful enthusiasm, Alan knelt before Arthur and lowered
his sword with the utmost reverence, for he believed in Arthur with all
his soul. Joyfully the latter exclaimed: "Oh, that a sign might be given
to reveal my future!"

At that instant the moon broke through the clouds and illuminated the
lofty stained glass windows. In the sudden crimson glow Arthur and Alan
looked as if they were sprinkled with blood. Their faces, hair, and
shoulders were tinted a deep red. They gazed upon one another with
astonishment, but the red glow soon disappeared, and they were once more
in the semi-darkness. Though the effect, which was caused by the light
passing through the ruby-red panes, was easily explainable, yet they
were deeply impressed by it. They spoke no more, but stood motionless by
the altar, awaiting the coming of day.

The morning light had hardly broken when the doors of the chapel were
opened and a band of knights came to greet their new brothers. Hoel
embraced them and smiled at Arthur's disturbed countenance; but when he
saw that Alan too was pale and agitated, he became serious. There was no
time to question them, for a multitude quickly poured into the chapel.
The entire court was soon assembled. The ecclesiastics gathered about
the altar, and at last the King entered with the Queen and the Duchess
Constance. At the close of the religious service Philip entered the
chancel and bade Arthur kneel. Touching his shoulder with his sword, he
dubbed him knight and received his vows. When Alan had likewise been
admitted to knighthood, their golden spurs were given them, and shouting
"Saint Denis!" and "Saint George!" the knights embraced their new
comrades. All present joined in congratulation, and Hoel had to tear
them away almost by force, so that they might have rest and refreshment
and be in readiness for the afternoon's tournament. When the time came,
they were assisted in putting on their armor by knights, but Arthur kept
his sash in his hand so that his mother might bind it about him. The
gloomy night was forgotten, and as he passed along the spacious
corridors of the Louvre[16] every one he met stopped to admire his
youthful beauty and to make smiling return for his friendly greeting.

As he approached the Duchess's apartment he heard delightful strains of
music, and hesitated about entering; for Constance, since the great
sorrow had come into her life, seldom touched the harp. At last,
however, he softly opened the door and glanced into the large room. The
Duchess was reclining upon a couch, her head resting upon her hand, and
her pale face bedewed with tears. A young lady, who was playing the
harp, sat near her on a tabouret. She ceased as Arthur quickly advanced
and bowed low to the two ladies. The younger rose in surprise and looked
inquiringly at the Duchess, who took her hand and, turning to Arthur,
said, "You must know, my son, who has played so beautifully for my
consolation. This is the Princess Marie of France,[17] whom Philip has
brought from the cloisters to-day. Though it is our first meeting, she
well knows my sorrow."

"Noble lady," said Marie gently, "I too have known sorrow. My mother is
dead."

"May the blessing of Heaven comfort you, gracious lady, and bring its
peace to a heart which knows so well how to comfort others," exclaimed
Arthur. "I shall go to the field contentedly, for I know that an angel
will be at my mother's side."

Trumpet peals from the courtyard summoned to the tournament. The clank
of armor was heard in the anteroom, and knights were in waiting to act
as Arthur's escort.

"It is my first venture with arms, dear mother. Give me your blessing, I
beseech you," implored Arthur; "and you, Princess, shall tie on my sash
as a surety of good fortune in the contest."

Marie directed a questioning glance at the Duchess, and when she smiled
in return, threw the scarf over Arthur's shoulder and fastened it. After
a word of thanks, Arthur hastened to his waiting associates, and the
ladies betook themselves to the Queen, whose guests they were to be at
the tournament.

The field was encircled with a dense throng of persons of all ranks. The
spectators watched Arthur eagerly as he rode in, followed by Alan and
four knights, who drew up in line. Their adversaries confronted them in
similar line. At a signal from the King the knights rushed at each
other. Hoel smilingly watched his _protégés_, who distinguished
themselves by their daring and dexterity. At the first onset Arthur
parried the thrust of his enemy, and at the second advanced from the
other side with such fury that his opponent was taken off his guard and
was dismounted. Arthur was declared victor. The same good fortune
attended him in the remaining contests, and at the close he received a
wreath from the Queen's own hands as his prize. Never was handsomer
knight seen than Arthur, as with visor raised he lifted his crowned head
and saluted the princesses. At the court banquet he was assigned a place
between his mother and the Princess Marie, and his heart swelled with
joy and pride.

The time for the departure of the expedition drew nigh, and Arthur spent
his leisure moments in the company of the Duchess and her young friend.
On the last evening the King visited them, and after a brief
conversation turned to the Duke. "Take a long farewell," said he. "Guard
yourself in battle, for your reward will be Marie's hand."

Arthur and the Princess stood speechless with surprise for some time,
but the silence was at last broken by the Duchess: "Yes, Arthur, it is
the King's will to give Marie to you as wife, and to me as daughter,
some day, when our lot is a happier one."

"For that I hope, with God's help," answered the King.




                              Chapter XII
                              In the Field


Arthur was in the field several months with Philip, and though he had to
endure all that powerful warrior's severe discipline, he fought for him
as valiantly as he would have done for himself. All this time the enemy
remained unsubdued; but at last the King, having cut off all probable
chance of escape, looked for a decisive result. The day for the attack
was fixed, and everything was made ready. On the evening before the
battle, after issuing his orders, the King retired to his tent to read
some letters which a messenger had brought from Paris. The chancellor
urgently entreated him to return, for disorder was spreading, and the
finances were in such desperate condition that he could procure no more
money.

"Ha!" said the King to himself, "how shall we meet the needs of the
Empire? There is but one way. The Jews must empty their pockets. The ban
shall be raised. We expelled them to please the Pope, who is now
secretly plotting with my enemies against me and annoying me in every
way." The King called for his secretary, but instead of that official a
knight suddenly entered the tent. Recognizing Arthur, he waited for him
to speak.

"Oh, my King," said Arthur excitedly, "I have had news from my uncle."

Philip frowned and asked, "What does John want now?"

"My news is not from John; I am speaking of Richard. He is free. He is
no longer a prisoner in the castle of Trifels."

"How," interrupted the King, "has the ransom been furnished?"

"He is free," repeated Arthur; "a deserter from the Netherlands brought
the tidings. Richard has embarked on the Holland coast. They recognized
him, though he went there in disguise."

"Alone!" said the astonished King. "Oh, the Lion-hearted!"

"Without doubt he has crossed to England," continued Arthur excitedly,
"and now it is time my King, for me to hasten to his assistance."

"Thoughtless youth!" broke in Philip, "would you forsake me before the
end of the campaign and ingloriously leave before we know whether
Richard has actually reached his fatherland?"

Arthur grew thoughtful, and retired to consult Hoel and Alan. The latter
was eager to go, for he was not enthusiastic in his devotion to Philip;
he would rather have fought for Richard. But Hoel twirled his gray
mustache and shook his head. He feared Richard's rash and unstable
disposition, and knew that he could not be relied upon. "Philip is right
in this matter," he said. "Let us first dispose of this Fleming; after
that it will be time to think of the other matter."

The battle was fought the next day, and resulted in the defeat of the
Count of Flanders after a stout resistance. The King himself led his
warriors, sword in hand, in an attack upon the enemy, who were seeking
to hold a bridge. His battle-cry, "Montjoie St. Denis!"[18] spread panic
in the ranks of his foes, and "Plantagenet!" "Plantagenet!" resounded
where Arthur and his knights were fighting.

The victory was won. The enemy were driven over the bridge, and threw
away their arms. The King warmly congratulated Arthur upon his bravery,
but did not grant his request for leave of absence. Arthur reluctantly
submitted rather than make his appearance before Richard as a fugitive
without knights or warriors.

In the meantime Richard reached England; and as soon as he had announced
his presence to his friends he ascended the throne amid popular
rejoicings, John yielding his claim with seeming willingness. About the
same time Philip returned to Paris; Arthur accompanied him, and was so
delighted to see his mother and bride once more that he forgot his
longing to go to Richard.

Banquets and tournaments were arranged by the court, and Arthur, because
of his bravery, was the central figure among all the youthful heroes. So
continuous were the feasts and sports that he hardly had time for
thought.

One morning Alan, equipped and spurred as for a long ride, came to
Arthur's bedside and woke him, saying, "Richard is in France."

"Let us hasten to him, then," said Arthur, springing up.

"You had better not go. It will only occasion needless delay. Let me go
to your uncle," implored Alan. "I can reach him quickly. He is about to
attack the Duke of Limoges, and is camped with his little army before
the fortress of Chalus. I will tell him all, and if he calls you, you
need no longer hesitate. Let me go, my Prince, and keep my mission a
secret from the court. They are playing false with you, one and all."

Alan rushed out, and Arthur looked after him in surprise. Only Hoel knew
of his son's undertaking, and he gave out that he had sent him away.
Philip, who was well apprised of what was going on, kept quiet, and only
sought to attach Arthur to him still more closely.

When the entertainment came to an end, Philip left the Louvre to hold
court at Compiègne[19] during the beautiful springtime. How delightful
it was to roam about that great forest! Every day the Princess rode on
her white palfrey, with her falcon attached to her slender wrist, Duke
Arthur riding by her side upon his fiery Arab steed, which had been
given him by the King. A band of companions and servants on foot and on
horse followed them, and the hills and woods resounded with the baying
of hounds and the halloos of hunters. A mystic charm seemed to pervade
the greenwood, which protected them from all contact with the outside
world and made life a happy dream. The Duchess herself seemed to forget
her grief and the insecurity of her affairs, and the King encouraged all
these joyous sports without participating in them.

But suddenly these happy revellers were recalled to the realities of
life by a fearful occurrence. King Richard the Lion-hearted was dead
before Chalus--killed by an arrow. Arthur could not believe the dreadful
news until Alan, pale and exhausted by his hard ride, arrived and
confirmed it. He came from the spot, was with the King when he received
his death wound, and brought his last message of continued faith in
Arthur's loyalty and uprightness, and his wish that he could once more
see his nephew. But, alas, it was too late now! The great Lion-hearted
was gone, and John mounted the vacant throne.

"Never, so long as I live, will I relinquish my paternal inheritance,"
exclaimed Arthur.




                              Chapter XIII
                            War Preparations


In the excitement which King Richard's death produced in England,
Eleanor contrived to secure an appearance of justice in John's
sovereignty. A spurious will of Henry the Second's was opened by her, by
the provisions of which John was given the crown, regardless of the
legitimate claims of the son of Geoffrey, his oldest brother. By this
means Arthur was also cut off from the succession. The injustice was
clear enough; but John, with the aid of a strong following of the
nobles, whom he had secured by artifice and promises, kept possession of
power. The time was now come for Philip Augustus openly and without
delay to maintain Arthur's rights. Nothing less was at stake than the
title to the English crown. John was declared a throne-robber, and was
summoned as a feudal tenant before the French tribunal. In case of
disobedience war would be declared against him. John had already made
his plans to go to France at the head of an army, with the intention, as
far as he was able, of permanently wresting the English provinces from
the domination of France. He had not a doubt he could easily settle the
claims of Constance and Arthur and succeed in his purpose. Determined as
Philip Augustus may have been to defend Arthur's rights, somehow the war
preparations were delayed much longer than seemed safe to the Duke, who
could scarcely conceal his impatience. He resolved to challenge his
uncle to single combat, and reluctantly followed the advice of his
mother to act with caution.

"Why does Philip hesitate?" he indignantly exclaimed.

"I believe the King is waiting for money," replied Hoel.

Arthur contemptuously shrugged his shoulders.

"Alas!" sighed Constance, "how can our plans succeed? We are very poor."

Arthur hastened to the Louvre, and although the chamberlain informed him
that the King was holding an important interview, he insisted upon
admission. Nothing could be more urgent than his own affairs.

"It serves you right," the King was saying as the Duke was announced.
Philip was seated at a table covered with papers. By his side stood an
old man in a cringing attitude, who cast a hasty glance at Arthur as he
entered.

"Welcome, cousin," said the King, with a smile. "You have come in time
to be a partner in our business arrangement."

He beckoned to the old man, who submissively bowed his head. His spare
figure was clad in a dark cloak of heavy silk. A tall black velvet cap
covered his head and his long gray locks hung down his shoulders. His
attire proclaimed him a Jew, and when he began to speak his voice
awakened memories in Arthur's mind.

"Your Majesty," said the Jew, "spare us this demand. Our coffers are
still empty because of the treasures you took from us not long ago, when
Your Grace allowed us to return to your kingdom."

"You shall only lend to us this time," said the King.

"Upon what security?" quickly asked the Jew.

"Upon this security," said Arthur, turning toward him and displaying the
ring he wore on his finger. "Would you like to see the note also?" he
said with a smile. "Do you know how it reads?"

The Jew hesitated an instant, then turned the ring to the light and
looked keenly at Arthur. Raising his head, he said with a certain
nobility of expression, "I know you. You are the Duke of Brittany."

"Say rather, the King of England," added Philip. "Well, Arthur, let us
close up this business with Abraham, which has already fruitlessly
consumed an hour of our time. Listen, Abraham. We need thirty thousand
gold gulden to equip our troops, and a like sum in six months to pay
them."

The King arose, and Abraham went to the door; but before leaving he
turned to Arthur and said in a low tone, "If you will come to my poor
abode this evening, most gracious Duke, you shall be satisfied."




                              Chapter XIV
                        In the House of the Jew


At nightfall Arthur and Alan, stoutly armed, proceeded to the Jewish
Quarter, which occupied a remote part of the city and was surrounded by
walls. Its only gate was open, and the two passed undisturbed through
the dark narrow streets, bordered with tall houses. The few windows were
barred with iron shutters, and wherever a door was open one might fancy
he was looking into an endless vault. Human figures appeared now and
then, timorously avoiding the gaze of the strangers, and looking after
them suspiciously from their lurking places. It was with some difficulty
that Alan induced an old woman to stop and tell them where Abraham
lived.

Abraham's house was a large one, with tightly closed doors and windows.
At the sound of the knocker, a wicket was opened behind the iron grating
and a voice asked the strangers' business. Alan answered cautiously that
they were expected by Abraham. Thereupon followed a clanking of bars and
bolts; the heavy door was opened, and Abraham stood on the threshold,
bowing low, and saying: "Welcome, noble gentlemen! Enter!"

It was not without some apprehension that the youths followed him
through a low, dimly lighted passageway. The air was close and heavy,
and no sound could be heard from without. At last their guide opened a
door, threw back a dark curtain, and bowed the strangers into an
apartment where they stood as transfixed with surprise as if they had
entered another world. They knew not whether they were in a garden or a
salon. High walls with many columns, balconies, and galleries enclosed a
spacious room which, open above, disclosed the sky. A splashing fountain
occupied the centre. All about flamed countless tapers upon metal
candelabra set in luxurious flower-beds. Groups of shrubs bearing rare
fruit sprang from the soil, which was covered with fine green turf and
colored stones set in a beautiful mosaic. Here and there were heavy
purple rugs upon which soft, gold-tasselled cushions were scattered
about. Festoons of flowers and rich draperies depended from the
galleries and columns. A banquet table set with glistening crystal and
silver plate stood upon an estrade. The youths seated themselves upon a
silk-covered settle with golden feet, and Abraham said with the utmost
reverence:

"Be my guests, noble gentlemen, and count it no disgrace to eat with a
Jew, whom you, my gracious Duke, once rescued when he was near to
death."

Abraham clapped his hands and two handsome, black-eyed boys came
forward, bringing the strangers perfumed water in silver bowls. Then
food and sweet, spicy wines were set before them. But all this was done
without noise and with soft, quick movements; for at meals the Jews were
always apprehensive and ever in readiness for flight. Abraham was the
first to speak. Turning to the Duke, he said: "The gold which King
Philip demanded I refused, for he has already had enough from us. Are
you sure indeed that if he had it, he would use it for your advantage,
Duke of Brittany?"

Arthur replied that it was only the lack of money which kept him from
beginning the war.

"And do you expect to gain the crown of England? Would you not be
fortunate even if Brittany were your own?"

Arthur reddened and said, somewhat hesitatingly, "It is my right, my
inheritance."

"Pardon me," continued Abraham. "You would grace a throne, and what I
can do shall be at your service. King Philip may have the gold, and I
hope it will be used for your advantage. But a younger prince needs many
things which he may not obtain from the King. Perhaps I may in some ways
realize your wishes also. Be pleased, gracious Duke, to follow me."

Abraham led the astonished youths into a subterranean vault lit by a
lamp from above, unlocked a massive chest, and, lifting the heavy lid,
invited Arthur to come nearer. It was filled with golden ornaments and
jewels. Opening a second chest, which was filled with leathern bags, he
said: "Accept. Every bag contains a thousand gold pieces. Accept, noble
Duke."

"No!" said Arthur, stepping back. "What you give Philip will suffice
me."

"But Philip will have to give me security," said Abraham; "that is our
business."

"And I can give you no security," replied Arthur.

"You yourself are my security, Duke," said Abraham with great
earnestness. "When you shall come to the throne you will not forget the
children of Israel, and you will allow them a home in your dominions."

"I promise that," said Arthur. "Once I have the power, I will be a just
ruler."

"Take this as a souvenir of this hour," said the Jew, throwing a golden
chain around Arthur's neck. Then he turned to Alan and gave him a bag of
gold. "Equip a special troop of trusty, valiant men who will stand by
your Duke in every time of danger," said he. "I do not mean men like
you, for such hearts as yours cannot be bought with gold."

"That is enough," said Alan as Abraham placed one bag after another in
Alan's cloak. "Thanks! thanks, Abraham! Farewell!"

"God prosper you," said Abraham as he escorted them to the street. They
had some difficulty in getting out of the Quarter, as the gate was
closed, but when Alan announced their names to the captain of the watch,
it was opened at once. They hurried back to their dwelling and told
their experiences to Hoel, who advised them to let no one but Constance
know how they came by their treasure.




                               Chapter XV
                           Arthur's Departure


The recruiting of troops for the Duke of Brittany now made rapid
progress. Famous knights offered themselves and their followers for his
service. Many of the leaders in the Crusade, who had been forced to
discharge their followers, now assembled them anew under Hoel's standard
and accepted his earnest money, and Alan selected sixteen knights, the
flower of the young nobles, who devoted themselves to the exclusive
personal service of the Duke and received a princely sum for their
outfit.

The court ladies also took an active part in the war preparations and
assembled daily in the Queen's apartments to work upon fine
embroideries. Arthur and his knights were provided with gorgeous banners
and sashes, and were often consulted about their decoration.

"No, Marie," said Arthur, noticing her work, "place no king's crown
above my escutcheon; as a true Plantagenet, the broom flower is my only
emblem."

"But you, not John, are the King," replied Marie.

"I will decide that on the field," said Arthur.

All his petty troubles vanished, Philip was now ready for the successful
prosecution of his plans. He decided that Arthur should go with a part
of the force to Anjou and establish himself there, and he himself would
follow later with the main army and completely shatter John's power. But
before he made any move, Philip resolved to attach Arthur yet more
closely to him by marrying him to the Princess Marie. The bridal pair,
as well as the Duchess, were greatly surprised by this decision, and
only the nearest intimates were bidden secretly to the nuptial ceremony.
At midnight, in the glare of torches, Arthur stood with his bride before
the altar, where he had lately been admitted to knighthood. Alan thought
of that night, and glanced at the window through which the red light had
streamed upon them. But no evil omen disturbed the blessing which the
priest invoked upon the union. The marriage was celebrated next day at
court, and at the same time the coming departure of the Duke was
announced. At last the moment was at hand when Arthur must leave all and
take the field to fight for the crown of his ancestors.

Duchess Constance strove hard to remain calm as she bade Arthur
farewell, but her heart sank within her as she thought of the dangers he
must encounter. Gladly would she have restrained him from the
undertaking into which he had impetuously thrown himself. Holding him in
sorrowful embrace, she said with quivering voice: "Farewell, my son! My
only one! May the saints preserve you." The Princess Marie also embraced
him, sobbing: "Do not go, my husband! I shall never see you again."

"Keep good courage, Marie. God is merciful."

"But men are cruel. Oh, stay with me!"

"Let me fight for my honor and my crown. You shall see me return
victorious."

Arthur tore himself away and left them. A band of his knights awaited
him in the castle yard and Alan was holding his steed's bridle. Arthur
swung himself into the saddle and, with a glance and a wave of his hand
toward the balcony where Constance and Marie were standing, rode to the
head of his followers. With an exultant shout, "France for Plantagenet!"
and with banners waving and arms glistening, the Duke of Brittany led
the way to fight afar for his crown.




                              Chapter XVI
                           The War with John


Arthur advanced unmolested with his little force on the road to Anjou,
via Touraine, until he reached Tours. He expected to encounter the first
resistance there; and indeed a considerable armed band did meet him near
the city gate, but not with hostile design. They were knights of Anjou
and Poitou, who had deserted King John and come out of the city to
welcome Arthur. As soon as the Duke came in sight they loudly shouted,
"Hail, all hail, Arthur Plantagenet, King of England!" Both surprised
and delighted, Arthur entered the hospitable city. The people welcomed
him in the most friendly manner and escorted him to the bishop's palace,
where quarters had been provided for him and his leaders. A grand
banquet, given by the burghers in his honor, closed the day's
festivities.

The next morning Hoel advised the Prince not to indulge too long in
entertainments, nor revel in fancied security, but to hold a serious
council of war at once. Arthur thereupon summoned his leading knights to
the great hall of the palace, where he also appeared, accompanied by the
bishop. As he ascended the steps to the throne seat and took his place,
he was truly regal in person and bearing. Though he wore a simple duke's
cap, he bore himself with as much dignity as if it were a kingly crown.
Looking around upon the assembly with an air of ease and
self-possession, he said: "Noble knights and gentlemen, thanks for your
readiness and goodwill in coming to my assistance against John, my
usurping uncle. I ask for your advice as to the most effective method of
attacking him. One hundred knights and their followers are here, and in
a few days a like number will be sent us from our loyal Brittany. But,
hardly three days' journey from here, John has thrice that number of
experienced troops. It would be useless to cope with such a powerful
force before King Philip's troops join us. That will be soon. If you
agree with me, we will await the King's arrival here."

Arthur ceased, and the knights began making suggestions. Hoel, the most
experienced of them all, supported his proposal, but the knights of
Anjou and Poitou were not in favor of delay. In the midst of the general
indecision, one of the foremost of them, the Count of Aubigny, advanced
and said: "Duke, permit me to state my plan. Instead of idly awaiting
King Philip here, let us make an advance movement. Not far from here is
the small fortress of Mirabeau, where Queen Eleanor and her garrison are
shut in."

"Eleanor!" muttered Arthur, with lowering brows and blazing eyes.

"The city is poorly defended," continued the Count, "though it has for
its champion William Longsword, Earl of Salisbury. But we have captured
two letters from the Queen to John, in which she urgently implores him
to come to her relief, as they cannot hold the city in case of attack.
What is your decision, noble gentlemen? Shall we march to Mirabeau,
surprise the fortress, and take the Queen prisoner?"

The hazardous proposition met with the approval of the majority,
notwithstanding Hoel's protests and Arthur's advice to wait a day or two
for news from King Philip. They were outvoted, and at last reluctantly
consented rather than subject themselves to the reproach of cowardice.

A few days later, Arthur and his small force reached the walls of
Mirabeau. Hoel was assigned to the leadership of the assault, and strove
to conduct the undertaking, which he could not prevent, as judiciously
as possible. The city gates were forced open, and after a short struggle
the assailants advanced into the city. But a more difficult task awaited
them--the capture of the citadel in which Queen Eleanor and her
defenders were sheltered. Hoel vainly sought to mass his force and storm
the fortress. While Arthur and Alan advanced with their close-set column
of knights, the others were straggling about the city in quest of
plunder. As Hoel with his trusty band approached the citadel tower, he
was struck by a missile hurled from the roof. Hoel fell, and the rest
stood as if rooted to the spot. The English took advantage of the
occurrence to make a sally from the tower and threw the ranks of the
knights into dire confusion. Instead of regular battle a fearful
hand-to-hand encounter ensued; but Arthur had time enough when Hoel fell
to order the nearest knights to dismount and remove him from the scene
of the fighting. He then turned and commanded Alan to follow his father.

"Never more," said Alan. "I must follow you as honor demands."

There was no longer time for words. The advanced rank of the English was
already upon them, and the young heroes stood with drawn swords ready to
meet the onset.

"Sound an alarm!" shouted Arthur to the trumpeters, hoping thereby to
summon the absent knights to their assistance. The call was in vain. Not
a friend appeared. But hark! In the distance another trumpet blast
answered his own.

"What is that?" exclaimed Arthur. But Alan was as ignorant of its
meaning as himself. Suddenly a knight rode forward from the English
side--a stalwart figure on a black steed, motioned his followers to
halt, and pointing with his sword to Arthur, said: "Surrender, Duke of
Brittany. Resistance is useless. The trumpet you have heard announces
the approach of King John's army. Your confederates are defeated. You
are surrounded, and retreat is cut off."

"Then I will fight for life and liberty like a true knight," replied
Arthur. "I will never surrender myself to John." He rushed upon the
knight, and Alan attacked another. Superior in skill and
self-confidence, Arthur's adversary acted upon the defensive until the
Duke's sword point touched his breastplate. Upon this the English knight
no longer restrained himself, but returned blow for blow and thrust for
thrust. During the encounter Arthur's horse stumbled and fell, carrying
his rider with him. He was on his feet in an instant, but the fastenings
of his helmet were broken in the fall and the Duke's head was
unprotected. The English knight did not take advantage of this, but
lowered his sword and said: "You have fought bravely and can do no more,
Duke of Brittany. Surrender."

"To whom?" said Arthur, also lowering his sword.

"To me, William Longsword, Earl of Salisbury."

"What!" cried Arthur bitterly, "a Plantagenet! How could you have the
heart, cousin, to fight against Henry's nephew?"

He extended his sword. Salisbury took it, and, gazing at Arthur, said in
a tone of utter astonishment: "By Heaven, his features prove the truth
of his words. Geoffrey, as he was in life!" Then advancing, he said, "My
prince and cousin, most unwillingly I take you prisoner, but you shall
be a prisoner only in name."

"But how can you satisfactorily explain this to John?" asked Arthur.

"That can be arranged. You may think evil of him, and unfortunately I
cannot altogether defend his course, but he will not tarnish his
knightly honor by abuse of a prisoner. Follow me, Duke Arthur, and rest
assured I shall treat you with the utmost consideration."

The fighting paused while the two were conversing, and at last Salisbury
gave the order for cessation of battle. But where were those young
knights who had followed Arthur? Scattered, wounded, or captured, they
were forced to declare themselves defeated, like their Duke.

Turning to Arthur, Salisbury asked, "What are your wishes with regard to
your followers?"

"I hope, noble Salisbury, you will arrange matters so that at the close
of the war they may be ransomed and return to their homes. Above all,
care for the Knight Mordant. He fell at the very outset--"

"What!" interposed Salisbury, with the utmost emotion. "My old companion
in arms fallen!"

"And this is his son," said Arthur, taking Alan by the hand. "Permit him
to attend his father or bury his body."

Without hesitation Salisbury replied: "He shall go free, and keep his
steed and weapons, if he will give his promise not to fight against
England for a year."

A stir among those standing near them diverted the attention of the
speakers. Six soldiers came in sight bearing the body of Knight Hoel
Mordant prone upon their lances. With a despairing cry Alan bent over
the body, the warriors also showing signs of sorrow at the loss of the
hero. At last Alan rose and said with trembling voice: "I no longer
desire my liberty. Let me remain with my Duke."

But Arthur answered: "For my sake, Alan, accept the Earl's offer. Hasten
to my wife and mother and urge my friends to send a ransom to John, that
I may be released. Take this ring. You know who gave it to me. He has
the power to help me." Arthur took Abraham's ring from his finger and
placed it upon Alan's. When Alan would have offered objection, Arthur
said for the first time in a tone of command, "I wish it." As his loyal
friend sorrowfully bowed in submission, Arthur stretched out his arms
and embraced him. They remained thus until Alan looked upon Arthur with
sad eyes and tore himself away.

At Salisbury's signal his men escorted him and the Duke to the gate of
the tower, in front of which guards were stationed with crossed
halberds. As they approached, the guards lowered their weapons and
admitted them. Out of the brilliant glow of the evening sky Arthur
entered the gloom of the vaulted passage. Salisbury quickly followed
him, and the Duke of Brittany was a prisoner.

Alan remained immovable upon his steed as long as he could see a trace
of Arthur's retreating figure, but when it disappeared behind the dark
walls, he gave spurs to his horse and galloped at full speed through the
city and out into the country toward Paris.




                              Chapter XVII
                            The Imprisonment


Several days had passed since Arthur entered the tower of Mirabeau,
where by Salisbury's orders a large and well-furnished room was provided
for him. He not only had all the necessities for comfort, but much
personal pleasure, for famous English visitors to Mirabeau were
permitted to call upon him. Whenever he appeared upon the walls in the
company of an attendant, the soldiers of the garrison hastened to see
him. He greeted them in such a cordial yet dignified manner that many a
hearty benediction was uttered by them.

Salisbury himself visited him almost daily, and manifested the utmost
concern for the welfare of his famous cousin. Upon such occasions Arthur
frequently spoke of England and indulged in fancies of what he would do
if he were King.

"Silence," said Salisbury, with a smile. "I must not listen. You are
talking high treason."

At the very outset of his imprisonment Arthur had longed for an
interview with his grandmother, Queen Eleanor. She declined seeing him,
however, until she had ascertained John's intentions. But just at this
time she had a letter from her son, in which he wrote: "I shall be with
you in a few days. Having performed all your duties to the Prince
hitherto, see to it in some way that he is harmless in the future."

The Queen clearly understood the double meaning of his words and
considered the best means for carrying out his wishes. One day she
abruptly said to Salisbury, "Bring your prisoner to me in the morning."
As he hesitated about replying, she added in the most insolent manner,
"I hear continually about your intercourse with the Duke, and it does
not please me, my lord."

"By my long sword," replied Salisbury impetuously, "I would rather be
the object of your suspicion than have you cause the Prince to suffer."

"Is he really as captivating as that?" said Eleanor, changing her tone.
"I notice the people take no pains to conceal their admiration of his
fine face and knightly bearing."

"He is--and you may as well know it," replied Salisbury--"he is a
Plantagenet from head to foot; and those who doubt it, or seek to make
others doubt it, have malicious designs."

"When we have recognized him as a Plantagenet and our grandson, it will
be time to award him his proper rank. We will see him in the morning."

Salisbury looked sharply at the Queen, as if to discover her purpose,
but one of his honest, straightforward nature could not read this crafty
woman. He determined, however, to watch over Arthur with increased
vigilance, for--and the reason he could hardly explain himself--the
youth had won his love and devotion.

While Arthur was attending mass the next morning with Salisbury, the
Queen was arranging for the interview with the son of the hated
Constance in her apartment. Two soldiers of the royal bodyguard
submissively received her orders. As she sat at a table covered with
papers and writing materials she heard the gong strike the hour which
marked the close of the morning service.

"Step behind those doors," she said to the soldiers, "and await this
signal. As soon as you hear me strike that metal cup with this silver
key, enter, overpower and bind the prisoner, then do what I shall order.
But hold! Before you go, make a hotter fire in that brazier so that the
irons may be heated--now, go."

The guard disappeared behind the door, and Eleanor, gazing fixedly at
the irons in the coals, said to herself: "'Let him be made harmless in
the future,' John says; well, a blind man is harmless enough. He will
not fascinate people when he has lost his sight. A blind king never can
rule over England."

Steps were heard in the passage leading to the apartment, and as the
Queen turned her head, she saw Arthur and Salisbury entering. Arthur
stopped a moment, awaiting a greeting from the Queen, who sat in
silence. As he approached her and she observed his noble figure and
beautiful face, she suddenly rose and put out her hands as if to keep
him off.

"Will you send me away? Will you not speak to your grandson?" said
Arthur reproachfully.

"My grandson!" said Eleanor, with her eyes bent upon him. "No--my
son--Geoffrey."

"Yes," said Salisbury, "one might fancy Geoffrey had come back to life."

"Oh! that it were so, if it would only give me his mother's love!"
exclaimed Arthur, kneeling and taking the Queen's hand.

"Do not recall him," replied Eleanor passionately. "Geoffrey scorned his
mother's love. I loved him better than any of my sons, and he gave his
heart to Constance of Brittany, whom I detest."

"You speak of my mother," quickly replied Arthur. "Oh, she is good and
noble. What has she done that you should hate her so?"

"What has she done?" replied Eleanor. "She alienated my son from me. He
no longer loved me. He no longer listened to my advice. He was
disloyal."

"Was your advice always sound?" asked Salisbury, with great earnestness.
"Be fair, Queen. Remember, it was your advice that led Geoffrey into
rebellion against his king and father."

"No more of that, Salisbury," interposed Eleanor.

"No," resumed Arthur. "Let bygones be bygones. Be reconciled to my
mother. I will love you both, if you will only permit it, grandmother."

There was deep emotion in his supplicating tone and looks, and Eleanor
was touched by it. She stood for a moment reflecting; then, turning to
Salisbury, she said, "Leave us."

Salisbury withdrew slowly and reluctantly, but ready to return at the
first summons. Eleanor looked earnestly at the Duke as she said:
"Listen, Arthur. I am old, but I am still capable of love and of hatred.
I could love you, image of my favorite son, and so exalt you that you
would never need again to wear Philip's armor. If I so wish, John will
choose you as his successor, and will so engage upon his kingly honor.
John must obey my wishes and the consent of all England will follow. I
can give you the crown. I now proffer it to you, but upon one
condition."

"And what is that?" asked Arthur with trembling voice.

"You must accompany me to England and cut loose from all you leave in
France. The Pope will dissolve your union with the Princess Marie. You
must declare war against Philip Augustus."

"And my mother?"

"You must leave her to her fate."

"Never!" cried Arthur. "Oh, you are heartless, grandmother. If I thought
my heart was capable of such wickedness, I would tear it out of my
breast."

"Once more I leave you free to make a decision. Choose," said Eleanor.

"I never will choose disgrace!" exclaimed Arthur.

Eleanor stepped to the table and took the silver key from the metal cup.
As she raised her hand to strike, her gaze fell upon Arthur's eyes,
which were glistening as if he were inspired. "No," she muttered, "I
cannot do it. They are Geoffrey's eyes." The key fell upon the soft
carpet from her helpless hand. "Leave me," she said. "Let us never see
each other again in this life." She placed her hands upon Arthur's
shoulders and looked at him long and earnestly. Then she sadly withdrew
them and turned away. Arthur hurried from the apartment and met
Salisbury, who had been waiting for him at the threshold. When Eleanor
found she was alone, she stamped her foot and summoned the guards. "Take
that away," she said, pointing to the brazier; "the fire is dead."

During Arthur's visit to the Queen, reports of the interview and of
Eleanor's evil designs against her grandson spread through the city.
There was great excitement, and open threats were made against her. As
Arthur mounted the stairs with Salisbury he was greeted with loud
applause by soldiers and knights in the castle yard. "Here he is,"
shouted those nearest him. "He lives," said others, and suddenly all
joined in the enthusiastic cry, "Long live Arthur Plantagenet!" The
Duke, overcome with surprise, waved his hand and thanked them. Then he
followed Salisbury, who made a passage for him through the crowd with
some difficulty. The shouts were audible in the apartment of the Queen,
where, concealed behind a curtain, she was watching the throng below.

The dangerous excitement hastened her decision to deliver Arthur to the
King. She might possibly have changed her intentions had not John
entered Mirabeau that same evening with his army. As soon as he was
alone with his mother, he inquired about Arthur, and broke into a fury
of passion when he found that nothing had happened to the prisoner. His
rage increased when he learned of the favorable impression his nephew
had made upon the English troops and that Eleanor herself had shown a
disposition to sympathize with him. "How is it," he cried, "that I find
you negotiating with Arthur, especially when unexpected events have
thrown him into my power? Are you helping him, mother? Go, go! You have
grown old and weak. I care nothing for his adherence to my cause or for
Philip's assistance. Possession and right are on my side."

"The right!" replied Eleanor. "Ask your conscience in what manner King
Henry's will gave you that right."

"Silence," said John. "I know that I am indebted to your cunning; but
still you must remain loyal to me."

"I know that," replied Eleanor, "but listen to my advice."

"Enough for the present," said John. "We will think about the matter
to-morrow morning, mother."

Arthur had passed the day alone, as neither Salisbury nor any of the
knights had been to see him. About dark the watch, who came every
evening to see that all was well, entered his room. Contrary to his
usual custom he greeted Arthur curtly and was about to retire. Thereupon
Arthur said to him, "How is it, Captain Norbert, that you have nothing
to tell me to-day? You usually bring me some news."

"News is not always good news, gracious Prince," replied the captain
significantly.

"Do you mean not good for me? What is it? Explain," said Arthur.

The captain approached nearer and said in a low voice, "King John, your
uncle, has arrived," upon which he left so suddenly that Arthur could
not question him further.

The intelligence weighed heavily upon him. Up to this time he had
supposed that imprisonment, longer or shorter, would be the worst that
could happen to him, but now he felt a misgiving that John would make a
final decision as to his fate, and the hopelessness of the situation
depressed his usually cheerful nature. With ardent longing he yearned to
see his mother, Marie, and Alan; at last, overcome with sorrow, he wept
bitter tears.




                             Chapter XVIII
                               King John


On the following day John summoned the leading nobles and commanders who
had accompanied him to France to the great hall of the old castle of
Mirabeau. Besides famous Salisbury, Lords Pembroke, Bigot, and Essex
were in attendance, as well as knights and leading personages in great
number. All awaited the Duke of Brittany with eager interest. They had
heard so much about him since their arrival that many of them were
greatly surprised and had besieged Salisbury with questions. Meanwhile
Salisbury himself had not ventured to see the Duke, as the King had
issued stringent orders that no one should be admitted to him. Arthur
now realized that his fate was in John's hands, and he was filled with
fear and solicitude. He showed no traces of it, however, when he
appeared in the hall attended by an armed escort. He was in his best
apparel, which had been kept for him by Salisbury. Over a violet silk
doublet he wore a short, gold-embroidered mantle of white satin and a
scarf with the arms of the Plantagenets on it. Only the sword was
lacking to complete the attire of knighthood. With a firm step and erect
head he went directly in front of the King's seat, bowed respectfully,
lifting his cap and replacing it immediately, as was the right of one of
equal birth. Then he looked about quietly upon the assemblage. The
impression which he made is almost indescribable. Many remembered to
have seen him with King Richard in Rouen and recalled the favor which
his uncle had shown him. Others, who had never seen him, recognized with
great emotion Duke Geoffrey's face and figure reflected in his son. John
also had observed the likeness, and it greatly disquieted him. A rustle
and low murmurs were heard all over the hall until John spoke, and then
deep silence prevailed.

"It is not our fault, my nephew," said he, "that I am receiving you
here. It would not have been so had you accepted my invitation."

"Your invitation, uncle?" replied Arthur, not addressing him by his
royal title. "I know of no invitation except the one to surrender which
your troops sent to our cities."

"Well," replied John with a show of irritation, "your mother, instead of
applying to her husband's family for protection, besought it of Philip
Augustus, King of France."

"And why was Geoffrey's widow forced to seek for outside help, except
that her legitimate protectors had become her enemies? No, my uncle, you
cannot justify what has happened, but you can make reparation."

"What do you mean?" said John.

"You well know my claims," replied Arthur.

"And I scorn them," said the King menacingly. "Bethink you. You are a
prisoner. You should be more moderate of speech."

"Imprisonment cannot make wrong right. It is more likely to add new
wrongs to old ones."

"Silence," thundered John. "How does a mere worm, whom I can trample
under my feet, dare to be so bold?"

Arthur's hand involuntarily sought his missing sword. Blazing with
anger, he exclaimed: "Shame upon you thus to abuse and threaten a
prisoner! Even if you despise the ties of relationship, at least honor
the obligations of knighthood, to which we both belong." The knights
present loudly applauded these words, occasioning much confusion.
Thereupon John, chagrined as he realized he had gone too far, quietly
observed: "I am the best judge of what is becoming to knighthood. The
honor of the King stands higher still. You may retire, Duke Arthur."

The King beckoned to the guards and Arthur was led away, taking with him
the unmistakable sympathy of all present.

"You have heard, my lords, how this prisoner defies me," resumed the
King. A pause followed these words, and lasted until Salisbury came
forward and said: "The Duke spoke the truth; and as it was youthful
impulse which actuated him, I think, and many others with me, that he
had sufficient excuse."

"Lords Pembroke and Bigot, is that your opinion?" said the King.

Venerable Lord Pembroke calmly replied: "If the grade of kinship alone
entitled him to the succession, Arthur would have the legitimate claim
from his father, Geoffrey, your eldest brother. Nay, King, do not
interrupt. Hear me out. We, the lords of England, recognized you as King
after Richard's death, though well aware that a nearer heir was living.
But when we elevated you to the throne we took into consideration not
alone the question of inheritance, but the welfare of England. The
fearful struggle after the first Henry's death, in which rivers of blood
were shed, to decide who should wear the crown, is still fresh in the
minds of the people. Civil war must not again devastate the country; and
yet I most earnestly warn you to treat your nephew, Arthur of Brittany,
with the consideration due to his rank, to honor him in knightly
fashion, and to give him back his dukedom unimpaired. Promise me this, O
King, and receive anew our loyal devotion. Do you endorse my proposal,
noble lords?"

The convincing importance of his statement, as well as the imposing
presence of Lord Pembroke, made a profound impression, and all raised
their hands in assent.

John looked around the circle in a triumphant manner and said in a
conciliatory tone: "I give the promise which you desire unconditionally,
my loving and trusty followers. I am pained that you should have
believed I would not deal with my nephew as becomes his rank, even
without a promise."

All were, or at least seemed to be, satisfied with the King's statement.
Salisbury, however, still was suspicious of John's sincerity. He asked
permission to visit the prisoner again. The King smilingly granted it,
saying: "Go to him to-day, noble Earl, for you must leave with a
detachment of troops in the morning."

Salisbury made no objection to this, for he did not know that not only
he, but all the nobles who had shown favor toward Arthur, would be sent
away, and that the Duke would be left behind in the King's power. He was
detained so long by the King upon business matters and friendly
pretences that little time was left for him to make the visit; but at
last he got away, and hurried to the prison. The joy with which Arthur
greeted him made it all the more difficult for the Earl to prepare him
for the approaching separation. When the Duke learned the King's
intention, he lost his self-control and entreated Salisbury not to leave
him. Vainly the Earl assured him that John had bound himself by a sacred
promise that he would do nothing to harm his nephew. He clung to his
only friend as he sought to tear himself away, crying out in utter
despair, "My last hope departs with you, noble Salisbury."

In great agitation Salisbury left the unfortunate youth, and the next
day marched out of Mirabeau, filled with gloomy apprehensions and
wishing that he had never entered it and taken Arthur prisoner.

In a few weeks the relations of those who had met in Mirabeau were
radically changed. Queen Eleanor had to remain there alone, though very
reluctantly, as she was detained by a severe illness. It seemed as if
the sight of Arthur's face had aroused the torments of conscience, for,
from the day when she was forced to deliver him into John's power she
had grown weak and ill, both in body and mind. As soon as he could make
the arrangements John left Mirabeau, taking his nephew with him. Though
closely guarded, Arthur enjoyed considerable freedom on the road, and
followed the army on horseback. But before they were out of Normandy the
prisoner's guards suddenly took him away in another direction from that
of the army, and landed him in the castle of Falaise.

In that gloomy castle Arthur experienced all the hardships of
imprisonment and passed his days in hopeless solitude. At the beginning
of winter he was taken to Rouen and confined in a strong tower on the
bank of the Seine. Though joyous and cheerful by nature, he lost all
courage and hope, and fell into utter despair. His young days seemed
like a dream, and as he recalled them he asked himself over and over
again, "What has become of Alan?"

The time which seemed so long to Arthur was passed by Alan in almost
constant toil and hardship. How many dangers, plots, and delays he had
to overcome before he finally reached Paris! He entered upon his mission
for Arthur at once, but it was soon apparent that the task was hopeless.
Where could he look for advice and assistance? King Philip being far
away with his army, Alan was powerless to carry out Arthur's wishes, and
yet the Princesses were expecting aid from him. He visited Abraham, who
remained steadfast to the Duke; yet the Jew required time to raise the
money and make inquiries just when Alan had to face new dangers at every
turn. When Abraham learned from his relatives that Arthur had left
Rouen, his alarm increased, for he feared the worst if he met John. The
utmost despatch was now necessary, and Abraham showed his willingness to
help Alan in his plans for the Duke's rescue. "For," said the Jew, "he
has done me a great favor and has made an asylum for my people. But,
alas, King John persecutes the children of Israel, and has sworn to
extirpate our race."

Alan advised with Abraham about every move he made, and finally decided
to repair at once to the neighborhood of the Duke; then he arranged to
meet Abraham in Rouen and decide what further steps were necessary in
Arthur's behalf.




                              Chapter XIX
                           The Tower of Rouen


The Duke's only recreation was an occasional visit to the tower balcony,
where--under the eye of his guard--he enjoyed walking, as well as the
bracing winter air. A high parapet prevented him from looking down where
the Seine flowed by and vessels were passing up and down the river, but
he could hear the voices and songs of the sailors as he paced backward
and forward. He endeavored to maintain a dignified bearing when in the
presence of the witnesses of his misfortune, but his pale cheeks showed
traces of the bitter tears he had shed in his solitude.

One morning he went to the balcony as usual with Hubert de Burgh,
captain of the guard. The wind blew violently about the old tower, and
as Arthur went out on the balcony to listen to the stir of the world
below, Hubert, who was in a surly mood, sheltered himself near the
entrance.

As Arthur listened to the songs of the sailors on the river below, why
was it that his face suddenly lit up with joy and that his eyes flashed
with delight? Fortunately Hubert could not see his face, as Arthur was
standing with his back to him.

What was the melody to which he listened so eagerly? Surely it was
Blondel's song,[20] which the faithful minstrel once sung under the
walls of the prison where Richard the Lion-hearted was confined, and
which Arthur had often sung with Alan, little dreaming that he too would
be a prisoner one day. If his ear did not deceive him it was Alan's
voice, only it was weaker and more tremulous than usual. And yet no
other could sing the song like that. He longed to sing it in reply, but
his guard, wondering why he stopped his walk so long, approached. The
singer ceased as Arthur wiped his heated brow. Suddenly his handkerchief
flew into the air. Arthur pretended to be catching it, but it fluttered
high above the balcony and then sank downwards like a white dove.

"You have lost your handkerchief," said the guard, "for it will either
fall into the water or catch upon the walls."

"It was very precious to me," replied Arthur; "my mother embroidered
it." Thereupon he left the balcony. The handkerchief fell into the water
and was picked up by a young sailor boy, who came there on a stone
vessel the day before. It was this boy who had sung Blondel's song. He
took the wet handkerchief and looked at it with beaming eyes. Then he
uttered a cry, not like that of a sailor, but like that with which the
hunter calls his falcon.

On the following morning two weary female pilgrims arrived at the
eastern gate of Rouen. When questioned by the guard, they showed letters
to the Abbess of the Marien Convent, and were directed to the place.
After kneeling in prayer for some time at the altar of the cathedral
near by, they arose and went to the convent. As the elder pilgrim
desired to present the letters in person, they were shown into the
reception-room, where the Abbess awaited them behind a latticed door.
Approaching it the pilgrim said, "Admit us, reverend mother."

"Do you not know that only the King and the Princesses have that
privilege?" replied the Abbess. Thereupon the two unveiled.

"I am Constance of Brittany," said the elder.

"And I am Marie of France," added the other in a low voice.

The Abbess bowed in great surprise and admitted the pair. "What seek
you, gracious Princesses?" said she.

"We have vowed to tarry here in prayer until the Holy Mother of God
answers our petition," was the reply.

"And supposing the Holy One refuses?"

"Then we shall pray for a poor soul until our latest breath."

"It is your right to command," said the Abbess, conducting them to the
interior of the cloister.

In that very hour an aged Jew came to the south gate of the city with a
ragbag on his shoulder and a staff in his hand. He exhibited his
passports to the gate-keepers, and although they gave him permission to
leave Paris and go to Rouen on business, he was stopped and insulted
upon every sort of pretext. He bore the raillery of the rough soldiers
patiently and mutely, only protesting now and then, "My papers permit me
to enter the city and seek lodgings with my friends."

"But why are you in such a hurry, Jew?" said the captain. "Perhaps you
have business with the King of England, who is coming to-night?"

The Jew shot a swift glance at the speaker and meekly replied, "A poor
craftsman can have nothing to do with so fine a gentleman."

"Who can tell?" provokingly answered the captain. "When princes are
preparing to cross the seas there are fine bargains to be made with
their followers."

"Then let me enter and find out if I can make any of them."

"The Jew snaps at such a chance like a fish at the bait," said the
captain with a sneer. "Now hurry, son of Israel."

The Jew promptly availed himself of the opportunity, folded his papers,
and passed through the partly open gate. A soldier of the watch hurried
him on his way with a thrust of his lance shaft, and the spare figure
soon disappeared among the crooked old streets. The Jew, who was
Abraham, had at last accomplished his purpose. In the secret
hiding-place of one of his own faith he could have interviews with all
kinds of people, who passed in and out all day. Samples of wares were
strewn about the tables; but these people, who were mostly knights or
seamen, did not come to purchase. Among them was Alan, who late one
evening found himself alone with Abraham.

"You know all now. I may not be able to help you further," said Abraham.
"But this is my plan: When King John comes into port, bringing the Duke
with him, a second boat will follow, carrying the servants and baggage.
The captain and crew have been won over. God knows at what price," he
added with a groan. "They will keep you until the harbor is reached.
Then the King and his retinue, including Duke Arthur, will embark upon a
large sea vessel, for the King will not allow him to be out of his sight
until he safely lands him in England. The confusion of the night
embarkation will allow you to approach unobserved, and you must improve
the opportunity to separate the Duke from the others and get him to your
boat. Have him concealed there, and leave as quickly as possible. It is
the last faint possibility of escape, for no power can save him or get
him out of the tower, now that John has control."

"And where will the sailors in the little boat take us?" said Alan.

"They know all the coves and inlets of the coast--they often conceal
themselves in them from the pirates," said Abraham.

"God grant that we succeed! Arthur knows that I am near, and he will be
in readiness for instant flight. This is the surety of it," said Alan,
pressing Arthur's handkerchief to his lips.

"Farewell, brave youth," said Abraham. "Do what your heart prompts. A
truer one never beat under the sun. I shall leave Rouen early to-morrow
morning and return to Paris that suspicion may not fall upon me and my
people should your undertaking be discovered."

They parted, and Alan returned to the vessel. His route led him past the
ancient tower, which was not so quiet and dark as usual. Torches
illuminated the gate and battlements, and lights shone in the windows;
for King John had arrived, and the din of his soldiery could be heard
even through the thick walls.




                               Chapter XX
                              On the Seine


The report of the King's approaching departure had attracted a great
throng of spectators to the bank of the Seine, opposite the tower. They
were curious to see the King, but more eager to see the Duke of
Brittany, whose name was heard on every side. Vessels of moderate size
could come close up to the gates on the water side, which closed the
entrance to the tower. Two boats were in waiting some distance off. The
smaller was fully manned, and loaded with chests and bales, ready for
departure. The deck of the larger, which floated the royal ensign, was
empty, the crew being below.

It was late when the signal for leaving was given. The gates were
opened, torch-bearers advanced and lighted the stairs, which were
flanked by two rows of halberdiers. Between them, knights, soldiers, and
nobles, with the Duke in their midst, descended. Arthur stopped upon the
stair an instant, looking about as if in search of some one, but he was
quickly forced along to the gangway leading from the stairs to the boat.
He and his guards had hardly stepped aboard when the King's approach was
announced. John immediately appeared, mounted the deck, and disappeared
below. The rowers struck out, the sails filled, and the vessel moved to
the middle of the stream. The boat with the baggage followed a little
distance away from it. A dark figure rose from time to time in the bows,
eagerly scrutinizing the King's vessel. It was Alan in sailor's dress,
on the lookout for Arthur. The deck of the other vessel, however,
remained empty for some time. It gleamed white in the light of the
rising moon; its masts and sails were sharply outlined against the clear
night sky, and only the monotonous plash of oars broke the stillness.

             [Illustration: _The assassination of Arthur_]

But when the city was left behind and the vessel was gliding along
between the deserted banks of the rushing river, two figures appeared on
deck and gradually proceeded to the stern, which was clearly visible to
Alan. He could see it was the King and Arthur engaged in conversation,
and could even distinctly hear some of their words. Arthur was in modest
attire, and his short mantle was carelessly worn. King John was dressed
in a broad dark cloak which left one arm free, and wore a fur-trimmed
cap. The speakers stood some distance apart, but as the conversation
continually grew louder, it was perfectly audible to Alan. The familiar
sound of Arthur's voice deeply touched his heart, and he eagerly
listened to its tones. Suddenly he heard the King's questioning voice
full of sullen rage, and Arthur's loud, firm reply to him, "Never,
never!" At the same time he saw the Duke with upturned face raise his
hands to heaven in a supplicating manner. As Arthur stood thus, facing
the King with unprotected breast, the latter sprang at him. A dagger
gleamed in his hand, and like a flash he drove the blade into the Duke's
heart. A dreadful cry followed, and was repeated by the echo of another
voice. The King lifted the weapon and pierced his victim a second time.
The dying youth staggered to the edge of the vessel and fell into the
river. The King looked searchingly over the side and then flung the
dagger into the stream.

Forgetting all caution, Alan leaned over in his boat, watching with
horror-stricken eyes the crimsoned water in the wake of the King's
vessel. A golden ringlet rose and glistened in the moonlight for an
instant; then the waves closed over it, and it disappeared.

Proudly sailed the vessel bearing the King to its haven. Sunk and
forever lost in the waters of the Seine was the Duke of Brittany.[21]




                              Chapter XXI
                             The Accusation


King John murdered his nephew at night, unseen, as he supposed, by any
human eye, and yet he was at once harassed by constant fear. He did not
draw an easy breath until he landed upon the English coast and stood
upon soil which had not been stained by his bloody deed. Almost as soon
as the King's vessel arrived, rumor was busy, however, and hinted of the
crime John had committed. Although the people submissively obeyed him,
they looked upon him with suspicion, and at last accusations were made
openly.

When John assembled the lords and peers for the first time, the
venerable Pembroke, their mouth-piece, asked the King this question:
"Where is Arthur, son of Geoffrey, the noble scion of the Plantagenets?"

The cowardly and conscience-stricken King sought to evade a reply, but
he was besieged with a storm of demands and accusations, and Pembroke
reproached both himself and his friends because they had left Arthur in
the cruel hands of his uncle.

The King at last answered in a rage: "The peers must first prove the act
before they condemn me." An instant's silence ensued, for they could not
provide the proofs; and John looked with insolent scorn at the
embarrassed nobles. But before the King could follow up his opportunity,
a herald entered the hall, announcing that an unknown knight, attended
by squires and heralds, had brought a message for the King from Philip
Augustus of France. It was an unfortunate time to receive the
commission, but he did not dare to refuse audience to Philip's
ambassador.

Preceded by a herald carrying a roll of parchment in his hand, with the
royal seal appended, a knight in full black armor entered the hall. John
was greatly agitated as he saw him approaching, and was still more
alarmed when the knight raised his visor and displayed the stern
features of a youthful face. It seemed to him for an instant that Arthur
stood there to accuse him.

The stranger bowed haughtily to the King, and with exceeding courtesy to
the nobles, and then spoke: "In the name and by the authority of King
Philip of France I summon you, John Plantagenet of Anjou, before the
tribunal of your sovereign lord at Paris, to answer for the murder of
your nephew, Duke Arthur of Brittany."

John stamped his foot with rage. "This is most presumptuous," he roared.
"It will be time for Philip to sit in judgment on me when he has found
some one to accuse me."

"Here I stand, Knight Alan of Mordant, from Brittany, as your accuser,"
said Alan. "I saw you commit the murder, and am ready to prove all the
circumstances. Do you doubt my testimony?" he asked, as he saw John make
a gesture of contempt. "Well then, behold this dagger." Alan drew the
weapon from his cloak and held it toward the King. "Do you recognize
your name and arms on the blade? It may well be rusty, for it has not
only lain in the waters of the Seine three days, but also has been
bathed in Arthur's blood. Do you deny it, King John? Do you shake your
fist at me? If so, I will maintain the truth of my accusation by my
knightly honor, and here I cast my glove into the circle of these noble
knights. I summon him to mortal combat who will deny my accusation."

Alan threw down his glove and replaced the dagger in his cloak. The King
looked around the circle of his gallant knights almost supplicatingly,
but he saw only gloomy and lowering faces, and no one moved to take the
glove from the floor. There was universal silence until the King
summoned the herald, who took the glove into his keeping.

Notwithstanding his discomfiture, John craftily made a bold move to stem
the tide of his fast failing cause. Turning to Alan, he said, "If we, as
is likely, shall refuse to recognize the summons of Philip of France,
what then?"

"In that case," said Alan, "King Philip will declare you, John of
England, dispossessed of all your property and fiefs on French soil, and
will immediately appropriate them."

"Let him attempt it!" shouted John in thundering tones. "Hear you, my
lords and knights! Philip may execute this summons, but he will not
strike me. He will strike at England and England's greatness. It is
Philip's purpose to wrest from us the country which is the birthplace of
our ancestors, the land whence sprang our knighthood, majestic Normandy,
beautiful Anjou and Maine. That is the explanation of all his virtuous
anger over the death of the boy Arthur. What is that boy's life, what is
my own life, provided England's greatness remain unimpaired? Which one
of you, my knights, will hesitate when he is called upon to fight for
English honor and English possessions?"

John looked around the assembly confident of victory, took the summons,
tore it in two, and threw the pieces on the floor. "There is the answer
you shall take to Philip of France, Knight Mordant, and you may leave
England in three days. For that length of time you have the privileges
of an ambassador."

With a firm step John left the hall, and the nobles followed him with
unsettled convictions.




                              Chapter XXII
                                The End


The English army invaded France again, only to meet with defeat. England
lost both fame and possessions: Philip wrested the latter from her. The
entire population of Brittany rushed to arms after Arthur's murder, and
drove the enemy out of their country. Alan, their leader, continually
roused them to resistance and incited them to avenge their murdered
Duke. He would not tolerate any foreign ruler, and encouraged all
classes to maintain their independence both against England and France.
He demonstrated his patriotism and achieved victory, but at the cost of
his life in defence of his fatherland.

Arthur was avenged. The contempt of all England, worse even than death
to bear, was visited upon John when he returned from France. Detested by
his subjects, mistrusted by the nobles, shamefully begging help from the
Pope to keep his throne, his life came to an end in an era of
turbulence. His lords, joining hands with the commons, extorted from him
that important concession of rights, Magna Charta,[22] and compelled
this execrable despot to lay the foundations of the greatness of the
English people. Old and worn out with sickness, believing himself
poisoned, racked with remorse, harassed by rebellious leaders, John died
in the midst of an insurrection.

The derisive epithet, "John Lackland," has branded him in history as a
spurious and cruel sovereign. The figure of Arthur of Brittany,
glorified in poetry, beautified with the immortal lustre of youth,
stands out brightly against the dark background of those bloody
days.[23]




                                Appendix


The following is a chronological statement of the principal events
treated of in this volume:

    1133     Birth of Henry the Second.
    1152     Henry marries Eleanor.
    1157     Birth of Richard the First.
    1158     Birth of Geoffrey.
    1165     Birth of Philip Augustus of France.
    1167     Birth of John, surnamed Lackland.
    1180     Philip Augustus succeeds to the throne.
    1186     Death of Geoffrey.
    1187     Birth of Arthur, Duke of Brittany.
    1189     Death of Henry the Second.
    1189     Rebellion of Richard and John.
    1189     Richard succeeds to the throne.
    1189     Period of the Third Crusade.
    1195     War between Philip Augustus and Richard.
    1199     Death of Richard.
    1203     Assassination of Arthur.
    1216     Death of John.
    1223     Death of Philip Augustus.

                     LIFE STORIES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE

                    _Translated from the German by_
                           _George P. Upton_

                           _20 Volumes Ready_

  Beethoven
  Mozart
  Bach
  Haydn
  Maid of Orleans
  The Little Dauphin
  Marie Antoinette's Youth
  Frederick the Great
  Maria Theresa
  Arnold of Winkelried
  William of Orange
  Barbarossa
  William Tell
  The Swiss Heroes
  Herman and Thusnelda
  Undine
  Gudrun
  The Nibelungs
  The Frithiof Saga
  The Duke of Brittany

                   _Each, illustrated, 60 cents net_
                      A. C. McCLURG & CO., CHICAGO




                               Footnotes


[1]Geoffrey was born September 23, 1158, and died August 19, 1186. He
   married Constance of Brittany.

[2]Henry II was the first king of England of the house of Plantagenet.
   Outside of England he possessed Normandy and the suzerainty of
   Brittany, which he inherited from the Norman kings; Anjou and Maine
   from his father, and by marriage with Eleanor, Poitou, Guienne, and
   Gascony.

[3]This is one version of the manner in which Geoffrey came to his
   death. The generally accepted historical version is that he was
   killed at a tournament in Paris.

[4]Duke Arthur of Brittany was born at Nantes, France, March 29, 1187,
   and was killed at Rouen, April 3, 1203. According to the author of
   this story, he was murdered on shipboard by King John, his uncle,
   because he refused to waive his lawful claim to the throne of
   England. History fails to make an authoritative statement of the
   manner of the young hero's death, but it is unanimously conceded that
   John procured his assassination, if he did not commit the deed
   himself.

[5]Rennes, capital of Ille-et-Vilaine, France, was the capital of
   ancient Brittany.

[6]Philip Augustus, King of France, was born in 1165, and died in 1223.
   He was the son of Louis VII, and was noted for his banishment of the
   Jews, his participation in the Third Crusade with Richard the
   Lion-hearted, and the crusade against the Albigenses.

[7]"The King left only two legitimate sons,--Richard, who succeeded him,
   and John, who inherited no territory, though his father had often
   intended to leave him a part of his extensive dominion. He was thence
   commonly denominated 'Lackland.'"--Hume.

[8]Henry the Second, King of England, died July 6, 1189. In the last
   year of his reign he was confronted with the rebellion of his sons
   Richard and John, in which they were assisted by Philip Augustus of
   France.

[9]Geoffrey, the father of Arthur, had been concerned in a previous
   rebellion against his father, instigated, like that of Richard and
   John, by Queen Eleanor.

[10]This was the Third Crusade (1189-92), which was led by Frederick
   Barbarossa of Germany (see the volume "Barbarossa" in this series),
   Richard the Lion-hearted of England, and Philip Augustus of France.
   They failed to recover Jerusalem, which had been recaptured by the
   Mussulmans in 1187.

[11]Richard the First, surnamed the Lion-hearted, was born September 8,
   1157, and was the third son of Henry the Second. He was killed in a
   war with Philip Augustus of France, John's ally.

[12]The author's chronology is at fault in this connection. Godfrey of
   Bouillon was a leader in the First Crusade, and died at Jerusalem in
   1100, before the period of this story.

[13]Acre, in Palestine, was captured by the Crusaders in 1191, and
   Ascalon in 1153. The latter city was the birthplace of Herod the
   First.

[14]Henry the Sixth, born in 1165, was the son of Barbarossa, whom he
   succeeded as King of Germany in 1190.

[15]Trifels was an imperial fortress in the Rhine Palatinate, near
   Annweiler, which was the resort of mediæval emperors. Only its ruins
   remain.

[16]The Louvre, now one of the world's famous art museums, was a castle
   of the kings of France from the thirteenth century, and the chief
   royal palace until Versailles was built by Louis the Fourteenth. Most
   of the interior has been occupied as a museum since 1793.

[17]Marie of France was the daughter of Philip Augustus.

[18]Montjoie is the name of a hill near Paris where Saint Denis was
   murdered. In tournaments "Montjoie" was the cry of the French
   heralds; and "Montjoie St. Denis" was the French battle-cry.

[19]Compiègne is a town in the Department of Oise, France, and is famous
   for the royal palace rebuilt by Louis the Fifteenth. Napoleon the
   First greatly enriched its interior.

[20]Blondel was a _trouvère_, or minstrel, who accompanied Richard the
   Lion-hearted, and is said to have discovered him when he was
   imprisoned by singing a song under the King's tower, to which Richard
   responded.

[21]Hume accepts the following account of the murder as the most
   reliable: "John first removed him to the castle of Rouen; and coming
   in a boat, during the night time, to that place, commanded Arthur to
   be brought forth to him. The young prince, aware of his danger, and
   now more subdued by the continuance of his misfortunes and by the
   approach of death, threw himself on his knees before his uncle and
   begged for mercy; but the barbarous tyrant, making no reply, stabbed
   him with his own hands, and, fastening a stone to the dead body,
   threw it into the Seine."

[22]Magna Charta, the charter of English liberties, signed by John and
   his barons at Runnymede, June 15, 1215.

[23]Hume says of John: "Cowardice, inactivity, folly, levity,
   licentiousness, ingratitude, treachery, tyranny, and cruelty,--all
   these qualities appear too evidently in the several incidents of his
   life to give us room to suspect that the disagreeable picture has
   been anywise overcharged by the prejudices of the ancient
   historians."




                          Transcriber's Notes


--Copyright notice provided as in the original--this e-text is public
  domain in the country of publication.

--In the text versions, delimited italics text in _underscores_ (the
  HTML version reproduces the font form of the printed book.)

--Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard spellings and
  dialect unchanged.







End of Project Gutenberg's The Duke of Brittany, by Henriette Jeanrenaud

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUKE OF BRITTANY ***

***** This file should be named 60257-8.txt or 60257-8.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/2/5/60257/

Produced by D A Alexander, Stephen Hutcheson, and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
(This file was produced from images generously made
available by the Library of Congress)

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country outside the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
  are located before using this ebook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that

* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
  Literary Archive Foundation."

* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
  works.

* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
  receipt of the work.

* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org



Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:

    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
    Chief Executive and Director
    gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.